We evaluated the appropriation and use of fishing resources by women residing near the Mamanguape River
Estuary (MRE), Paraíba state, Brazil. Were used combinations of qualitative (interviews and direct observations)
and quantitative methods (use value and corrected principal use concordance). Thirty women were interviewed
and reported the use of 41 species (30 fish, 8 crustaceans, and 3 mollusks), mainly for local consumption and
sale. The species with the highest use value were Genidens genidens (0.7), Callinectes exasperatus (0.73)
and Anomalocardia brasiliana (0.46). The diversity of resources exploited demonstrates the importance of
the mangrove ecosystem to MRE families, and the data gathered can serve as a basis for formulating public
policies to promote the equal participation of women in fishing and environmental conservation.
Diversity and distribution of anuran in two islands of Parnaíba River Delta, ...Innspub Net
The distribution and composition of communities are influenced by factors that determine the environmental characteristics in a particular region. In order to obtain more information regarding the fauna of frogs in the region of the Parnaíba River Delta, Northeastern Brazil, we performed a quantitative ecological study to compare the composition and distribution of the amphibian communities. The study was conducted in the two largest islands of Deltafrom September 2008 to August 2009. Fifteen ponds were selected and slowly covered in search of males in calling activity. We recorded 21 frog species, distributed in five families and 11 genera. Ilha Grande de Santa Isabel(21 spp.) had higher species richness than the Ilha das Canárias (11 spp.). Although most species are considered to be common in open areas, they were highly influenced by the structural complexity of the vegetation. The highest richness was observed in environments with greatest availability of microhabitats for reproduction. The preservation of different environments found in the two islands, associated with the maintenance of suitable habitats for reproduction of each species, will contribute to the conservation of amphibian communities of the Parnaiba Delta River. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in-two-islands-of-parnaiba-river-delta-northeastern-brazil/
This letter to Mexico's President is from A. Alonso Aguirre, Executive Director of the Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation.
More:
Can Technology and Tourism Sustain Mexico's Sea Turtles? http://nyti.ms/10bjIcH
Diversity and distribution of anuran in two islands of Parnaíba River Delta, ...Innspub Net
The distribution and composition of communities are influenced by factors that determine the environmental characteristics in a particular region. In order to obtain more information regarding the fauna of frogs in the region of the Parnaíba River Delta, Northeastern Brazil, we performed a quantitative ecological study to compare the composition and distribution of the amphibian communities. The study was conducted in the two largest islands of Deltafrom September 2008 to August 2009. Fifteen ponds were selected and slowly covered in search of males in calling activity. We recorded 21 frog species, distributed in five families and 11 genera. Ilha Grande de Santa Isabel(21 spp.) had higher species richness than the Ilha das Canárias (11 spp.). Although most species are considered to be common in open areas, they were highly influenced by the structural complexity of the vegetation. The highest richness was observed in environments with greatest availability of microhabitats for reproduction. The preservation of different environments found in the two islands, associated with the maintenance of suitable habitats for reproduction of each species, will contribute to the conservation of amphibian communities of the Parnaiba Delta River. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in-two-islands-of-parnaiba-river-delta-northeastern-brazil/
This letter to Mexico's President is from A. Alonso Aguirre, Executive Director of the Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation.
More:
Can Technology and Tourism Sustain Mexico's Sea Turtles? http://nyti.ms/10bjIcH
Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam...ijtsrd
Bhatye estuary, Ratnagiri is known for its mussel and clam fishery. Clam fishery is primarily supported by Meretrix meretrix, Katelysia opima and Paphia laterisulea. The clam fishery lasts for about 8 – 10 months. During lean period of open sea fishery, it provides protein rich food and livelihood to local population... Its shells are utilized as raw material in lime and cement cottage industries. Considering its food and economic value they are over exploited. In the present study, economic and food value of clams, clam fishery, management and conservation aspects are discussed. Sanjay Kumbhar "Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam Resource in the Bhatye Estuary Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30593.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30593/prospectives-and-problems-of-conservation-development-and-management-of-clam-resource-in-the-bhatye-estuary-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india/sanjay-kumbhar
Aspects of life-history strategy of Marcusenius senegalensis (Pisces: Osteogl...AI Publications
Marcusenius senegalensis (Steindachner, 1870) is the dominant mormyrid in Niger River in Northern-Benin where this fish species constitutes an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study documented the reproductive biology of M. senegalensis in order to contribute to management and sustainable exploitation. Monthly samplings were conducted between February 2015 and July 2016 using gillnets, cast net, and seine. Males dominated the population with a sex ratio of 1:0.96 in favor of males. Sizes at first sexual maturity were 167.89 mm-TL for males and 163.81 mm-TL for females. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) averaged 0.12 ± 0.09 for males and 1.32 ± 1.56 for female and peaks recorded indicated that spawning occured from June to September. Fecundity were moderate to low (844 – 12,643 eggs) and significantly (p < 0.05) increased with total length and body weight. Thespecies showed egg diameters varying between 0.21 and to 1.77 mm and ovaries comprised oocytes at all stages of maturation indicating that M. senegalensis displayed a multi-spawning behavior. Marcuseniussenegalensis exhibited a demographic strategy between r and K, yet more inclined towards K-selected strategy. In Niger River, reproduction grounds were being severely degraded affecting recruitment and stocks. The current findings are valuable data to design a species management scheme that should includes spawning ground protection, species conservation and valorization and fisheries/aquaculture development.
species composition of intertidal marine macroalgae in san francisco canaoay,...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The Philippines occupy the north of coral triangle, a huge area overlapping the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is famous for its extremely rich marine biodiversity. The taxonomical study of seaweeds started on the year 1750 and towards the end of the 20th century[1]. In Ilocos Sur, a comprehensive study on the marine benthic algae was made by Domingo in 1988.In this study, he reported 103 species, with 91 species reported for the first time for the province[2].As to this date, no taxonomical study made in San Francisco-Canaoay. This study used site description, Exhaustive Line Transect Method.The macroalgae recorded in San Francisco-Canaoay in the open area of the coastlines includeone genus&sevenspecies of Phaeophyta, one genus&one species of Chlorophyta, and one genus &nine species of Rhodophyta. The larger number of Rhodophyta can be attributed to the presence of abundant nutrients in the area and the luminosity of light of 35, 000 Lux value, which was favorable for the photosynthetic macroalgae.The specimens identified,58% were Phaeophyta, 34% were Chlorophyta, and 8% were Rhodophyta.There were more red algaes (Rhodophyta) in the open area due to the nature of these plant-like protists to thrive in running water with many nutrients. The number of brown algaes (phaeophyta) are not affected by the conditions of the water because of their toughness as compared to the aforementioned nature of red algaes[3].
Palawan Biodiversity Status & MMPL Valuation Initial Results 22 April 2008No to mining in Palawan
Philippine Biodiversity is made up of Indo-Malayan (Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asian islands) elements indicative of the Sunda Islands (ex. Borneo, Sumatra and Java) which is typical for Palawan. The Papua-Australian (Sulawesi, New Guinea to Australia) elements can be found in much of the eastern Philippines and the northern islands have similar species indicative of the Palearctic mainland (Europe, Russia to North Asia).
Many forms have become unique and distinctively Filipino in origin; these are the endemics. The Philippines is the world’s 2nd largest archipelago. It is comprised of more than 7,000 islands. Despite the country’s relatively small size, it is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world in terms of unique terrestrial and marine plant and animal species. More than 20,000 species of plant and animals are found nowhere else on earth. As such, the Philippines has also oftentimes been described as Galapagos times ten.
Rescue and handling of Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Venez...ConBiVe
Given the importance of the rescue and rehabilitation
of confiscated manatees from illegal traffic or accidental
fishery entanglements, the handling and transport of
two Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus
in the ‘Llanos’ of Apure state in Venezuela is
described. In 1992, two ♀ calves were confiscated in
the region of Arichuna in the Apure River and transported
to a lagoon at the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Biruaca, for rehabilitation. Data
about age, size, weight and haematological values were
recorded. In 1994, one of the manatees was transferred
to the Parque Zoologico y Botanico Bararida, Barquisimeto,
in order to form a breeding pair and start a
captive-breeding programme. Successful reproduction
was achieved in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In 1995, the
second ♀ Antillean manatee was released into a natural
environment in Santa Luisa Cattle Ranch, Apure state.
The confiscation, rescue, rehabilitation and transport
(by land and air) of these two ♀ Antillean manatees
were carried out satisfactorily.
Assessing the Sardine Multispecies Fishery of the Gulf of CaliforniaAI Publications
In the fishery of small pelagics at the Gulf of California, the South American pilchard Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) is the main target. In the years when the abundance of this species is poor and its catches are low, the fishery is diverted into other species such as the Pacific thread herring (Opisthonema libertate (Günter)), and the Pacific anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günter)). Since the 90s, the anchoveta (Engraulis mordax) appeared in the catch records and later on, other species of lesser importance appeared such as the mackerel (Scomberomorus sierra (Jordan & Starks)), the red eye-round herring (Etrumeus teres (DeKay)) and the shortjaw leatherjacket (Oligoplites refulgens Gilbert & Starks). When this fishery was analyzed by species, it was found that, although it is a very profitable activity, there is not a management strategy, leading it to the risk of overexploitation, as the maximum yield level of the target species (the South American pilchard), corresponds to levels of fishing mortality in which the other species of the group are depleted. It was found that there is a substitution of the dominant species over time, because at the beginning of this century the South American pilchard was the target species whilst in 2014 it was the Pacific thread herring. Therefore, this work is focused to the analysis of each species of the fishery, intending to derive recommendations for its management within a sustainable framework.45
The entire island of Palawan is a designated Man and Biosphere
Reserve, with two internationally recognized
World Heritage Sites, an Endemic Bird Area, and a Philippine Priority Area for biodiversity conservation.
Over 1,700 species of flowering plants
and about 41% of the more than 1,100
species of terrestrial vertebrates that
are known in the Philippine Archipelago
are found in the province.
Its marine ecosystem boasts of an astonishing assemblage of marine life that sits atop the famed Coral Triangle.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified at least 82 terrestrial and marine species that are found in Palawan to be among the list of globally important species, their classification having been determined as either endangered or threatened.
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
Finding your first clients as a freelancerAdam Ball
Slide deck from a talk at the London College of Communication for Creative Enterprise Week.
Topics cover setting up as a freelancer through to finding your first clients and some of the barriers you might come across.
Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam...ijtsrd
Bhatye estuary, Ratnagiri is known for its mussel and clam fishery. Clam fishery is primarily supported by Meretrix meretrix, Katelysia opima and Paphia laterisulea. The clam fishery lasts for about 8 – 10 months. During lean period of open sea fishery, it provides protein rich food and livelihood to local population... Its shells are utilized as raw material in lime and cement cottage industries. Considering its food and economic value they are over exploited. In the present study, economic and food value of clams, clam fishery, management and conservation aspects are discussed. Sanjay Kumbhar "Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam Resource in the Bhatye Estuary Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30593.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30593/prospectives-and-problems-of-conservation-development-and-management-of-clam-resource-in-the-bhatye-estuary-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india/sanjay-kumbhar
Aspects of life-history strategy of Marcusenius senegalensis (Pisces: Osteogl...AI Publications
Marcusenius senegalensis (Steindachner, 1870) is the dominant mormyrid in Niger River in Northern-Benin where this fish species constitutes an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study documented the reproductive biology of M. senegalensis in order to contribute to management and sustainable exploitation. Monthly samplings were conducted between February 2015 and July 2016 using gillnets, cast net, and seine. Males dominated the population with a sex ratio of 1:0.96 in favor of males. Sizes at first sexual maturity were 167.89 mm-TL for males and 163.81 mm-TL for females. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) averaged 0.12 ± 0.09 for males and 1.32 ± 1.56 for female and peaks recorded indicated that spawning occured from June to September. Fecundity were moderate to low (844 – 12,643 eggs) and significantly (p < 0.05) increased with total length and body weight. Thespecies showed egg diameters varying between 0.21 and to 1.77 mm and ovaries comprised oocytes at all stages of maturation indicating that M. senegalensis displayed a multi-spawning behavior. Marcuseniussenegalensis exhibited a demographic strategy between r and K, yet more inclined towards K-selected strategy. In Niger River, reproduction grounds were being severely degraded affecting recruitment and stocks. The current findings are valuable data to design a species management scheme that should includes spawning ground protection, species conservation and valorization and fisheries/aquaculture development.
species composition of intertidal marine macroalgae in san francisco canaoay,...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The Philippines occupy the north of coral triangle, a huge area overlapping the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is famous for its extremely rich marine biodiversity. The taxonomical study of seaweeds started on the year 1750 and towards the end of the 20th century[1]. In Ilocos Sur, a comprehensive study on the marine benthic algae was made by Domingo in 1988.In this study, he reported 103 species, with 91 species reported for the first time for the province[2].As to this date, no taxonomical study made in San Francisco-Canaoay. This study used site description, Exhaustive Line Transect Method.The macroalgae recorded in San Francisco-Canaoay in the open area of the coastlines includeone genus&sevenspecies of Phaeophyta, one genus&one species of Chlorophyta, and one genus &nine species of Rhodophyta. The larger number of Rhodophyta can be attributed to the presence of abundant nutrients in the area and the luminosity of light of 35, 000 Lux value, which was favorable for the photosynthetic macroalgae.The specimens identified,58% were Phaeophyta, 34% were Chlorophyta, and 8% were Rhodophyta.There were more red algaes (Rhodophyta) in the open area due to the nature of these plant-like protists to thrive in running water with many nutrients. The number of brown algaes (phaeophyta) are not affected by the conditions of the water because of their toughness as compared to the aforementioned nature of red algaes[3].
Palawan Biodiversity Status & MMPL Valuation Initial Results 22 April 2008No to mining in Palawan
Philippine Biodiversity is made up of Indo-Malayan (Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asian islands) elements indicative of the Sunda Islands (ex. Borneo, Sumatra and Java) which is typical for Palawan. The Papua-Australian (Sulawesi, New Guinea to Australia) elements can be found in much of the eastern Philippines and the northern islands have similar species indicative of the Palearctic mainland (Europe, Russia to North Asia).
Many forms have become unique and distinctively Filipino in origin; these are the endemics. The Philippines is the world’s 2nd largest archipelago. It is comprised of more than 7,000 islands. Despite the country’s relatively small size, it is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world in terms of unique terrestrial and marine plant and animal species. More than 20,000 species of plant and animals are found nowhere else on earth. As such, the Philippines has also oftentimes been described as Galapagos times ten.
Rescue and handling of Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Venez...ConBiVe
Given the importance of the rescue and rehabilitation
of confiscated manatees from illegal traffic or accidental
fishery entanglements, the handling and transport of
two Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus
in the ‘Llanos’ of Apure state in Venezuela is
described. In 1992, two ♀ calves were confiscated in
the region of Arichuna in the Apure River and transported
to a lagoon at the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Biruaca, for rehabilitation. Data
about age, size, weight and haematological values were
recorded. In 1994, one of the manatees was transferred
to the Parque Zoologico y Botanico Bararida, Barquisimeto,
in order to form a breeding pair and start a
captive-breeding programme. Successful reproduction
was achieved in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In 1995, the
second ♀ Antillean manatee was released into a natural
environment in Santa Luisa Cattle Ranch, Apure state.
The confiscation, rescue, rehabilitation and transport
(by land and air) of these two ♀ Antillean manatees
were carried out satisfactorily.
Assessing the Sardine Multispecies Fishery of the Gulf of CaliforniaAI Publications
In the fishery of small pelagics at the Gulf of California, the South American pilchard Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) is the main target. In the years when the abundance of this species is poor and its catches are low, the fishery is diverted into other species such as the Pacific thread herring (Opisthonema libertate (Günter)), and the Pacific anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günter)). Since the 90s, the anchoveta (Engraulis mordax) appeared in the catch records and later on, other species of lesser importance appeared such as the mackerel (Scomberomorus sierra (Jordan & Starks)), the red eye-round herring (Etrumeus teres (DeKay)) and the shortjaw leatherjacket (Oligoplites refulgens Gilbert & Starks). When this fishery was analyzed by species, it was found that, although it is a very profitable activity, there is not a management strategy, leading it to the risk of overexploitation, as the maximum yield level of the target species (the South American pilchard), corresponds to levels of fishing mortality in which the other species of the group are depleted. It was found that there is a substitution of the dominant species over time, because at the beginning of this century the South American pilchard was the target species whilst in 2014 it was the Pacific thread herring. Therefore, this work is focused to the analysis of each species of the fishery, intending to derive recommendations for its management within a sustainable framework.45
The entire island of Palawan is a designated Man and Biosphere
Reserve, with two internationally recognized
World Heritage Sites, an Endemic Bird Area, and a Philippine Priority Area for biodiversity conservation.
Over 1,700 species of flowering plants
and about 41% of the more than 1,100
species of terrestrial vertebrates that
are known in the Philippine Archipelago
are found in the province.
Its marine ecosystem boasts of an astonishing assemblage of marine life that sits atop the famed Coral Triangle.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified at least 82 terrestrial and marine species that are found in Palawan to be among the list of globally important species, their classification having been determined as either endangered or threatened.
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
Finding your first clients as a freelancerAdam Ball
Slide deck from a talk at the London College of Communication for Creative Enterprise Week.
Topics cover setting up as a freelancer through to finding your first clients and some of the barriers you might come across.
Interfaces are the faces of your company. Companies hire UX designers to make their websites easy to use, consistent, intuitive, and clean. These same companies often don't care about their API design; apparently "it works" is all they aspire to. However, your API is an interface; another face for your company. If it's hard to use, inconsistent, non-intuitive, or ugly, annoying a developer could be the best case scenario; you might lose customers.
Here are 20 tips from a former developer turned technical writer who thinks that it's better to design a good API rather than simply document a bad API.
How To Find A Developer
Finding a developer is a pain.
Finding a GOOD developer seems like trying to find a unicorn.
At Coding Cupboard we're looking to fix this by helping a generation of student coders become work ready.
Here we share our tips & tricks on finding a developer and what to do when you finally do.
Dont be a technical writer be an interface designerYehuda Berlinger
1. A good technical writer is a good interface designer. 2. The interface design skills of a technical writer can be put to use in other interface design capacities: a) to help design the product; b) to move to another line of interface design work.
SXSW 2017 Interactive Proposal: Poetics of Technology in Augmented RealityCarina Ngai
A sample exploration of the ideas for this SXSW presentation:
- How can we see beyond the traditional interpretation of AR (Augmented Reality);
- How AR can be seen beyond having information juxtaposes on real world through a lens;
- How we can make shift from designing for Big Data (information based) to Narratives;
- What is a screenless future like?
- What is the implication of this emerging technology, and what are our responsibilities?
Designing the future of Augmented RealityCarina Ngai
Presented on March 4th, 2016 at Interaction16 in Helsinki, Finland.
Until now, augmented reality has so far been mostly a sci-fi vision that overlays visual information to what we see in the physical world. It’s widely perceived as a “cool and interesting feature” for brands and advertising, but doesn’t have much practicality yet. To harness the real power of AR, which includes geolocation, image recognition, we believe that a more utilitarian visual search would be next.
To design for such possibilities, we begin to question even the fundamental basis of AR. For example, what would AR become beyond a rich visual layer? Will this change people’s motivation and behavior to use AR? How can we redefine AR to be a tool to give augmented information on objects? And how we can speculate its usage in the future?
SXSW2013: Design for Aging, Your Future-SelfCarina Ngai
The stereotypical product image for seniors entails bigger buttons, bigger text, and bigger screens. When it comes to designing for the elderly, it is not necessary to dumb down technologies. In this talk, I'm taking a different perspective on aging: Rather than focusing on their disabilities such as loss of vision/hearing/memory, let's look into the rich dimensions of their lives, their surrounding communities, and discuss how design can contribute in this domain.
Let's move beyond usability, and introduce “Design for Aging” as a process of innovation. This presentation includes approach on design research, and my thoughts behind the emerging trends on aging. I've also included some discovery on the aging populations' inspirations, aspirations, values and challenges to their daily lives.
This talk plans to introduce you to "Inclusive Design", inspire you to take on different lenses, and offer plenty of design opportunities in the domain of aging.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Status of seagrass ecosystem in Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte and Laguindingan, ...Innspub Net
The study was conducted to determine the present status of seagrass resources of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and compared this through time with secondary data. It employed the transect-quadrat methods. Perpendicular to the shoreline, three (3) 100-m transect lines at 200-m interval between each transect were laid. Seven seagrass species were recorded comprising 38.6% of the total number (19) of seagrass species found in the Philippines. The seagrass community in all sites surveyed showed that it is highly dominated by Thalassia hemprichii species. However, there were no significant differences in species richness and diversity based on single-factor ANOVA statistical analysis (p>0.5). The abundance of T. hemprichii could probably be due to the prominent characteristic of this species where it could grow well in different types of habitat with various environmental conditions. The condition of seagrass beds in both areas were fair and the low Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of seagrass in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte (H’=0.76±0.22) and in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental respectively (H’=0.40±0.35) indicate low stability in the community, which means that the condition of the seagrass ecosystem could be under threat, both from natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, a fluctuating trend in species composition and a notable decline in seagrass species diversity and abundance have been observed in both areas. This present status calls an immediate response from the decision makers concerned for the sustainable management and conservation of the seagrass resources.
Mangroves are vital for healthy coastal ecosystems in many regions of the world and research and studies are revealing the unique importance of these habitats to the planet. The Mangrove Action Project is dedicated to reversing the degradation and loss of mangrove forest wetlands and their associated coastal ecosystems worldwide. www.mangroveactionproject.org
Species composition, diversity and community structure of mangroves in Barang...Open Access Research Paper
Mangrove ecosystems serve a crucial environmental role in protecting coastlines from storms, floods, and erosion, and they aid as a breeding ground for many marine life. Mangrove forests are declining due to relentless anthropogenic activities. Thus, the assessment of mangrove species plays a crucial part in the upkeep and protection of the forest. This study aimed to determine species composition, diversity, and community structure of mangrove forests in Barangay. Fabio, Surigao del Norte using the line quadrat method. Results revealed that the area has very low diversity belonging to only three families, three genera, and three different species. Among the three other species, Rhizophora apiculata obtained the highest abundance. Results showed that the area is not diverse in terms of species composition and abundance, as shown by several indices of diversity.
Pritam Bhattacharjee, Dr. Pralay Ganguly
Sundarban is world famous for its mangrove vegetation and is approximately of 10,000 sq km in area in the northern Bay of Bengal, which is also designated as world heritage site by UNESCO in the year 1987. It is the home of several animals and plant species, specially the mangrove trees (Sundari) and Royal Bengal tiger of this forest is world famous. Mangroves functions as a buffer against frequently occurring cyclones and helps to protect South Bengal specially Kolkata and southern part of Bangladesh. But now a day due to the climate change and repetitive cyclone occurring every year, Sundarban faces lots of challenges, with rising sea level- island are disappearing, salinity of water increasing day by day in addition of that there have been a major disturbances to hydrological parameters, changing fishing patterns are resulting disastrous consequences for the fisher man. Frequent cyclones and erratic monsoon damaging ecology, humidity, livelihood as well as ecotourism. The objective of this research is to focus the area of Sundarban and its potentials, challenges and probable solution to overcome the situation as well as the impact of mangrove degradation on local people and tourism. Here we use some data and statistics to understand the situation better. In this process researcher collected data from 130 respondents in the study area and further analysis has been taken through percentage method, statistical tools like t test with the help of software like SPSS, MS excel etc to conclude. Study findings suggest that significance difference exists on profile base of residents due to environmental degradation and minimize the negative impacts on same could bring a prosperous livelihood for residents
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Molecular and cytogenetic phylogeography of h. malabaricuscmvolcker
Claudio Michael Völcker
Jorge A. Dergam
Molecular and karyotypic phylogeography in the Neotropical Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae) fish in eastern Brazil
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Reptile Diversity in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape, South Cotabato, Philipp...Innspub Net
Reptiles are highly diversewith high percentage of endemism in the Philippines. However, reptile diversity in Mindanao, the second largest island in the country,is poorly known. To determine the species richness, diversity, endemism and conservation status of reptiles, this study was conducted from August to December 2013in six sampling sites of Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato.Cruising methodwasdone in the six sampling sites of MMPL. Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 3.06 was used to determine the biodiversity indices, similarity index, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thirteen species of reptiles belonging to five families and 11 genera with percentage endemism of46.15% were documented. High species diversity of reptiles with more or less even distribution was recorded in MMPL. Among the sampled sites, sampling site 1, a disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest had the highest species diversityand endemism.Sphenomorphusvariegatus was the most abundant species. Tropidophoruspartelloi, the only Mindanao Island endemic species was only found in the disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Most of the documented species were under the Least Concern status. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed that sites 2 and 5 had the highest similarity percentage (68%) while Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between samples in disturbedand undisturbed sites. Threats to the reptiles of MMPL were observed to be the conversion of forest to farmland and hunting thus implying the need for protection of habitats and conservation of species in MMPL.
Species composition of benthic macroalgae in the coastal areas of Surigao Cit...Innspub Net
This study aimed to determine the species composition of the benthic macroalgae in relation to the environmental parameters in one of the coastal areas in Surigao City, Philippines. It is conducted along the coasts of Barangay Day-asan with established three stations. The macroalgae species were observed and collected using line transect method. The water quality parameters were obtained in situ using water quality apparatus and the species composition were determined through diversity indices such as Shannon H, dominance and evenness and abundance. There were six (6) species observed in the study site. Sargassum polycystum is the most abundant and is present in three stations. As to diversity indices, the benthic macroalgae has a moderate category in terms of Shannon H, low dominance and almost a uniform distribution of species in all three stations. The coastal water parameters of Barangay Day-asan passed the DAO standards and still within the limits and ranges based on the diversity indices of Shannon H, dominance and evenness. Depth has a strong correlation to Codium fragile and pH to Amphiroa fragillissima and Halimeda opuntia. As indicated by the diversity indices of the benthic macroalgae species composition, the coastal water of Barangay Day-asan has still a suitable environmental condition for their growth. Hence, it is recommended to have strong information, education and communication environmental campaign and policies for locals and tourists as ecotourism starts to kick off in the locality to ensure sustainable conservation and protection of the natural environment with benthic macroalgae as good bioindicators.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Use of Fishing Resources by Women in the Mamanguape River Estuary, Paraíba state, Brazil
1. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2012)
(Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences)
Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690
www.scielo.br/aabc
Use of Fishing Resources by Women in the Mamanguape
River Estuary, Paraíba state, Brazil
MICHELLE S.P. ROCHA1, IDALINA M.F.L. SANTIAGO2, CREUZA S. CORTEZ1,
PRISCILA M. TRINDADE3 and JOSÉ S. MOURÃO3
1
Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraíba,
Campus Universitário I, CCEN, Cidade Universitária, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
2
Departamento de Serviço Social, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba,
Rua Antônio Guedes de Andrade, 190, Catolé, 58104-410 Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
3
Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351,
Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, 58109-753 Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
Manuscript received on January 10, 2011; accepted for publication on March 28, 2012
ABSTRACT
We evaluated the appropriation and use of fishing resources by women residing near the Mamanguape River
Estuary (MRE), Paraíba state, Brazil. Were used combinations of qualitative (interviews and direct observations)
and quantitative methods (use value and corrected principal use concordance). Thirty women were interviewed
and reported the use of 41 species (30 fish, 8 crustaceans, and 3 mollusks), mainly for local consumption and
sale. The species with the highest use value were Genidens genidens (0.7), Callinectes exasperatus (0.73)
and Anomalocardia brasiliana (0.46). The diversity of resources exploited demonstrates the importance of
the mangrove ecosystem to MRE families, and the data gathered can serve as a basis for formulating public
policies to promote the equal participation of women in fishing and environmental conservation.
Key words: fisher, fishing resources, mangrove, Mamanguape River Estuary.
INTRODUCTION An important element that defines the survival
Mangrove-estuary complexes are transition areas of mangrove fishing communities is the family
between freshwater and marine habitats. They unit, in which all members actively participate in
occur along the coasts of tropical and subtropical fishing activities to guarantee their survival and
regions and their faunas and floras create intricate extra income (Magalhães et al. 2007). Women
food webs essential for maintaining coastal living in coastal communities participate in
ecosystems (Schaeffer-Novelli 1995). Mangroves income-generating activities. Their productive
are also sources of various natural resources such organization is directly linked to the use and
as lumber, dyes, fishes, crustaceans and mollusks management of natural marine resources and
that are essential to the subsistence of local human exhibits strong interactions between productive
communities (Alves and Nishida 2003). processes and environmental dynamics. Therefore,
understanding the dynamics of this environment,
Correspondence to: José da Silva Mourão
E-mail: tramataia@gmail.com how it is managed by women is one of the keys to
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
2. MICHELLE S.P. ROCHA et al.
determining the their degree of influence in fishing STUDY AREA
communities and to enlist them in the sustainable
management of mangrove ecosystems. The Mamanguape River Estuary is located on the
Even though women are largely responsible for northern coast of Paraíba state, Brazil (6°43’02’’
the regional food production in the Mamanguape to 6° 51’54’’ S and 35°01’46’’ to 34°54’04’’ W;
River Estuary (MRE; Paraíba state, Brazil) few Fig. 1), extends 25 km from east to west and is 5 km
studies have focused on their participation in the wide at its mouth. It comprises an area of 16,400
fishing economy of the MRE. The women who live ha, making up part of the Barra de Mamanguape
in this estuary have established intimate relationships Environmental Protection Area (EPA) created in
with the mangrove ecosystem, obtaining resources 1993 to protect coastal ecosystems and West Indian
necessary for the survival of their families and manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus,
carrying out essential functions in local fishing 1758) (Mourão and Nordi 2002).
practices. The present study evaluated the use of MRE The estuarine portion of the EPA includes
fishing resources by fisherwomen and examined the a vast extension of mangrove swamp covering
importance of these resources to their livelihood. approximately 6,000 ha, and is one of the most well-
This information can contribute to future manage preserved areas in Paraíba state, despite logging
ment plans and practices designed to guarantee the for local consumption, the presence of sugarcane
sustainable use of species in this region. plantations, and the large-scale commercial shrimp
Figure 1 - Estuary of the River Mamanguape. Adapted from: Paludo and Klonowski 1999.
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
3. USE OF FISHING RESOURCES IN THE MAMANGUAPE RIVER ESTUARY
farming (Alves and Nishida 2003). The flora (Bernard 1994, Viertler 2002). The interviewees
of the Mamanguape River mangrove swamp is were identified using the snowball method (Bailey
typified by the presence of Rhizophora mangle (red 1994), in which the women themselves indicated
mangrove), Avicennia germinans, A. schaueriana other members of the community as key informants
(black mangrove), Laguncularia racemosa (white and with whom we subsequently established a
mangrove), and Conocarpus erectus (button closer relationship during the course of the research.
mangrove). The fauna includes fishes, crustaceans Sampling was intentionally non-random
and mollusks that constitute the principal subsistence (Almeida and Albuquerque 2002) and the
resources of the river-dwelling human communities. interviewees were all women involved in fishing
The present study focused on women living in activities. A total of thirty women were interviewed
the communities of Aritingui, Barra de Mamanguape, (Aritingui = 3; Barra de Mamanguape = 3; Taberaba
Taberada, Tavares and Tramataia, all located along = 3; Tavares = 9; Tramataia = 12) and chosen based
the banks of the Mamanguape River Estuary. These on the following criteria: 1) fishing experience equal
women take part in fishing activities and harvest to or longer than 10 years; 2) fishing regularly 3 or
mollusks and crustaceans. There are relatively few more days per week; 3) women who performed
employment opportunities in the immediate area, other activities closely related to fishing (sport
limited to manual labor on sugarcane plantations, fishing guides, collecting natural bait, etc.); and 4)
shrimp farms and tourism. The inhabitants of former fisher with 10 or more years of fishing
Aritingui, Taberaba and Tavares, however, are experience. In order to protect intellectual property
not totally dependent on the mangrove ecosystem rights, we followed an informal research protocol in
because of the sugarcane factories at Miriri and which we briefly explained the nature of the research
Japungu that can absorb a large part of the workforce; and specific objectives to each interviewee before
there is also shrimp farming in the region that initiating the survey (Silvano and Begossi 2005).
employs inhabitants of these communities during the Data were analyzed by interpreting the conver
harvest season. Additionally, communities members sations with the interviewees (Mourão and Nordi
care for small agriculture plots that, together with 2002). The method was based on the union of diverse
fishing, provide the principal means of subsistence individual competences model (Hays 1976), which
for their families. Dependence on mangrove consists of considering all information supplied by
resources is greater in Barra de Mamanguape and all interviewees, without any exclusion.
Tramataia where traditional fishing practices are the The vernacular names of the animals were
principal means of subsistence. Tourism (even on the recorded as spoken by interviewees, and their
small current scale) has more recently contributed to scientific names were subsequently determined
improve living conditions in these communities. from the taxonomic literature (e.g., Figueiredo and
Menezes 1980a, b, 1985, Mourão and Nordi 2002,
METHODS
Nishida et al. 2004, 2006, Rocha et al. 2008). A list
Field work was carried out between October was prepared of all species cited, as well as of their
2008 and August 2009, during which monthly or uses. The animals were grouped into four categories
bi-weekly visits lasting from three to seven days of use (Silvano 2004): commercialization (resources
each were made to the communities. Information destined for sale); local consumption (resources
about local fishing was gathered through open used only for eating due to their lack of significant
and semi-structured interviews, as well as from commercial value); medicinal (resources used for
direct observation by non-participating observers the treatment of diseases); and fishing bait.
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
4. MICHELLE S.P. ROCHA et al.
The use value (adapted from Phillips et al. (n=21 citations), with no reports among the fisher
1994) was calculated for each species recorded; from Aritingui or Taberaba (Table I).
this is a quantitative method used to determine the According to interviewees, two factors
relative importance of local species: UV = U/n, contribute to the harvesting disparities between
where U = number of times a species is cited; n = these communities: the first is related to the location
number of interviewees. in relation to the mouth of the Mamanguape River
Additionally, the corrected principal use concor (where the local fisher have access to different
dance (CPUc) index was calculated for each species. habitats and more species of fish); the second is
This index calculates the relative importance of the related to the dependence and exclusive dedication of
principal use of a given species weighted against its the women of Barra de Mamanguape and Tramataia
other common uses. These calculations were based on fishing (women from the other communities also
on the work of Friedman et al. (1986) as modified farm as an auxiliary means of subsistence).
by Amorozo and Gély (1988). However, unlike The fisher exploit a high diversity of natural
these studies, we considered species that were cited resources in the Mamanguape River estuary-
only once, as the correction factor (CF) allows for mangrove complex. This corroborates the findings
standardization of the results: from different authors who showed the importance
PU x 100 E
of mangrove areas to the economies of riverside
CPU = E CF = EM CPUc = CPU x CF communities and noted the wide spectrum of
resources harvested by fisher in these areas (Dias et
Where: PU = number of interviewees who al. 2007, Lambeth 1999, Paludo and Klonowski 1999,
cited the principal use(s) of the species; E = number Rocha et al. 2008, Rönnbäck 1999). Women in the
of interviewees who cited the species (number of MRE region use several species as a resource base;
citations per species); EM = number of interviewees it is therefore important to ensure that the stocks of
who cited the most species. these species remain viable to guarantee the economic
survival of the many families who depend on them.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The use value (UV) of the species cited varied
from 0.03 to 0.73 (Table I). The UV of fish species
FISHING RESOURCES IN MRE
varied from 0.03 to 0.70, with “cambueiro” catfish
The fisher in the MRE used a total of 41 different (Genidens genidens – Ariidae) having the highest
species: 30 fishes, 8 crustaceans and 3 mollusks number of citations (n=21; UV=0.7), followed by
(Table I), although the exact numbers of fishes, “tainha” (Mugil curema – Mugilidae) and “camurim”
crustaceans and mollusks used differed among (Centropomus sp. - Centropomidae), with 19 and 15
communities. The communities of Tramataia and citations respectively. The use values recorded for
Barra de Mamanguape used the highest numbers the crustaceans varied from 0.03 to 0.73 (Callinectes
of fishes (17 and 12 species respectively). The exasperatus (Portunidae) being the species with the
community of Tramataia harvested the most highest use value). Of the species of mollusks cited, the
crustaceans (6 species), and cited a high number clam Anomalocardia brasiliana (Veneridae) had the
of uses for these (n=33), with “siri” crabs of the highest UV (n=14 citations; UV=0.46). G. genidens,
family Portunidae being the most heavily exploited M. curema, Centropomus sp and C. exasperatus were
(n=30 citations). The harvesting of mollusks cited by members of all communities studied.
was only noted at Barra de Mamanguape (n=3 The harvesting of certain species was often
citations), Tavares (n=2 citations) and Tramataia observed to be dependent on the location of a
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
5. USE OF FISHING RESOURCES IN THE MAMANGUAPE RIVER ESTUARY
given community. Bathygobius soporator, for (2007), fishing in the mangrove areas of Vila de
example, was cited as being caught by fisher in Guarajubal (PA) and in the Caete estuary (PA) is
the communities located more to the interior of mostly for crabs, especially Ucides cordatus.
the MRE (Aritingui, Taberaba and Tavares), while Although previous studies of women har
A. brasiliana and Opistonema oglinum were only vesting marine resources indicated that they almost
cited by interviewees from Barra de Mamanguape exclusively gathered invertebrates such as mollusks
and Tramataia, communities close to the mouth of and crustaceans, this picture is apparently changing
the Mamanguape River. These finding demonstrate and many women are migrating into areas of fishing
that harvesting patterns for certain species are that have traditionally been associated to men,
determined by the distributions and natural habitats such as fishing at sea (Fadigas et al. 2008, Kronen
of those animals, local species diversity, and/or 2002, Pisua and Leonardo 1998). The numbers of
capture methods used for the resource in question. fish species found to be harvested (n=30) by the
As happened with the fisher of the MRE, other fisherwomen in this study clearly demonstrates the
studies observed the exploitation of particular importance of women in the local fishing economy.
species. Dias et al. (2007) reported that the main taxa As traditional fishing activities undertaken by
exploited in the Ponta do Tubarão Reserve (RDSPT coastal and riverside communities in mangrove areas
- RN) included Gerres sp., Eucinostomus sp., Mugil have great socioeconomic and cultural importance,
sp., Lutjanus sp and Anomalocardia brasiliana. the rigorous maintenance of this ecosystem will be
According to Cardoso (2007) and Magalhães et al. required to guarantee the survival of these families.
TABLE I
Use values and corrected principal use concordance of the fishing resources
harvested by women in the Mamanguape River Estuary, Paraíba state, Brazil.
Number of citations per
community Use PUC
Taxon / Family / Species / Local name Uses PU CF PUCc
value (%)
AR BM TB TV TM
CHONDRICHTHYES
Myliobatidae / Myliobates narinari /
- - - - 2 0.06 LC, S, MU LC, S, MU 50 0.09 4.5
“Arraia Pintada"
OSTEICHTHYES
Ariidae / Genidens genidens / "Bagre
3 2 3 3 10 0.7 LC,S,B LC 100 1 100
cambueiro"
Carangidae / Trachinotus sp. / "Pampo" - - - - 1 0.03 LC,S LC,S 100 0.04 4
Clupeidae
Opisthonema oglinum/ "Sardinha azul" - 2 - - 6 0.26 LC,S LC 100 0.38 38
Sardinella brasiliensis/ "Sardinha fofi" - - - 1 1 0.06 LC,S LC 100 0.09 9
Centropomidae / Centropomus sp. /
3 2 2 3 5 0.5 LC,S,B LC 100 0.71 71
"Camurim"
Engraulidae / Lycengraulis grossidens /
- - - - 1 0.03 LC LC 100 0.04 4
"Sardinha arenca"
Ephippidae / Chaetodipterus faber /
- - - - 1 0.03 LC,S LC,S 100 0.04 4
"Paru"
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
7. USE OF FISHING RESOURCES IN THE MAMANGUAPE RIVER ESTUARY
TABLE I (continuation)
Number of citations per
community Use PUC
Taxon / Family / Species / Local name Uses PU CF PUCc
value (%)
AR BM TB TV TM
CRUSTACEA
Gercacinidae / Cardisoma guainhumi /
3 - - 2 1 0.2 LC,S LC,S 83.3 0.27 22.5
"Goiamum"
Grapisiade / Goniops cruentata /
- - - 4 1 0.16 LC,S,B LC,S,B 100 0.22 22
"Aratu de mangue"
Ocypodiade / Ucides cordatus /
3 - 2 4 - 0.3 LC,S,B LC 88.8 0.41 36.4
"Caranguejo sal - C. Uca"
Palinuridae / Palinurus argus /
- 1 - - - 0.03 LC,S LC,S 100 0.045 4.5
"Lagosta vermelha"
Paneidae / Paneus sp. / "Camarão" - - 3 4 1 0.26 LC,S,B LC 100 0.36 36
Portunidae
Callinectes exasperatus / "Siri acu" 3 1 3 4 11 0.73 LC,S,B LC 81.8 0.86 70.3
Callinectes bocourti / " Siri cagão -
6 - 1 - 7 0.46 LC,S LC,S 92.8 0.63 58.4
S. nema - S. pimenta"
Callinectes sp. / "Siri pontinha" - - - - 12 0.4 LC,S,B LC,S 100 0.54 54
MOLLUSCA
Mytilidae / Mytella guyanensis /
- - - 1 - 0.03 LC,S LC,S 100 0.07 7
"Sururu"
Ostreidae / Cassostrea rhizophorae /
- 1 - 1 9 0.36 LC,S LC 100 0.78 78
"Ostra"
Veneridae / Anomalocardia brasiliana
- 2 - - 12 0.46 LC,S LC 92.8 1 92.8
/ "Marisco"
Communities - AR: Aritingui; BM: Barra de Mamanguape; TB: Taberaba; TV: Tavares; TM: Tramataia. Uses - LC: local consumption; S: sale; B: bait;
MU: medicinal use. PU: principal uses of species; PUC: principal use concordance; CF: correction factor; PUCc: corrected principal use concordance.
N.i.: species/family not identified.
USE OF THE FISHERIES RESOURCES The highest corrected principal use concor
The fishery resources harvested by women in the dance (CPUc) values were for “cambueiro” catfish
MRE were intended primarily for local consumption, (G. genidens – 100%), “tainha” (M. curema – 90%)
commerce, medicinal and bait uses (Table I). A large and “camurim” (Centropomus sp. – 71%) (Table I).
part of the catch was destined for local consumption These species also had the highest use values (UV)
(47%, Fig. 2), as an important source of protein for and were regarded by the interviewees as the most
families. A third of the catch (33%) was for both local important species, especially for local consumption.
consumption and commerce. Only a few fishes (7% Approximately 50% of the crustaceans were
- Fig. 2; Hippocampus reidi, Megalops atlanticus destined for local consumption or sale to members
and Myliobates narinari) were used for medicinal of the community, tourists, or restaurants in
purposes such as treatment of asthma. neighboring cities and 37.5% were only consumed
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
8. MICHELLE S.P. ROCHA et al.
its use (CPUc = 92.8%). Surplus mollusks were
also sold (25% of cases) in the local community
and in open markets in neighboring cities.
The importance of fishing resources as income
and food for the communities in and around the MRE
corroborates studies in other fishing communities
in Brazil showing that most of these resources
are used for family consumption, commercial
purposes, bait, and folk medicine (Alves and Rosa
Figure 2 - Use categories of ichthyofauna harvested by women in the
2007, Silvano 2004).
Mamanguape River Estuary, Paraíba state, Brazil. Many authors have noted that crustaceans
represent an important resource for populations
by the families of the harvesters (Fig. 3). Another living in mangrove areas, and many women
12.5% were destined for home consumption, sale traditionally dedicate considerable effort to harvest
or bait - e.g., mangrove root crabs (Goniopus these resources (Cardoso 2007, Dias et al. 2007,
cruentata) and mud crabs (Callinectes sp.). There Magalhães et al. 2007, Matthews 2002). Crustaceans
was no record of crustaceans being used for are one of the most important groups in the domestic
medicinal purposes among the interviewees in the economies of families living near mangrove swamps
present study. C. exasperatus showed the highest in Paraíba state (Alves and Nishida 2003).
CPUc (70.3%), followed by C. bocourti (58.4%). Despite the general scarcity of studies on
Both were consumed locally. mollusk harvesting, investigations have pointed to
the importance of shellfish for communities that
depend on mangrove resources. Dias et al. (2007) in
Rio Grande do Norte state, and Fadigas et al. (2008)
in the Goiana and Megaó river estuaries (PB/PE)
noted that shellfish are of significant importance as
food resources in coastal communities.
Women contribute significantly to fishing
activities in various regions of the world (Golder and
MacDonald 2002, Matthews 2002, Kronen 2002).
These authors pointed out that the contribution
of women includes not only subsistence fishing
but also small-scale, village-based commercial
activities. The diversity of resources harvested
by fisher in the MRE, whether for sale or family
consumption, demonstrates the importance of the
Figure 3 - Use-categories of the crustacean fauna harvested by women diverse marine-estuary resources of the mangrove
in the Mamanguape River Estuary, Paraíba state, Brazil.
to local subsistence economies, making it urgent to
formulate management guidelines for these natural
Most mollusks collected were mainly used in resources. Such guidelines should in turn guarantee
local consumption (75%), with A. brasiliana having the persistence of both local biodiversity as and the
the highest concordance percentage in relation to subsistence communities built around it.
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
9. USE OF FISHING RESOURCES IN THE MAMANGUAPE RIVER ESTUARY
SOCIOECONOMICS ASPECTS complementary activities undertaken by women
include tourism, commerce, domestic services,
The ages of the informants ranged from 18 to 55 years and agriculture (Escallier 2004, Hanazaki et al.
(average 36.5 years) and their fishing experience 1996). Reconciling family and domestic tasks with
ranged from 10 to 50 years (mostly 20-30 years; fishing activities is a permanent problem in the
43.75%). Sixty seven percent of women had stable lives of shellfish harvesting communities along the
partners – 40% within stable marital relationships, Brazilian coast (Dias et al. 2007, Maneschy 2000).
27% in consensual unions. The number of individuals Approximately 43% of interviewees had fishing
per family ranged from 1 to 8, with a mode of three licenses and 20% were registered as rural workers,
individuals. The education level of the respondents for a total of 63% of women with some kind of legally
was relatively low, 27% of women being illiterate registered profession and contributing to Social
or 33% having an incomplete primary education. As Security, thus ensuring their rights to maternity
noted by Dias et al. (2007), the shellfish collectors leave, retirement, and other similar benefits. Family
of Rio Grande do Norte begin working very early, income is always very low and 60% of the women
usually with their mothers, and the socioeconomic interviewed were living on incomes below the legal
positions of these fisher are very precarious. minimum wage (about US$350.00/month) while the
The large number of adults interviewed in other 40% earned less than two minimum wages.
this survey provides a good understanding of the 72% of the MRE fisher had alternative sources of
traditional fishing culture, due to the accumulated income, ranging from pensions (6%) or retirement
experience of many years in this profession. These benefits (3%) and may have received government
women generally became involved with fishing aid through social programs (e.g., “Bolsa Familia”
when they were very young, usually due to their lack - 60% or “PETI” - 3 %). It should thus be clear that
of formal education or lack of opportunities in other fishing communities are peripheral groups within
professions. The low educational level and the few the country’s economic system, and that they are
employment opportunities are factors directly related heavily dependent on the natural resources found in
to the high degree of dependence of the fishery the mangrove ecosystem.
resources. Therefore, there is the need for actions
CONCLUSIONS
aimed at maintaining the ecosystem of the MRE,
since many of these women have in fishing the only In spite of recent changes in the economic and
way to provide for their families. The large numbers environmental conditions, these fishing communities
of family members observed in some households are still greatly dependent on natural marine-
was often due to the aggregation of children from estuary resources. The diversity of fishing resources
previous relationships, but may also reflect extended harvested by the women interviewed in this study
families still sharing the parents' home after marriage. reinforces the importance of mangrove ecosystems in
These factors lead to the formation of fishing groups the subsistence of coastal and riverside communities,
linked by kinship, which can often promote greater as well as the crucial roles of these areas for the
fishing success (Diegues 2001). breeding, reproduction and development of many
Women of the MRE divided their time between marine and freshwater species.
fishing activities and domestic obligations, and Socioeconomic data revealed that the women
30% of them were also involved in agriculture. in these communities fish as the main means
Traditional fishing is no longer the only economic of family subsistence, although they can also
activity in most coastal communities, and the perform other agricultural activities to supplement
An Acad Bras Cienc (2012)
10. MICHELLE S.P. ROCHA et al.
family resources. The work carried out by these Alves RRN and Rosa IL. 2007. Zootherapeutic practices
among fishing communities in North and Northeast Brazil:
fisherwomen in the MRE is important to the A comparison. J Ethnopharm 111: 82-103.
maintenance of their families and for the economic Amorozo MCM and Gély A. 1988. Uso de plantas medicinais
growth of the community, especially in light of por caboclos do Baixo Amazonas, Barcarena, PA, Brasil.
Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi Bot 4: 47-131.
their otherwise precarious conditions of education, Bailey K. 1994. Methods of Social Research. 4th ed., New
health, infrastructure and income. York: The Free Press, 588 p.
Bernard R. 1994. Research methods in anthropology:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS qualitative and quantitative approaches, Thousand Oaks:
Sage Publications, 846 p.
We thank the fishermen and women of Aritingui, Barra Cardoso DM. 2007. Catadoras de caranguejo e saberes
tradicionais na conservação de manguezais da Amazônia
de Mamanguape, Taberaba, Tavares and Tramataia brasileira. Rev Estud Fem 15: 485-490.
for their hospitality and for the information they Dias TLP, Rosa RS and Damasceno LCP. 2007. Aspectos
socioeconômicos, percepção ambiental e perspectivas das
provided; and the administration of the Mamanguape mulheres marisqueiras da Reserva de Desenvolvimento
River EPA for their logistical support. Sustentável Ponta do Tubarão (Rio Grande do Norte,
Brasil). Gaia Sci 1: 25-35.
RESUMO Diegues AC. 2001. Ecologia Humana e Planejamento Costeiro.
2nd ed., São Paulo: NUPAUB- USP, 225 p.
Nós analisamos a apropriação e o uso dos recursos Escallier C. 2004. Activités et stratégies de survie dans une
communauté de pêcheurs: Le rôle de la femme dans l’écono
pes ueiros pelas mulheres que moram no Estuário
q mie touristique (Nazaré-Portugal). Multiciência 2: 1-25.
do Rio Mamanguape, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Fadigas ABM, Garcia LG and Hernández MI. 2008.
Foi usada uma combinação de métodos qualitativos As contribuições das marisqueiras para uma gestão sócio-
ambiental em reservas extrativistas. Rev Estud Fem 8: 1-7.
(entrevistas e observações diretas) e quantitativos (valor Figueiredo JL and Menezes NA. 1980a. Manual de peixes
de uso e concordância de uso principal corrigido). Foram marinhos do sudeste do Brasil III: Teleostei (2), São
Paulo: Mus Zool – USP, 90 p.
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