This document summarizes a study on the mangrove flora of Pasil, Philippines. It assessed the floral species composition and diversity across three sampling sites. A total of 19 true mangrove species belonging to 9 families were found. The lower sampling site had the highest species diversity at 74.65% compared to the mid and upper sites. Avicennia marina was the most dominant species across all sites. The study also described a community-based conservation initiative led by a local organization that focused on the near-threatened species Ceriops decandra. Continued assessment of the mangrove flora and fauna was recommended.
Reptile Diversity in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape, South Cotabato, Philipp...Innspub Net
Reptiles are highly diversewith high percentage of endemism in the Philippines. However, reptile diversity in Mindanao, the second largest island in the country,is poorly known. To determine the species richness, diversity, endemism and conservation status of reptiles, this study was conducted from August to December 2013in six sampling sites of Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato.Cruising methodwasdone in the six sampling sites of MMPL. Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 3.06 was used to determine the biodiversity indices, similarity index, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thirteen species of reptiles belonging to five families and 11 genera with percentage endemism of46.15% were documented. High species diversity of reptiles with more or less even distribution was recorded in MMPL. Among the sampled sites, sampling site 1, a disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest had the highest species diversityand endemism.Sphenomorphusvariegatus was the most abundant species. Tropidophoruspartelloi, the only Mindanao Island endemic species was only found in the disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Most of the documented species were under the Least Concern status. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed that sites 2 and 5 had the highest similarity percentage (68%) while Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between samples in disturbedand undisturbed sites. Threats to the reptiles of MMPL were observed to be the conversion of forest to farmland and hunting thus implying the need for protection of habitats and conservation of species in MMPL.
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
Conservation of forest ecosystems has gained a significant part of conventions, treaties and action plans for biodiversity conservation. One major reason is the fact that forests are in many parts of the world the most “wild”, impressive and complex terrestrial ecosystems. Another reason could be the knowledge that forests are decreasing worldwide. Yet, the most important reason is probably the fact that forest science is the most developed applied on the ground nature management scientific discipline.
Following the arguments presented in the previous chapter, the conservation of forest genetic diversity cannot be seen separately from the general use and management of forest resources. Each country and each region can have different approaches on the subject. The same happens with different parties of interest as well (sectors). Any forest genetic conservation effort should recognise these differences and adjust the measures designed with them.
Taking the available information in account, management techniques should be developed, aiming at the optimisation of achieving multiple targets. The preservation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary adaptability of forest species should be included in these targets, in order to secure the long term functioning of forest ecosystems and the production of goods and services for society. This “management-based” approach of biodiversity – and genetic diversity – conservation is more likely to become effective, since it can reconcile the targets of forest management for production and biodiversity conservation (Figure 2). Sustainable forest management can be organized, based on the need to secure the long-term persistence of forest ecosystems (Papageorgiou et al. 2003). As a result, multiple targets can be achieved.
Reptile Diversity in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape, South Cotabato, Philipp...Innspub Net
Reptiles are highly diversewith high percentage of endemism in the Philippines. However, reptile diversity in Mindanao, the second largest island in the country,is poorly known. To determine the species richness, diversity, endemism and conservation status of reptiles, this study was conducted from August to December 2013in six sampling sites of Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato.Cruising methodwasdone in the six sampling sites of MMPL. Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 3.06 was used to determine the biodiversity indices, similarity index, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thirteen species of reptiles belonging to five families and 11 genera with percentage endemism of46.15% were documented. High species diversity of reptiles with more or less even distribution was recorded in MMPL. Among the sampled sites, sampling site 1, a disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest had the highest species diversityand endemism.Sphenomorphusvariegatus was the most abundant species. Tropidophoruspartelloi, the only Mindanao Island endemic species was only found in the disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Most of the documented species were under the Least Concern status. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed that sites 2 and 5 had the highest similarity percentage (68%) while Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between samples in disturbedand undisturbed sites. Threats to the reptiles of MMPL were observed to be the conversion of forest to farmland and hunting thus implying the need for protection of habitats and conservation of species in MMPL.
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
Conservation of forest ecosystems has gained a significant part of conventions, treaties and action plans for biodiversity conservation. One major reason is the fact that forests are in many parts of the world the most “wild”, impressive and complex terrestrial ecosystems. Another reason could be the knowledge that forests are decreasing worldwide. Yet, the most important reason is probably the fact that forest science is the most developed applied on the ground nature management scientific discipline.
Following the arguments presented in the previous chapter, the conservation of forest genetic diversity cannot be seen separately from the general use and management of forest resources. Each country and each region can have different approaches on the subject. The same happens with different parties of interest as well (sectors). Any forest genetic conservation effort should recognise these differences and adjust the measures designed with them.
Taking the available information in account, management techniques should be developed, aiming at the optimisation of achieving multiple targets. The preservation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary adaptability of forest species should be included in these targets, in order to secure the long term functioning of forest ecosystems and the production of goods and services for society. This “management-based” approach of biodiversity – and genetic diversity – conservation is more likely to become effective, since it can reconcile the targets of forest management for production and biodiversity conservation (Figure 2). Sustainable forest management can be organized, based on the need to secure the long-term persistence of forest ecosystems (Papageorgiou et al. 2003). As a result, multiple targets can be achieved.
Resource management of coconut crab (Birgus latro) in liwo island, north malu...Innspub Net
Coconut crab (Birgus latro) has ecological and economical value that only found in the islands which influenced by the Pacific and Indian Ocean currents, including Liwo Island. The research was done to describe a resource management of coconut crab (Birgus latro) in Liwo island according to the distribution and biological analysis of coconut crab. Data sampling was conducted in February-September 2013, data collection consisted of littoral rainforest vegetation, microhabitat and biological condition of coconut crab (thoracic length, weight, sex and gonad maturity). The result showed that Liwo Island microhabitat condition support the presence of coconut crab. Species diversity of littoral forest vegetation was low. Vegetation was dominated by Calophyllum inophyllum, Erythrina variegata, Areca catechu, Maga (Magnoliopsida) and Pandanus tectorius. Coconut crab population size was 1153 crabs with population density 5 crabs/Ha. The range of thorax length 3-66.09 mm with average of thorax length 23.46 mm. Growth pattern was included in allometric minor. This population was dominated by adult coconut crab with developing reproduction organ followed by functionally mature reproduction organ. A smaller catchable amount of coconut crab indicated that the resource management sustainability was needed to regulate catchable amount and size that involved of local community and relevant institutions.
Mediterranean forests are characterized by high complexity and biological richness at all levels. Genetic diversity of Mediterranean forest species has been found to be higher than the one of central and northern Europe. It is important for the maintenance of forest cover and the adaptation of forests under adverse conditions towards environmental change. Genetic diversity in the Mediterranean forests has been shaped by the climatic and the geographical history of the region. However, the most important factor influencing diversity is the presence of human in the region. The impact of forest management techniques and other human activities on genetic diversity is analyzed. Sustainable forest management in the Mediterranean should take this information in account and include measures for the maintenance of genetic diversity of forest species. This will then secure the long-term character of forestry in the region and the production of goods and services for the society.
The Role of Indigenous People Knowledge in the Biodiversity Conservation in ...Sryahwa Publications
The term biodiversity refers the number and variability of living organisms. It also incorporates human and cultural diversity. The Gursum indigenous people and their knowledge on the biodiversity conservation represent one of the oldest traditionally valuable systems in Ethiopia. Indigenous peoples and their socio cultural relationship with biological systems have largely been contributing to sustainable conservation of biodiversity.
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Checklist of plants in the University Botanic Garden of Maseno and their sign...IOSRJPBS
A botanical garden is an area set aside and maintained by an organization for growing and studying various groups of plants for aesthetic, conservation, economic, educational, recreational and scientific purposes. A lot of research on checklisting of vascular plants has been or is being carried out in various botanic gardens around the world. At the University Botanic Garden Maseno, no elaborate research on check listing of plant species has been done. There has scarcely been any attempt to carry out phytochemical analysis on various in situ and ex situ plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden and no research has been done to document the educational and economic values of the garden. Moreover, the rate at which the plant biodiversity is being cleared is alarming, and calls for urgent need of conserving plants of high economic values. It is on the basis of such need that the study was carried out at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno (UBGM). The study was carried out over a period of eleven months. The main objective of the study was to identify and provide checklist of plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno. During field survey observations were made, interviews conducted and notes taken on plant morphological characteristics and habit of plants. Some plants were identified through the available literature, and by the aid of the herbarium specimens in the University botanic garden. Unidentified plants were collected, pressed, dried, preserved, mounted and identified at the National museums of Kenya herbarium. Voucher specimens of the same were deposited in the University botanic garden herbarium. It was found that there are 235 plant species in the botanic garden, belonging to 66 families. For each plant species, species name, author name(s), common name (where available), family, habit and use of plant species were provided. A plant usage was considered valid when cited by three different respondents. Interviews based on the questionnaire were administered to members of the surrounding community and workers in the garden. The questionnaires were also issued to the botany students and staff of the University. Through it, economic and educational values of the University botanic garden and conservation strategies of threatened plants ex situ in the garden were gathered. The data collected was presented using tables and pie-charts, and then analysed using SPSS programme. The data collected was presented using tables. The information collected through annotated checklist will be used to provide database of vascular plants of high economic value found within the University Botanic Garden, provide information on phytochemicals present in some medicinal plants and hence need for sustainable biodiversity conservation. The knowledge of such medicinal plants will provide vital information to the local community members who still rely on herbal medicine for the treatment of most disease
Origin and congruence of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity in ...Alison Specht
The presentation of the CESAB group LOLA-BMS at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presented by Arndt Hampe.
Influence of some site factors on germinative parameters of Quercus seedsAI Publications
The genus Quercus has a high economic and ecological potential in Mexico. Nonetheless, its populations are reducing yearly, which demands the implementation of efficient management strategies to preserve them. To determine germinating capacity of seeds, and to learn about their relationship with some conditions of collecting sites (latitude N, accumulated degree-days >5 C in the frozen-free period (AD), precipitation of growing season (PGS)) we used information of seeds and collecting sites for natural populations of Quercus crassifolia, Q. jonesii, Q. polymorpha and Q. potosina. We determined that Q. potosina, the northernmost population; showed higher values of seeds mean weight, percentage of germinated seeds (PGS), average germination time (AGT), peak value (PV), and germination energy (GE), than other species. Q. polymorpha also showed high mean values of seeds weight, PGS, PV, and GE and it was collected at northern latitudes near those of Q. crassifolia and Q. jonesii. Q. jonesii was the southernmost population and showed lower values in these parameters. On the other hand, the analysis also determined that Q. jonesii, Q. plymorpha, and Q. potosina had quicker germination than Q. crassifolia. We inferred that for the species in the analyzed sites, increasing PGS improves sites conditions, which promotes better germination of germplasm.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Mangrove ecology and species distribution along the Gorai Creek of Mumbai coa...AI Publications
The extensive mangrove forest of Gorai Creek, Mumbai coast, has recently seen substantial deterioration. The results of a study on mangrove diversity conducted in Gorai Creek on the Mumbai coast from June 2017 to May 2018 are presented here. During the course of the study, twelve species of mangroves from five families and eight genera were identified in each of the three study locations along the creek. Avicennia marina accounted for 13.44% of the Gorai creek marshes, confirming its predominance. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Kandelia candel, and Acanthus ilicifolius are among the mangrove species found in the estuarine embayment, with other species strewn around. A diverse range of species, including endangered migratory birds and herpetofauna, can be found in these mangrove environments. Mangroves have been observed to have narrowed in density with time, and it is critical to begin conservation efforts as speedily as humanly possible.
Resource management of coconut crab (Birgus latro) in liwo island, north malu...Innspub Net
Coconut crab (Birgus latro) has ecological and economical value that only found in the islands which influenced by the Pacific and Indian Ocean currents, including Liwo Island. The research was done to describe a resource management of coconut crab (Birgus latro) in Liwo island according to the distribution and biological analysis of coconut crab. Data sampling was conducted in February-September 2013, data collection consisted of littoral rainforest vegetation, microhabitat and biological condition of coconut crab (thoracic length, weight, sex and gonad maturity). The result showed that Liwo Island microhabitat condition support the presence of coconut crab. Species diversity of littoral forest vegetation was low. Vegetation was dominated by Calophyllum inophyllum, Erythrina variegata, Areca catechu, Maga (Magnoliopsida) and Pandanus tectorius. Coconut crab population size was 1153 crabs with population density 5 crabs/Ha. The range of thorax length 3-66.09 mm with average of thorax length 23.46 mm. Growth pattern was included in allometric minor. This population was dominated by adult coconut crab with developing reproduction organ followed by functionally mature reproduction organ. A smaller catchable amount of coconut crab indicated that the resource management sustainability was needed to regulate catchable amount and size that involved of local community and relevant institutions.
Mediterranean forests are characterized by high complexity and biological richness at all levels. Genetic diversity of Mediterranean forest species has been found to be higher than the one of central and northern Europe. It is important for the maintenance of forest cover and the adaptation of forests under adverse conditions towards environmental change. Genetic diversity in the Mediterranean forests has been shaped by the climatic and the geographical history of the region. However, the most important factor influencing diversity is the presence of human in the region. The impact of forest management techniques and other human activities on genetic diversity is analyzed. Sustainable forest management in the Mediterranean should take this information in account and include measures for the maintenance of genetic diversity of forest species. This will then secure the long-term character of forestry in the region and the production of goods and services for the society.
The Role of Indigenous People Knowledge in the Biodiversity Conservation in ...Sryahwa Publications
The term biodiversity refers the number and variability of living organisms. It also incorporates human and cultural diversity. The Gursum indigenous people and their knowledge on the biodiversity conservation represent one of the oldest traditionally valuable systems in Ethiopia. Indigenous peoples and their socio cultural relationship with biological systems have largely been contributing to sustainable conservation of biodiversity.
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Checklist of plants in the University Botanic Garden of Maseno and their sign...IOSRJPBS
A botanical garden is an area set aside and maintained by an organization for growing and studying various groups of plants for aesthetic, conservation, economic, educational, recreational and scientific purposes. A lot of research on checklisting of vascular plants has been or is being carried out in various botanic gardens around the world. At the University Botanic Garden Maseno, no elaborate research on check listing of plant species has been done. There has scarcely been any attempt to carry out phytochemical analysis on various in situ and ex situ plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden and no research has been done to document the educational and economic values of the garden. Moreover, the rate at which the plant biodiversity is being cleared is alarming, and calls for urgent need of conserving plants of high economic values. It is on the basis of such need that the study was carried out at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno (UBGM). The study was carried out over a period of eleven months. The main objective of the study was to identify and provide checklist of plants conserved at the University Botanic Garden, Maseno. During field survey observations were made, interviews conducted and notes taken on plant morphological characteristics and habit of plants. Some plants were identified through the available literature, and by the aid of the herbarium specimens in the University botanic garden. Unidentified plants were collected, pressed, dried, preserved, mounted and identified at the National museums of Kenya herbarium. Voucher specimens of the same were deposited in the University botanic garden herbarium. It was found that there are 235 plant species in the botanic garden, belonging to 66 families. For each plant species, species name, author name(s), common name (where available), family, habit and use of plant species were provided. A plant usage was considered valid when cited by three different respondents. Interviews based on the questionnaire were administered to members of the surrounding community and workers in the garden. The questionnaires were also issued to the botany students and staff of the University. Through it, economic and educational values of the University botanic garden and conservation strategies of threatened plants ex situ in the garden were gathered. The data collected was presented using tables and pie-charts, and then analysed using SPSS programme. The data collected was presented using tables. The information collected through annotated checklist will be used to provide database of vascular plants of high economic value found within the University Botanic Garden, provide information on phytochemicals present in some medicinal plants and hence need for sustainable biodiversity conservation. The knowledge of such medicinal plants will provide vital information to the local community members who still rely on herbal medicine for the treatment of most disease
Origin and congruence of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity in ...Alison Specht
The presentation of the CESAB group LOLA-BMS at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presented by Arndt Hampe.
Influence of some site factors on germinative parameters of Quercus seedsAI Publications
The genus Quercus has a high economic and ecological potential in Mexico. Nonetheless, its populations are reducing yearly, which demands the implementation of efficient management strategies to preserve them. To determine germinating capacity of seeds, and to learn about their relationship with some conditions of collecting sites (latitude N, accumulated degree-days >5 C in the frozen-free period (AD), precipitation of growing season (PGS)) we used information of seeds and collecting sites for natural populations of Quercus crassifolia, Q. jonesii, Q. polymorpha and Q. potosina. We determined that Q. potosina, the northernmost population; showed higher values of seeds mean weight, percentage of germinated seeds (PGS), average germination time (AGT), peak value (PV), and germination energy (GE), than other species. Q. polymorpha also showed high mean values of seeds weight, PGS, PV, and GE and it was collected at northern latitudes near those of Q. crassifolia and Q. jonesii. Q. jonesii was the southernmost population and showed lower values in these parameters. On the other hand, the analysis also determined that Q. jonesii, Q. plymorpha, and Q. potosina had quicker germination than Q. crassifolia. We inferred that for the species in the analyzed sites, increasing PGS improves sites conditions, which promotes better germination of germplasm.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Mangrove ecology and species distribution along the Gorai Creek of Mumbai coa...AI Publications
The extensive mangrove forest of Gorai Creek, Mumbai coast, has recently seen substantial deterioration. The results of a study on mangrove diversity conducted in Gorai Creek on the Mumbai coast from June 2017 to May 2018 are presented here. During the course of the study, twelve species of mangroves from five families and eight genera were identified in each of the three study locations along the creek. Avicennia marina accounted for 13.44% of the Gorai creek marshes, confirming its predominance. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Kandelia candel, and Acanthus ilicifolius are among the mangrove species found in the estuarine embayment, with other species strewn around. A diverse range of species, including endangered migratory birds and herpetofauna, can be found in these mangrove environments. Mangroves have been observed to have narrowed in density with time, and it is critical to begin conservation efforts as speedily as humanly possible.
Species diversity and functional groups of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in ...Innspub Net
Ants play a vital role in various ecological processes in the ecosystem. They are involved in nutrient cycling, soil aeration, seed dispersal, and indicator of habitat condition. The study was conducted to determine the species diversity and functional group composition of ants near the residential area and agro-ecosystem of Mt. Agad-agad, Brgy. Puga-an, Iligan City, Philippines. Ants were collected using baits and hand collecting to sample ants. A total of 4,047 individuals belonging to four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 23 species were documented in the two sampling sites. Species diversity was recorded highest in agro-ecosystem with H’=2.74 and species richness of 3.96. Also, five invasive species, including Paratrechina longicornis was recorded in both sampling sites. The most abundant functional group was Generalized Myrmicinae (36%) near the residential area, while Subordinate Camponotini (29%) in Agro-ecosystem. The result suggests that existing land-use influences species and functional group composition of ants, and the presence of invasive species indicates the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbances in the area.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Termite Mounds’ Diversity and Distribution: A Study at Jnanabharathi, Bangalo...AI Publications
Termites work together to modify their surroundings, which in turn influences their behaviour, leading to the building of termite mounds. The study was designed to assess diversity of termite mounds present in the Bangalore University Campus, Bengaluru, India. Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, evenness and richness of the termite mounds. Mounds were surveyed by field survey and photographic interpretation method during July 2021 to June 2022. Totally 119 mounds were found, out of which 18 are ground level mounds, 42 small mounds, 37 medium mounds and 22 tall mounds. To test its effectiveness and to know about the influence of the mounds on the ecological well-being, termite mounds were identified, compared and interpreted using google earth map and the results were statistically verified.
Species composition, diversity and community structure of mangroves in Barang...Open Access Research Paper
Mangrove ecosystems serve a crucial environmental role in protecting coastlines from storms, floods, and erosion, and they aid as a breeding ground for many marine life. Mangrove forests are declining due to relentless anthropogenic activities. Thus, the assessment of mangrove species plays a crucial part in the upkeep and protection of the forest. This study aimed to determine species composition, diversity, and community structure of mangrove forests in Barangay. Fabio, Surigao del Norte using the line quadrat method. Results revealed that the area has very low diversity belonging to only three families, three genera, and three different species. Among the three other species, Rhizophora apiculata obtained the highest abundance. Results showed that the area is not diverse in terms of species composition and abundance, as shown by several indices of diversity.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
ABSTRACT: Philippines is known for its vast biodiversity as a mega diverse country. On a per-unit-area
basis, it boasts the most diversified life forms. Its biodiversity, which includes a diverse range of flora and
wildlife, provides supplies for human survival, fosters economic development, and provides environmental
services. However, the country's biodiversity may be threatened by inappropriate usage and management. The
country has been designated as a biodiversity hotspot and a high conservation priority worldwide. Policies to
protect and conserve biodiversity in the country have been implemented, including legislation on access and
benefit sharing.
ABSTRACT- Floristic inventory and diversity assessment are necessary to understand the present diversity status of the conservation of biodiversity. Shorelines are one of the most rapidly changing places on the Earth. The Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) is a semi-enclosed coastal indentation with predominance of mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, associated rich marine diversity and coastal terrestrial vegetation. Halophytes are flowering plants, which are naturally found in saline habitats such as coastal swamps, coastal dunes, inland salt flats etc. Present works reveals the diversity of halophytes in GoK. Total 27 halophytes were encountered from 13 coastal talukas and islands of GoK. Islands of GoK, and Bhachau taluka are the area with highest diversity in GoK. In the present study α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the halophyte community was studied. From the study of biodiversity it was observed that highest species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity H’) was observed in Jamnagar district and its islands whereas species richness index (d) was highest in Devbhumi Dwarka district and its islands. Evenness index (e) was highest (0.528) in Morbi district.
Key-words- Halophytes, Gulf of Kachchh, α-Diversity, Saline habitats
Free Range Livestock Influence Species Richness, Occupancy, and Daily Behavio...UniversitasGadjahMada
In some developing countries, human activities in protected areas threaten wildlife populations and their habitats. This study was conducted to understand the influences of freerange livestock on the wild mammalian population in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. There were 3,852 and 1,156 cows and goats, respectively, and livestock occupied an area of approximately 55.96 km2. The species richness and probability of occupancy in areas with and without livestock were assessed, and the spatial co-occurrence and overlap of daily activity patterns among mammalian species and livestock were measured. A total of 39 camera traps were installed from August 2015 to January 2016, collecting 23,021 independent photographs. In areas with livestock, the number of mammal species (eight) was lower than in areas without livestock (11 species). The most affected species were the large herbivores Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus, and a large carnivore Panthera pardus, all of which were absent in areas with livestock. Regardless of the feeding guild, the probability of
occupancy of almost all species declined in areas with livestock, except the medium herbivores Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hystrix javanica that showed a higher probability of occupancy. The species whose probability of occupancy declined were the carnivores Cuon alpinus and Prionailurus bengalensis; the herbivores Rusa timorensis, Tracypithecus auratus and Muntiacus muntjak; and the omnivore Sus scrofa. In the presence of livestock, R. timorensis and S. scrofa changed their activities from diurnal to nocturnal. Livestock affected most wild mammals in several ways, including by reducing the species richness, lessening the probability of occupancy and changing the daily activity patterns of many animals. This research recommends a significant reduction in the size of the range area for domestic livestock.
Mangrove Flora in the Coastal Municipalities of Sultan Kudarat Province, Phil...Open Access Research Paper
Mangroves play vital role for ecological balance. It provides human the fresh air to breath and protects from threat of typhoons and tsunami. Mangrove also serves as the breeding ground of various species of fish and other aquatic organisms. This study aimed to provide a systematic and scientific recording of the mangrove species in the Southern part of the Philippines. Using a descriptive research design, the prevailing mangrove flora in the coastal municipalities of Sultan Kudarat Province, Philippines was identified and documented. It was conducted in three sampling sites in the municipalities of Kalamansig, Lebak and Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat. Results of the study revealed that there were thirty – one (31) species of mangroves identified; of which twenty-four (24) species were present in Kalamansig, thirty (30) species in Lebak and twenty (20) species in Palimbang belonging to fifteen (15) genera and fourteen (14) families.
Status of seagrass ecosystem in Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte and Laguindingan, ...Innspub Net
The study was conducted to determine the present status of seagrass resources of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and compared this through time with secondary data. It employed the transect-quadrat methods. Perpendicular to the shoreline, three (3) 100-m transect lines at 200-m interval between each transect were laid. Seven seagrass species were recorded comprising 38.6% of the total number (19) of seagrass species found in the Philippines. The seagrass community in all sites surveyed showed that it is highly dominated by Thalassia hemprichii species. However, there were no significant differences in species richness and diversity based on single-factor ANOVA statistical analysis (p>0.5). The abundance of T. hemprichii could probably be due to the prominent characteristic of this species where it could grow well in different types of habitat with various environmental conditions. The condition of seagrass beds in both areas were fair and the low Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of seagrass in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte (H’=0.76±0.22) and in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental respectively (H’=0.40±0.35) indicate low stability in the community, which means that the condition of the seagrass ecosystem could be under threat, both from natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, a fluctuating trend in species composition and a notable decline in seagrass species diversity and abundance have been observed in both areas. This present status calls an immediate response from the decision makers concerned for the sustainable management and conservation of the seagrass resources.
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
Trends in Macrophyte Diversity in Anthropogenic Perturbed Lentic Ecosystems w...Premier Publishers
Aquatic macrophytes hold several niches within the ecosystem, including inter alia water purification, carbon sequestration and serve as microhabitats for aquatic insects. These dynamic roles make macrophytes good indicators of current environmental conditions. Hence assessing their abundance in line with wetland ecosystem dynamics and function is essential. Frequency of occurrence and density values were estimated, using twenty (20) 2 m x 2 m quadrats for each macrophyte encountered. The results of the study revealed twenty-one (21) macrophytes belonging to 16 families. These ponds varied markedly in terms of species composition and in numerical strength such that Polygonum lanigerum (1143+175st/ha), Setaria verticillata (337.5+ 32.8st/ha), Azolla pinnata (337.7+ 16.4 st/ha) recorded high density values while Lagenaria breviflora (18.7±2.19), Sida acuta (18.75±5.30), Ludwigia erecta (18.7±0.15) and Milletia aboensis (18.7±0.03) were the least abundant species. Pond A and D with 11 taxa each had the higher Shannon-Wiener (2.192, 2.214) and Simpson (0.8699, 0.8787) diversity indices respectively when compared to the other ponds. On the contrary, pond C with four taxa had the least Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices (1.253, 0.6782) respectively. Equitability and evenness ranged between 0.914 - 0. 952 and 0.814 - 0.900 respectively. Bray and Curtis cluster analysis showed that pond B was the most dissimilar compared to other ponds in terms of the taxa composition.
Similar to Pasil Mangrove Flora Species and Conservation Links (20)
Trends in Macrophyte Diversity in Anthropogenic Perturbed Lentic Ecosystems w...
Pasil Mangrove Flora Species and Conservation Links
1. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
ISSN 2094 - 4454
Vol. 7, No. 1,
2015
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Andrew D. Ordonio1, Vernard M. Martinez2, Rodrigo G. Paglomutan, Jr3. and Mac
Edmund G. Gimotea4
1Facultyof Fisheries, 2Student of Fisheries, 3RDU Data Analyst, 4RDU Research Assistant
Abstract. The mangrove of Pasil was surveyed to document the community-
academe partnership on mangrove assessment and conservation. The baseline
data will serve any future species and diversity monitoring and for future
development proposals appropriate for community-based species-based
mangrove conservation in Pasil. The “true mangroves” of Pasil is composed of 19
species belonging to 9 families. The 8 species representing 44% of the total
mangrove species in Pasil belong to Family Rhizophoraceae. The plants classified
as“semi-mangrove” is composed of 26 species belonging to 8 families. The
“mangrove associated species” is composed of 36 species belonging to 22 families.
On floral diversity, a total of nine (9) “true mangrove” species were found in the
three sampling sites. A. marina is a common species in the three streams while
C. decandra, S. alba, and L. racemosa are unique species of the lower stream. The
lower stream that serves both the inlet and the outlet of the estuarine water is
74.65% species diverse compared with the diversity of mangrove floral species in
the mid (65.83%) and in the upper (57.05%) streams. A. marina is the most
dominant species in all sites. The Community-based Species-based Approach to
Conservation largely focused on the Near Threatened mangrove, C. decandra. In
“community-based species-based conservation”, the community involvement
potentially lead to more informed decision-making and it help reduce costly
project designs. This report convinced the implementers and the PO partner that
species conservation and community involvement works. The continued floral
and faunal and ecological assessment of Pasil mangrove is recommended.
Keywords: mangrove assessment, species conservation, foral composition,
diversity, community action
CHMSCCOFRDU
Received final
draft:
February 20,
2015
Peer reviewed:
January 10, 2015
Received
manuscript:
October 20,2014
2. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
INTRODUCTION
One of the features of the coastal village
Pasil in Enclaro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental,
Philippines is the presence of an estuary, mudflats
and abandoned fishponds that supports some
species and some communities of mangrove. The
important characteristics of the halophytic
mangrove is the enormous biological diversity
which refers to the diversity of various species of
living organisms, plants and animals, the
presence of various ecosystem services, and
diversity valued by humans (Brown, 1998; Field,
Osborn, Hoffman, Polsemberg, Ackerly, Berry,
Bjorkman, Held, Matson, Monney, 1998; Turner,
Jeroem, van der Bergh, Soderques, Barendregt,
van der Straaten, Malthy, van der Lerland, 2000;
Shanker, Hiremath and Bawa, 2005; Diaz,
Fargione, Chapin and Tilman, 2006).
Value of Species to conservation.
Considered “currency or indicators of biology”
(Soltis and Gitzendanner, 1999; Gotelli and
Colwell, 2001), species are the basic units of
analysis in conservation biology (Joshi, 2007;
Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Kohler, Vila, Chaparro
and De la Riva, 2009; Ramesh, Hussain, Satpathy
and Selvanayagam, 2013). Such species diversity
and ecological services of mangrove constitute
the natural resource entitlements of the coastal
villagers (Hernández-Cornejo, Koedam, Ruiz
Luna, Troell, and Dahdouh-Guebas, 2005).
Mangrove fulfills many necessary
functions in the field of production, environment
protection and social values (Cunha-Lignon,
Kampel, Flandroy, Menghini, and Dahdouh-
Guebas, 2012). However, mangroves are
increasingly threatened and their survival is at
great risk (Primavera, Sadaba, Lebata, Altamirano,
2004; FAO, 2007; Chen, Wang, and Lin, 2009).
Indeed, this would lead to the rapid increase in
the number of Threatened mangrove species
resulting to the local extinction of some rare
species (Cunha-Lignon, et al., 2012). Knowledge
on the role of mangrove species provides
guidance on how best the species could be
conserved. First, mangrove floral species are the
foundation of the mangrove and it provides
various habitats for the flora and fauna that
together shape a unique ecosystem and form the
basis of all other mangrove returns (Ellison,
Farnsworth, and Merkt. 1999; Offenberg 2008).
Second, a species diverse mangrove area is acting
as corridor for immigrants from outside
mangrove areas having lower number of species
(Nagelkerkena, Blaberb, Bouillonc, Greene,
Haywoodf, Kirtong, Meyneckeh, Pawliki, Penrosej,
Sasekumark, Somerfieldl, 2008; Polidoro,
Carpenter , Collins, Duke, Ellison et al., 2010)).
And third, the presence of species in an
ecosystem indicates the presence of a set of other
species and whose absence indicates the lack of
that entire set of species (Lindenmayer, Margules,
and Botkin 2000).
Single-species Approach to conservation.
Knowledge of the exact floral species
composition and diversity is an important
prerequisite to understand conservation
(Jayatissa, Dahdouh-Guebas, and Koedam, 2002).
The goal of conservation is to maintain biological
diversity and the ecosystem services to humans.
Though buzzword in mangrove conservation,
conservation managers are faced with
complexities such as limited resources to
conserve species and the inability to manage all
aspects of biodiversity. The question on how best
the species could be conserved has led to a
paradigm that focused on single-species in
setting actions (Simberloff, 1998; Zachariasa and
Roff, 2001; George and Mayden, 2005; Payton,
Fenner, and Lee, 2002).
The single-species approach would seem
a perfect context for mangrove conservation in
Pasil. In terms of utility of the approach in
conservation, knowledge on species composition
and species diversity will help analyze what
species can be related to habitat types, which can,
in turn, be spatially mapped. This fundamental
prerequisite for species-based conservation
3. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
approach (Zachariasa, and Roff, 2001) would
succeed if scientifically based protocols will be
examined and adapted. Acceptable assessment
results could thus be used to link species and
conservation. (Dahdouh-Guebas, Verheyden, De
Genst, Hettiarachchi and Koedam, 2000).
Objectives of the Study. The mangrove of
Pasil was surveyed to document the community-
academe partnership (primarily lead by the
students) on mangrove assessment and
conservation. With this action-oriented objective,
describing Pasil mangrove in Binalbagan, Negros
Occidental Philippines was done focusing on two
major axes: 1) mangrove structural assessment;
and 2) conservation initiatives done for Pasil
mangrove.
The first specific objective was to assess
the mangrove of Pasil in terms of 1) floral species
composition within the study area and 2) species
diversity (D) and importance value (IV) within
each quadrat. The baseline data will serve any
future species and diversity monitoring and
ecological landscape management for Pasil
mangrove. The second specific objective is to
describe the community-based species-based
conservation action implemented by the CHMSC-
COF RDU and by the PO conservation partner, the
PEARL. This information will be used for future
development proposals appropriate for
Community-based Species-based mangrove
conservation in Pasil.
METHODOLOGY
Study Site. The Pasil mangrove lies within
the coastal Enclaro, Binalbagan in the 5th
Congressional District of Negros Occidental,
Philippines. The mangrove community is backed
by estuaries and intertidal mudflats frequented by
tides that empties at the southern section of
Enclaro Creek. The soil substrate within the
mangrove area is generally muddy from the mid
to upper section and generally sandy at the lower
section.
Floristic Data Collection. The mangrove
assessment was carried out over a 10-day period,
which included group discussion on the survey
methodology and was accomplished by a 10-
member team which included 5 peoples’
organization (PO) members and 5 CHMSC-COF
RDU team of researchers. All members have
participated in several mangrove assessment
projects.
Floral Species Assessment. Specimen
collections were made at the natural habitat of
the study are. Small branches of the plants with
leaves and some flowers and fruits were collected
and packed separately in polyethylene bags and
in large containers and were brought to the RDU
laboratory. The morphologic diagnosis, species
identification, and conservation status followed
several reports and field guides example
Primavera, Sadaba, Lebata, Altamirano (2004),
Calumpong and Menez (1996). Aside specimen
collection within each quadrat, (i) village walk; (ii)
transect walk; (iii) and key informant (KI) help
were done. In this study, the KI is a person who
had a great deal with the Pasil mangrove
resource.
Categorization of Mangrove Species.
Following Basha (1992) and Ram and Shaji (2013),
the mangrove with strongly marked
characteristics is grouped under “true
mangroves”. There are also plants with less
strongly marked characteristics, which are known
as “semi-mangrove”. There is yet another group
of plants, which grow adjoining the mangrove
areas but thrive on the land which does not
submerge by brackish water even during the high
tides but can withstand some amount of brackish
water stagnation for a short period. These can be
grouped as “mangrove associated species”.
Species Diversity and Importance Value.
The three sampling stations were identified by the
team as upper, mid, and lower streams. The
location of the center of each sampling plot was
randomly determined through random point
generator using the crude map and the Google
4. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
Earth map. Each site was further sub-divided into
3 randomly selected 10m x 10m sizes quadrats.
The species present in the quadrats were
identified and their numbers were recorded in a
tabular column. The quantitative measures
describing the analytical characteristics of the
Pasil mangrove floral community includes
diversity (D) and importance value (IV) of the
species.
Treatment of the Data. The widely used
Simpson Diversity Index for comparing diversity
between various sampling sites was used to
measure diversity of true mangroves of Pasil. This
index assumes that individuals are randomly
sampled from an independently large population
(Clarke and Warwick, 2001). Following Snedakar
and Snedarker (1984) and Vyas and Joshi (2013),
the density, relative density, basal area,
dominance, and relative dominance of each
species in every plot and the relative frequency of
each species within the forest were calculated to
determine the Importance Value (IV) of each
species. The IV indicates the structural
importance of a species within a stand of mixed
species.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Floral Composition. The “true mangroves”
of Pasil is composed of 19 species belonging to 9
families. The 8 species representing 44% of the
total mangrove species in Pasil belong to Family
Rhizophoraceae. The shrubby Acanthaceae,
Acanthus volubilis although very few in number
could still be found in the upper section growing
in the fishpond dikes. The shrub Aegiceras
corniculatum belonging to Family Myrsinaceae,
usually thriving in the front zones was found
growing in the lower section.
The plants classified as“semi-mangrove”
was composed of 26 species belonging to 8
families. The six species were described as trees.
None of the semi-mangrove species was included
in the IUCN Red List for Threatened species. The
“mangrove associated species” was composed of
36 species belonging to 22 families. This group
of plants is mostly trees and mostly introduced
into the backyards of the villagers for food
example the Family Anacardiaceae and for
traditional medicine example, the plants
belonging to Family Annonaceae.
Floral Diversity. A total of nine (9) “true
mangrove” species were found in the three
sampling sites in Pasil. Nine of these species were
observed at the lower stream, whereas only 6 and
5 species were observed at the midstream and at
the upper stream, respectively. A. marina is a
common species in the three streams while C.
decandra, S. alba, and L. racemosa are unique
species of the lower stream. The probability of
the variation or diversity of species increases in
the sampled quadrat from the lower to the upper
stream. The species in the lower stream is 74.65%
species diverse compared with the mid (65.83%)
and in the upper (57.05%) streams. The A. marina
was the most observed species in all sites. In the
lower stream, the two other species mostly
observed were A. corniculatum, C. decandra, and
S. alba. In the midstream, the A.marina. R.
mucronata and B. cylindrica were the mostly
observed species. In the upper stream B.
cylindrica population established along with A.
marina and R. mucronata.
5. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
Table 1. Species composition and phylogeneticaggregates of “true mangrove” speciesin Pasil
Species Families
Local Name,
Life Forms, Trees
ConservationStatus, IUCN
Red List, NT
Conservation
Actions
Acanthus volubilis Acanthaceae Ragoyroy Shrub LeastConcern (LC)
Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae Bungalon Tree LeastConcern (LC)
Avicennia rhumpiana Bungalon Tree Vulnerable (V)
Lumnitzera racemosa Combretacea Tabao/culasi Shrub LeastConcern (LC)
Excoecaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae Lipata/Alipata Tree LeastConcern (LC)
Xylocarpus mollucensis Meliaceae Tabigi, Piagao Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Aegiceras corniculatum Myrsinaceae Saging-saging Shrub LeastConcern (LC) /
Nypha fruticans Palmae Nipa Palm NotEvaluated (NE)
Bruguiera cylindrical Rhizophoraceae Lapis-lapis Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Bruguiera gymneroza Pototan Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Bruguera sexangula Pototan Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Ceriops decandra Baras-baras Shrub Near Threatened (NT) /
Ceriops tagal Tanggal Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Rhizophora apiculata Bakhaw Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Rhizophora mucronata Bakhaw Tree LeastConcern (LC)
Rhizophora stylosa Bakhaw Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Sonneratia alba Sonneratiaceae Pagatpat Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Sonneratia caseolaris Kalongkalong Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Heritiera littoralis Sterculiaceae Dungon Tree LeastConcern (LC) /
Total, 18 Total, 8 Total, 13 Total, 1 Total, 12
Table 2. Species composition and phylogeneticaggregates of “semi-mangrove” speciesin Pasil
Species Families
Common Name Life Forms,
focus on Trees
Conservation Status,
IUCN, focus on NT
Conservation Actions
(local)
Sesuvium portulacastrum Alzoaceae Bilangbilang Herb Not Evaluated (NE)
Crinium asiaticum Amaryllidaceae Crinum Lily Herb Not Evaluated (NE)
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Apocynaceae Alibotbot Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Wrightia pubescens Lanite Tree Least Concern (LC)
Cocos nucefira Arecaceae Lubi Palm Not Evaluated (NE)
Finlaysonia obovata Asclepiadaceae Tulus-baybay Vine Not Evaluated (NE)
Calatropis gigantean Not Evaluated (NE)
Wedelia biflora Asteraceae Herb Not Evaluated (NE)
Carmona retusa Boraginaceae Cha Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Talisay Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Ipomoea pescarpae Convolvulaceae Palangpalang Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Erythrina variegate Dapdap Vine Not Evaluated (NE)
Milletia pinnata Bani Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Prosopis juliflora Roma Vine Not Evaluated (NE)
Vigna marina Beach Pea Shrub Least Concern (LC)
Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae Vine Not Evaluated (NE)
Scaevola taccada Goodinaceae Bokabok Shrub Not Evaluated (NE) /
Callophyllum inophyllum Guttifereae Dancalan Shrub Not Evaluated (NE) /
Barringtonia asiatica Lecythidaceae Bulobitoon Tree Least Concern (LC) /
Talipariti tiliaceum Malvaceae Malibago Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Ficus septica Moraceae Labnog Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Pandanus tectorius Pandanaceae Pandan Vine Not Evaluated (NE)
Acrostichum aureum Pteridaceae Palaypay Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae Apatot Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Wild jasmine Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Premna odorata Alagao Vine Not Evaluated (NE)
Total, 26 Total, 19 Total, 6 Total, 0 Total, 3
Table 3. Species composition and phylogenetic aggregates of “mangrove associated species” in Pasil
Species Families Local Name, Tree Life Forms,
ConservationStatus, IUCN
Red List, NT
Conservation
Actions
Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Manga, pahu Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Spondias purporea Sarguelas Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Annona muricata Annonaceae Babana Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Annona squamosal Atis Tree Least Concern (LC)
Colocasia esculenta Araceae Gabi Herb Not Evaluated (NE) /
Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae Hagonoy Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
6. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
Bixa Orellana Bixaceae Estewetes Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Carica papaya Caricaceae Kapayas Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Muntingia calabura Elaeocaepaceae Sarisa, Datilis Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Antidesma bunuis Euphorbiaceae Bugnay Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Cassia alata Fabaceaea Palotsina Shrub Not Evaluated (NE) /
Glirizidia sepium
Madre de
cacao
Shrub
Not Evaluated (NE)
Pithecellobium dulce Kamunsil Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Tamarindus indicus Sambag Tree Least Concern (LC)
Persea Americana Lauraceae Avocado Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae Doldol Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Tree Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Sandoricum koetjape Santol Tree Least Concern (LC)
Swietenia mahogany Mahogani Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Albizia saman Mimosacaea Akasya Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Acacia mangium Acacia Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Leucaena leucocephala Aghu/Ipil ipil Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Balungay Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Langka Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Psydium guajava Myrtaceae Bayabas Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Syzygium aqueum Tambis Shrub Least Concern (LC)
Syzygium cumini Lomboy Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Averrhoa bilimbi Oxalidaceae Iba Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Averrhoa carambola Galangan Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Peperomia pellucida Piperaceae Pansitpansitan Not Evaluated (NE)
Citrus microcarpa Rutaceae Kalamunding Shrub Not Evaluated (NE)
Citrus maxima Kabugao Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Chrysophyllum cainito Sapotaceae Star apple Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Manilkara zapota Chico Tree Not Evaluated (NE)
Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Germilina Tree Not Evaluated (NE) /
Stachytarpheta jamaicenses Sentimiento Herb Not Evaluated (NE)
Total, 36 Total,22 Total, 27 Total, 0 Total, 3
Table 4. Mangrovefloral diversity in Pasil
Species Mature Saplings Seedlings Total Simpson Diversity
Index (DI)
Simpson Reciprocal
Index (RI)
Sampling site 1
A. marina 38 0 129 167
X. mollucensis 0 5 0 5
E. agalocha 2 0 0 2
R. stylosa 2 2 0 4
R. mucronata 11 33 0 44
B. cylindrical 8 0 50 58
Total 61 Total 40 Total 179 280 0.5705 2.3281
Sampling site 2
A. marina 43 0 143 186
R. apiculata 8 0 13 21
A. corniculatum 2 4 0 6
B. cylindrical 8 10 53 71
R. mucronata 23 0 77 100
Total 84 Total 14 Total 286 Total, 384 0.6583 2.9265
Sampling site 3
A. marina 23 0 138 161
X. molucensis 0 4 0 4
E. agalocha 4 0 0 4
R. stylosa 11 0 5 16
R. mucronata 10 0 8 18
A. corniculatum 28 0 64 92
C. decandra 32 0 60 92
S. alba 8 3 17 28
L. racemosa 5 0 0 5
Total 121 Total 7 Total 292 Total 420 0.746 3.9366
Total Diversity Value 0.6425 2.7969
Density, Dominance, and Importance. Of
the 934 surveyed mature mangrove plants, 55%
were A. marina, 17% R. mucronata, 10% A.
corniculatum, and 10% C. decandra. The rest of
the plants found within the sampled quadrats
were S. alba, R. stylosa, L. racemosa, E. agallocha,
and X. mollucensis, except for L. racemosa and S.
alba that were absent in the midstream. The
midstream however is composed mainly of old
mangrove growth and was observed to be heavily
populated by humans. These conditions
prevented rehabilitation efforts by the
community. The Avicceniaceae A. marina, a
characteristic mangrove plant of the mid
7. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
intertidal section was the most frequently
observed tree. However, the wide canopies of tall
and mostly mature R. mucronata trees covered
the largest total area of 952.49 m2
against the
155.55 m2
covered by A. marina. The large trees
R. mucronata is dominating the Pasil mangrove at
65%. The 104 calculated importance value for R.
mucronata indicates the structural importance of
this species in a stand of 9 mixed species surveyed
within the sampled quadrats. The dominance of
R. mucronata is largely supported by Melana,
Atchue III, Yao, Edwards, Melana and Gonzalez
(2000) and Walters (2006) reporting that the
Philippine mangrove is predominated by species
from the Rhizophoraceae family. Explaining to
the dominance is the propagule viviparity of R.
mucronata that can be picked off from the
branches when ripe and planted directly in the
mud.
Table 5. Mangrovefloral speciesdensity,dominance,and importance in the lower, mid, and upper section ofPasil mangrove
Species Mature Saplings Seedlings Total Average
Crown
Diameter
Total Area
Covered
Relative
Frequency (%)
Relative
Density (%)
Relative
Dominance (%)
Importance
Value
Sampling Site 1
A. marina 38 0 129 167 1.42 60.18 25 60 11 95
X. molucensis 0 5 0 5 0.00 0.00 25 02 00 27
E. agalocha 2 0 0 2 3.98 24.88 08 01 04 13
R. stylosa 2 2 0 4 3.90 23.89 08 01 04 14
R. mucronata 11 33 0 44 5.71 281.68 25 16 50 91
B. cylindrical 8 0 50 58 5.20 169.90 08 21 30 59
Total 61 40 179 280 100 100 100 300
Sampling Site 2
A. marina 43 0 143 186 1.34 60.64 27 48 08 84
R. apiculata 8 0 13 21 3.1 60.38 18 05 08 32
A. corniculatum 2 4 0 6 0.81 1.03 09 02 00 11
B. cylindrical 8 10 53 71 5.1 163.43 18 18 22 59
R. mucronata 23 0 77 100 4.98 448.00 27 26 61 114
Total 84 14 286 384 100 100 100 300
Sampling site 3
A. marina 23 0 138 161 1.38 34.40 13 38 06 57
X. molucensis 0 4 0 4 0 0.00 09 01 00 10
E. agalocha 4 0 0 4 3.98 49.76 09 01 09 18
R. stylosa 11 0 5 16 3.45 102.83 13 04 18 35
R. mucronata 10 0 8 18 5.25 216.48 13 04 38 56
A. corniculatum 28 0 64 92 0.95 19.85 13 22 04 38
C. decandra 32 0 60 92 0.98 24.14 13 22 04 39
S. alba 8 3 17 28 4.2 110.84 13 07 20 39
L. racemosa 5 0 0 5 1.2 5.65 04 01 01 07
Total 121 7 292 420 100 100 100 300
Table 6. Mangrove floral speciesdensity,dominance, and importanceofPasil mangrove
Species Mature Saplings Seedlings Total Average
Crown
Diameter
Total Area
Covered
(m2)
Relative
Frequency
(%)
Relative
Density
Relative
Dominance
Importance
Value
A. marina 104 0 410 514 1.38 155.55 22 55 11 88
X. molucensis 0 9 0 9 0 0.00 12 1 0* 13
E. agalocha 6 0 0 6 3.98 74.65 7 1 5 13
R. stylosa 13 2 5 20 3.45 121.53 10 2 8 20
R. mucronata 44 33 85 162 5.25 952.49 22 17 65 104
A. corniculatum 30 4 64 98 0.95 21.26 10 10 1 22
C. decandra 32 0 60 92 0.98 24.14 7 10 2 19
S. alba 8 3 17 28 4.2 110.84 7 3 8 18
L. racemosa 5 0 0 5 1.2 5.65 2 1 0* 3
Total 242 51 641 934 100 100 100
*less than 1 dominance value
Linking Species and Conservation Action
for Pasil Mangrove. In a series of meetings
conducted, the management paradigm shifts
from ecological rehabilitation to species-based
conservation approach allowed the CHMSC-COF
RDU and PEARL to partner in maintaining the
health and integrity of Pasil mangrove. Twelve
(12) species of “true mangroves”, three (3) “semi-
mangroves, and three (3) associated species were
grown in the community-based mangrove
8. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
nursery located in CHMSC-COF. These nursery-
grown seeds were out-planted in Pasil based on
its ecological criteria and zonation. Both the B.
gymneroza and C. tagal being absent in Pasil
mangrove during the conduct of 2007 species
inventory (unpublished report) were introduced
in Pasil. The propagules were gathered from
Hinobaan and fom Sipalay by some researchers.
The “true mangrove” species like B. sexangula, R.
apiculata, R. stylosa, and B. cylindrica were
observed to slightly increase in number after
including the species for species-based
conservation. The Near Threatened, C. decandra
was on top priority for Species-Based
Community-Based Conservation based from
prioritization criteria advanced by IUCN. The
other reasons that necessitates highest
conservation priority for C.decandra were: its
paramount bio-potentials as anti-inflammatory
(Hossain, 2011), antidiarrheal, (Manilal, 2012),
antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial (Hossain
2012), anti-carcinogenic (Manilal, 2011), and
antihistaminic (Tsujiyama 2012); IUCN NT
conservation value and; availability of seeds and
seed collection areas. All the candidate species
were profiled according to ecology and biology.
Proposed Pasil Mangrove Diversity Park, the
species-based approach is towards ecological
landscaping. On-going studies on species-based
conservation are being proposed and conducted
and some information products were presented
and published in local and international fora and
journals.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
The “areas of importance” are quantified
on the basis of the species they possess and
“conservation schemes” are assessed on how
many species are preserved in the area (Agapow,
Bininda-Emonds, Crandall, Gittleman, Mace,
Marshall, and Purvis, 2004). It is in the context of
how many species preserved in the area that this
floristic data were used to conserve mangrove
floral species in Pasil. The use of measures other
than species counts will force managers and
conservationists to ask what it is that we are trying
to conserve (Agapow, Bininda-Emonds, Crandall,
Gittleman, Mace, Marshall, Purvis, 2004). Species
composition and species diversity may be easy to
measure, but it is far from clear that they are
precisely what needs saving. Therefore any
attempt to abolish the use of species for
conservation will sacrifice the usefulness of
species to measure species diversity. The links of
species and conservation has implications for
ecosystem services that would in turn benefit the
local villagers. Local conservationists and
resource managers should, however never forget
that the mangrove floral species are just one of
the ecosystems components and conserving the
species could possibly attract more floral and
faunal species. Clear, the ecological aspect of
species in the ecosystem shall be understood as
well. This implies planning of periodic and
comparative assessment of both floral and faunal
species of Pasil mangrove.
CONCLUSION
The Pasil mangrove is probably
representative for the mangrove communities in
the coastal districts of Southern Negros
Occidental province. There are four reasons that
could be pointed out: a) Pasil mangrove is a more
stable ecosystem evidenced from this present
study; b) Pasil mangrove is centrally located in the
southern coastal district; c) some mangrove
researchers bring with them propagules and
seeds and sow them in Pasil; and d) the
representative soil types and the wet
characteristics of mudflat and estuary may have
supported the germination, growth, and
establishment of mangroves in Pasil. But looking
at the data, only few of the recruitment from
wildlings was observed and only few species
thrive in the area hence, an action-oriented type
of conservation is needed – hence the adaptation
of Species-based conservation approach.
9. Ordonio, AD, VM Martinez, RG Paglomutan Jr. and MEG Gimotea
Pasil Mangrove Flora: Species and Conservation Links
Volume 7, Number 1 June 2015
Currently, there seems to be a major
paradigmshift reported in the many conservation
activities on how we approach species
conservation. There might have several terms
commonly used to describe this effort, but the
simplest is perhaps “community-based species-
based conservation”, which is a conservation
discussion and decisions done at the local level.
Community involvement potentially lead to more
informed decision-making and it help reduce
costly project designs.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Although this report convinced the
implementers and the PO partner that species
conservation and community involvement works,
a critical examination of the approach is to be
examined further. For a more lasting and
meaningful conservation action, it is
recommended that: a) floral and faunal and
ecological assessment of Pasil mangrove shall be
done every year; b) implementers need to clarify
some issues on species-based conservation
approach; and c) future reports to include social
measures like stakeholders’ attitude,
participation, and learning.
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79, No. 2
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