REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA ISSN 1519-5228 Volume 21 - Número 1 - 1º Semestre 2021

1. REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA ISSN 1519-5228
Volume 21 - Número 1 - 1º Semestre 2021
COLONIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES BY BENTHIC
MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A LENTIC ENVIRONMENT
Hérica Rozário*; Bruno Lima; Ana Lucia Suriani-Affonso; Gilmar Perbiche Neves
ABSTRACT
The pounds are inhabited by different biological communities, among which stand out the benthic
macroinvertebrates. The use of artificial substrates in aquatic environments is justified because they recreate
the natural conditions of the site and can reveal the structure and composition of this community. This research
aimed to investigate the colonization of benthic macroinvertebrates in different artificial substrates present in
a pond of the Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Paraná. The experiment
lasted 80 days and all substrates were placed together and removals occurred every 20 days, starting from
January 2016 until March 2016. In total 14 taxa were recorded, being Chironomidae, Polycentropodidae,
Calopterygidae and Dicteriadidae the most abundant. Chironomidae were the Pioneer organisms in the
colonization process and during the experiment it was possible to verify interactions between the taxa, such as
predation and competition. The sponge was the substrate that presented the largest colonization of the
organisms (756 individuals), probably for having holes, which favor the protection and, consequently, make
predation difficult. By employing these substrates inserted in the environment it was observed how
colonization of these organims occurs in lentic environments and the establishment of pionner organisms such
as Chironomidae, mostly on the sponge substrate.
Keywords: Ecological Succession, Chironomidae, Aquatic Insects.
COLONIZAÇÃO DE SUBSTRATOS ARTIFICIAIS POR MACROINVERTEBRADOS
BENTÔNICOS EM AMBIENTE LÊNTICO
RESUMO
As lagoas são habitadas por diferentes comunidades biológicas, dentre os quais se destacam os
macroinvertebrados bentônicos. A utilização de substratos artificiais em ambientes aquáticos justifica-se, pois,
os mesmos recriam as condições naturais do local e podem revelar a estrutura e a composição dessa
comunidade. Dessa forma, essa pesquisa visou investigar a colonização de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em
diferentes substratos artificiais presentes em uma lagoa da Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste
(UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Paraná. O experimento teve duração de 80 dias, sendo que todos os substratos
foram colocados juntos e as remoções ocorreram a cada 20 dias, iniciando-se em Janeiro de 2016 até Março
de 2016. No total foram registrados 14 táxons, sendo, Chironomidae, Polycentropodidae, Calopterygidae e
Dicteriadidaeos mais abundantes. Os Chironomidae foram os organismos pioneiros no processo de
colonização e durante o experimento pôde-se verificar interações entre os táxons, como predação e competição.
A esponja foi o substrato que apresentou maior colonização dos organismos (756 indivíduos), provavelmente
por possuir orifícios, que favorecem a proteção e, consequentemente, dificultam a predação. Ao empregar
esses substratos inseridos ao meio ambiente pôde-se observar como ocorre a colonização desses organismos
em ambientes lênticos e o estabelecimento de organismos pioneiros como Chironomidae, principalmente no
substrato esponja.
Palavras-chave: Sucessão Ecológica, Chironomidae, Insetos Aquáticos.
61

2. INTRODUCTION
Benthic macroinvertebrates are small
invertebrates, visible to the naked eye, that live
on the substrate of aquatic ecosystems, adhered
to rocks and sediment (ZAKRZEVSKI, 2007).
Their abundance is influenced by environmental
factors, such as substrate type, organic matter
availability, physical and chemical attributes
(ABÍLIO et al., 2007).
Macroinvertebrates are very diverse and
abundant organisms in all environments, being
present in lentic ecosystems (SAULINO and
TRIVINHO-STRIXINO, 2014); in aquatic
macrophytes, using them as food and refuge
(CARDOSO, et al. 2014). In general,
communities presence depending on
environmental conditions and may be influenced
by substrate type, sediment, salinity, food
availability and predation (GOMEZ et al. 2016;
SAULINO and TRIVINHO-STRIXINO, 2014).
Natural substrates are those that influence
survival of most macroinvertebrate (MOLOZZI,
et al. 2011) because the availability of food
resources and protection and, its importance in
the structuring of benthic fauna (FRANÇA, et al.
2006). Conversely, artificial substrates are used
to recreate natural conditions, and after a suitable
time of colonization, they may refer to natural
conditions of the environmental benthic fauna
(ROSSER and PEARSON, 1995). The
advantages of artificial substrates use are
samplings in inaccessible places, an optimal
standardization of samples, reducing sample
errors due to procedural variations and low cost
(SANTOS and RODRIGUES, 2015;
CATTANEO and AMIREAULT, 1992).
Macroinvertebrates colonize the entire
aquatic environment, from the water column to
the sediment (LOPES, et al. 2011). There are
some factors that can influence the colonization
process of these organisms in different types of
substrates, such as the taxon mobility capacity,
the surface texture of the substrate, the food
availability adhered to the surface. The
abundance of organisms can be influenced by
predation and competition among them
(MACKAY, 1992; NOBRE, et al. 2019) and the
accumulation of macroinvertebrates in one place
attracts their obligatory or occasional predators,
such as fish.
According to Welborn, et al. (1996)
habitats where species occurrence is determined
solely by biotic factors such as predation and
competition, species are usually adapted to co-
occurrence with habitat specific predators.
Within the context of environmental
conservation and information scarcity on the
structure of the benthic community in urban
lagoons (BIRCH and MCCASKIE, 1999), this
paper intends to broaden this information and
provide subsidies for future management plans in
these environments, through the characterization
of the benthic macroinvertebrate colonization of
artificial substrates in an urban pond. We
expected to observe the colonization of
macroinvertebrates in a lentic environment, and
to verify if the period of 80 days is sufficient for
such a process to occur. We also intended to
identify changes in this process in relation to a
different substrate types (rock cobbles, cement
brick, sponge, and PET bottle with plant debris).
METHODS
Study area
The experiment was conducted in a small
pond by the entrance of the CEDETEG campus
of the Midwest State University (UNICENTRO),
within the Guarapuava municipality, Paraná
State (Figure 1). The climate in the region is
mesothermic tropical, humid, with no dry season,
average annual precipitation of 2,000 mm
(WALTRICK, et al. 2015).

3. Figure 1. Location of sampling points (P1, P2, P3, and P4) in the pond within the CEDETEG campus of the Midwest
State University, Guarapuava, PR. Source: Google Earth (2017).
The pond is found in the Mixed Ombrophilous
Forest phytophysiognomy (Araucária Forest),
forest vegetation that mainly covers the Brazilian
Southern Region (ISERHARD, et al. 2010). Its
main feature is the exclusive presence of the
Parana’s pine (Araucaria angustifolia)
(WENDLING, et al. 2009).
At eachsampling, environmental
parameters as pH, dissolvedoxygen, (mg.L-1
),
nitrite (mg.L-1
), nitrate (mg.L-1
) andturbidity
(NTU) were measured using a water analysis
ecological toolkit. Water temperature (°C) was
registered in situ with a digital thermometer.
These data were compared with CONAMA
Resolution 357/2005 to investigate whether the
physical and chemical attributes measured were
within the standards established by law. Monthly
precipitation data was provided by the State
Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply (SEAB,
2016).
Average precipitation during the
experiment was 513 mm in January, 108 mm in
February, 194 mm in March and 125 mm in April
2016 (SEAB, 2016). The highest water
temperature was 27°C, registered on the 60th
-day
sample, whereas the lowest was 20°C, on the
80th
-day sample (Table 1).
Table 1. Physical and chemical water parameters registered at each sampling and their comparison with CONAMA
357/2005 standards.
Environmental variables 20th
day 40th
day 60th
day 80th
day
CONAMA
357/2005
Dissolved oxygen (mg.L-1
) 7 7 7,5 7.5 > 4
Turbidity (UNT) 100 100 100 100 100
Nitrate (mg.L-1
) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 10
Nitrite (mg.L-1
) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1
pH 6 6.5 6 6 6 to 9
Temperature (°C) 25 24 27 20 ----
Sampling design
The experiment was set using four
different substrate types (rock cobbles, cement
brick, sponge, and PET bottle with plant debris)
distributed at four sampling points near pond
margins. This site was chosen because it is a
transition area between the terrestrial and
lacustrine ecosystems, possessing a great variety
of ecological niches and food chains. Branches
and leaves of Araucaria angustifolia trees were
placed within the PET (polyethylene
terephthalate) bottles; a wire mesh of 30x30 cm
with 6-mm mesh-size was used to enclose the
stone and the brick substrates, and the sponge
substrate was a carwash sponge of 8x20x4 cm
(width x length x height).The A. angustifolia was
introduced into the PET bottle to verify if there
was any relationship between the organisms and
the plant, since that the branches and leaves of A.
angustifolia are carried by wind into the nearby
aquatic environment.
Each artificial substrate was placed on a
bamboo structure supported by two 1-m-long
stem bases vertical connected to a 1-m-long
horizontal bamboo, along which the artificial
substrates were distributed (Figure 2). Substrates
were deposited on the pond bottom, totaling four
replicates of each group of artificial substrates.

4. Figure 2. Layout of the substrates in the horizontal part of the bamboo structure, from left to right: cement brick,
sponge, PET bottle with plant debris and rock.
The experiment lasted 80 days, and four
samplings were done at 20-day intervals, from
January 2016 to March 2016. The choice of this
period of duration of the structures with the
different substrates was based on similar
experiments on the colonization of benthic
macroinvertebrates in artificial substrates, such
as Volkmer-Ribeiro et al. (2004), Queiroz et al.
(2007), Thomazi, et al. (2008) and Mugnai, et al.
(2010).
For biota samplings, the artificial
substrates were removed from the pond, placed
into buckets, and transported to the Benthos
Ecology Laboratory of UNICENTRO. They
were washed over a series of sieves with mesh
sizes of 1 mm and 250 µm, and the
macroinvertebrates trapped in the sieves were
fixed in 8% formalin solution.
Benthic organisms were sorted and
counted over a trans-illuminated tray and then
preserved in 70% ethanol solution for further
identification. Taxa were identified to the lowest
taxonomic level possible by using the
identification keys of Wiggins (1998), Fernandez
and Dominguez (2001), and Costa, et al. (2003).
For their ecological importance and for being
reported as the most numerous benthic
macroinvertebrate (AMORIM and CASTILLO,
2009; REIS, et al. 2012), non-biting midges
(Chironomidae) were identified to genus level.
Identification was made under optic microscope
using the Trivinho-Strixino and Strixino (1995),
and Trivinho-Strixino (2011) identification keys.
Analyses
Ecological descriptors as taxa richness,
absolute abundance, Pielou equitability,
Simpson’s dominance, and Shannon-Wiener and
Simpson diversity indices were usedto assess the
benthic community colonization of artificial
substrates. Indices were calculated using the R
Cran Software (2016). Subsequently, these data
were analyzed using Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) for the differentiation of ecological
attributes between the days of colonization using
the same program.
Relative abundance of each taxon was
calculated as:
Rel. Ab. (%) = n x 100/N, where is the
number of individuals of a given taxon in a
sample and N is the total number of individuals
(all taxa) of the sample.
RESULTS
Macroinvertebrates
During the experiment, 2.656 specimens
of 14 taxa were sampled in the four artificial
substrates. Bricks and PET bottles were the
substrate types with the highest richness, each
with nine taxa (Table 2). Eight taxa colonized the
rock cobbles, and the sponge was the substrate
with the lowest richness, represented by six taxa.
Notwithstanding, the sponge presented the
highest abundance (n = 986 specimens),
followed by rock (n = 681), brick (n = 520), and
PET bottle (n = 469).
Chironomidae was the most abundant
taxon sampled in all occasions, adding up to
2.071 individuals, followed by the caddis
Polycentropodidae (474 individuals). Specimens
of both families were found at all substrate types
and periods (Table 2). Chironomidae represented
78.39% of the local fauna, whereas
Polycentropodidae represented only 17.48%.
Less representative taxa in terms of relative
abundance were: Dicteriadidae (2.29%),
Corixidae (0.44%), Calopterygidae (0.41%),
Libellulidae (0.33%), and Baetidae (0.22%).
Other taxa represented less than 0.10% (Table 2).

5. Table 2. List of taxa sampled on each 20day interval (from February to March 2016) at the four artificial substrates (brick
(B); PET = polyethylene terephthalate bottle with plant debris (P); sponge (S); rock cobbles (R)) installed in the urban
pound, Guarapuava, PR, and their respective abundance.
20th
day 40th
day 60th
day 80th
day
Total
abundance
B P S R B P S R B P S R B P S R
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Class Hirudinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Class Oligochaeta 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Subphylum Exapoda
Class Insecta
Order Diptera
Family Chironomidae 87 99 95 61 71 49 69 123 63 13 129 64 194 153 463 338 2071
Order Trichoptera
Family Polycentropodidae 6 11 4 8 20 22 8 22 27 85 181 44 7 7 16 6 474
Order Odonata
Family Calopterygidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 2 1 11
Family Dicteriadidae 1 0 2 0 2 10 1 4 0 0 0 0 16 10 11 5 62
Family Libellulidae 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 9
Order Ephemeroptera
Family Baetidae 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6
Family Caenidae 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Family Oligoneuriidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2
Order Coleoptera
Family Elmidae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
Order Hemiptera
Family Corixidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 12
Subphylum Crustacea
Order Amphipoda
Family Hyalellidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Order Acari 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Total abundance 94 112 104 71 94 86 78 150 91 98 311 108 241 173 493 352 2656
Sixteen Chironomidae midge genera
were identified (Table 3). The highest abundance
was found in the sponge substrate (n = 756),
followed by rock (n = 586), brick (n = 415), and
PET bottle (n = 314). The most representative
genus at all substrate types was
Goeldichironomus, with 1.215 specimens in total
and 399 specimens in the sponge substrate on the
80th
day sample.

6. Table 3. List of Chironomidae sampled on each 20 day interval (from February to March 2016) at the four artificial
substrates (brick; PET = polyethylene terephthalate bottle with plant debris; sponge; rock cobbles) installed in the urban
pond, Guarapuava, PR, and their respective abundance.
20th
day 40th
day 60th
day 80th
day
Chironomidae genera Brick
PE
T
Spong
e Rock Brick
PE
T
Spong
e
Roc
k Brick
PE
T
Spong
e Rock
Bric
k PET
Spong
e Rock
Ablabesmyia 2 5 1 17 10 6 6 1 2 1 11 2 5 3 7 2
Asheum 16 1 66 14 6 7 36 3 9 2 11 1 4 21 15 12
Caladomyia 13 45 14 27 16 26 6 4 28 20 36 3 41 67 32 75
Chironomus 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Cladopelma 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Clinotanypus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Cricotopus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 3 1
Dicrotendipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 14 2 2 0 2 0
Goeldichironomus 25 26 9 35 86 30 18 40 20 38 47 4 282 100 399 56
Labrundinia 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Parachironomus 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0
Pelomus 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Pentaneura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Procladius 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pseudochironomus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tanytarsus 0 3 2 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 4 4
When relative abundance was compared
separately by substrate type and sampling
periods (Figure 3), non-biting midges were also
the most representative taxa, with the highest
relative abundance (95.78%) found in the rock
substrate on the 80th
day and the lowest (11.46%)
in the PET bottle substrate on the 60th
day.
Polycentropodidae were also present at all
sampling periods, although in lower relative
abundance than the midges’. Lowest caddis
relative abundance was found in the rock
substrate on the 80th
day (1.81%), while the
highest was found the 60th
day in the PET bottle
(88.54%) and sponge (57.46%) substrates. In
these two last samples, we observed a
simultaneous decrease in midge relative
abundance (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Relative abundance (%) of macroinvertebrates sampled during the experiment in the four artificial substrates:
brick, PET bottle, rock cobbles, and sponge.

7. As for midge-only relative abundance by
substrate type, Goeldichironomus was also the
most representative genus, with 70.5%
abundance in the rock substrate, 62.6% in the
sponge, 46.7% in brick, and 43% in PET bottles
(Fig 4).
Figure 4. Relative abundance (%) of macroinvertebrates sampled during the experiment in the four artificial substrates:
brick, sponge, PET bottle, and rock cobbles.
About the relationship between
ecological attributes and colonization periods
(ANOVA), boxplots showed that taxa richness
and abundance in the artificial substrates
progressively increased throughout the
experiment, except for the 60th
day samples
(Figure 5). The dominance of macroinvertebrates
was lower between 40 and 60 days of
experiment, due to the establishment of new
organisms in the substrates, such as Caenidae,
Elmidae and Libellulidae. The lowest diversity
index values occurred in the first 20 days and last
withdrawal period (80 days), demonstrating the
dominance of Chironomidae over the other taxa.
The highest equitability value occurred at 60
days, showing the lower dominance of taxa
during this colonization period. There were no
significant differences between the types of
substrates and the ecological attributes. These
attributes varied only in relation to the duration
of the experiment.
Figure 5. Boxplots with ecological attributes (taxa richness, abundance, Simpson’s dominance, Shannon-Wiener
diversity, Simpson diversity and Pielou equitability) of macroinvertebrates sampled on 20day intervals in four artificial
substrates at urban pond, Guarapuava, PR.
DISCUSSION
According to Souza, Abílio and Ribeiro,
(2008), Chironomidae midges are usually
pioneer species in the colonization process. They
are usually the dominant species during the rainy
season and less frequent during droughts
(SOUZA et al., 2008). The highest rainfall in

8. January was probably related to the high
abundance of midges observed in the first 20
days of experiment.
The Chironomidae and
Polycentropodidae were the most abundant
families during the experiment. Diptera larvae
are usually highly adaptable, being able to
colonize many kinds of substrates, sediments,
and aquatic vegetation in both lotic and lentic
ecosystems (ARMITAGE, et al. 2012).
Schmude, et al. (1998) evidenced that individuals
belonging to the Chironomidae family and
Trichoptera order prefer substrates that provide
shelter, such as vertical holes in brick.
According to Wiggins (2004), some
genera of Polycentropodidae larvae from lentic
ecosystems are predators. This fact explains the
decline in Chironomidae abundance when the
abundance of Polycentropodidae caddis was high
(on the 60th
day sample). The increased
abundance of this potential predator observed in
the third period of fauna removal was associated
with decreased richness and abundance of other
taxa as well, evidencing the effects of high
predation pressure in a local scale (HILDREW
and TOWNSEND, 1980). In fact, we observed
that whenever Polycentropodidae abundance was
higher the richness and abundance of other taxa
was lower.
Inhibition can be an important part of the
ecological succession process, both under a
competition and predation context, since it is
intimately related to dominant species
replacement in an environment (RICKLEFS,
2003).In this context, predation by
Polycentropodidae may have directly affected
the dominance of Chironomidae, which in turn
favored the establishment of other taxa resulting
in increased richness observed in the 80th
day
samples relative to 60th
day samples.
The colonization in artificial substrates
starts mainly by organisms of the Chironomidae
family, which generally dominate the aquatic
ecosystems, due the capacity to tolerate the
variations that occur in this habitat (ARMITAGE
et al., 2012). The group presents several
ecological and biological adaptations that make
them able to explore different habitats (PINDER,
1983), and can explain the observed dominance
between the experiment days, whereupon during
the first 20th
day the establishment of the pioneer
organisms, Chironomidae and which remained
for almost the entire period of the experiment,
being dominant until the withdrawal in 80th
day.
By employing different substrates in this
pond, it was possible to verify how the
colonization of these organisms occurs in lentic
environments. In addition, it was found that there
are differences in abundance and richness of this
community in relation to the four substrates
tested, accepting the initial research hypothesis.
The period of 80 days was sufficient to
observe the early stages of the process of
ecological succession in the substrates, with the
establishment of pioneer organisms in the early
stages, rejecting the initial hypothesis. When
comparing the substrates, it was found that in the
sponge occurred the largest abundance of
organisms, probably because it is a porous
material, which facilitates the protection of
organisms and, consequently, makes predation
difficult. In ecological succession, colonization
of less demanding organisms may occur at the
end of colonization, providing a favorable
environment for colonization of more demanding
organisms (SANTOS, et al. 2016).
Differences were concentrated to a
greater extent in the colonization time, than to the
type of substrate used, evidencing the ability of
these organisms to establish themselves in
different types of environments, within a lentic
system. However, as observed in this experiment,
substrate type was not the predominant factor to
differentiate fluctuations in richness, abundance
and population dynamics. According to Santos et
al. (2016), one of the disadvantages of using
artificial substrates is that colonization and
equilibrium may require a longer time.
In the research by Santos et al. (2016), in
a stream in Minas Gerais, there was a difference
in abundance and richness between an artificial
(brick) and an organic substrate. The brick
offered a kind of shelter to organisms against
predation and the current, but organic substrates
are the ones that best portrayed colonization
because they are more attractive and similar to
the natural habitat of organisms and provide
more resources (SANTOS et al., 2016).
Therefore, the artificial substrates
inserted in the environment were favorable for
the benthic macroinvertebrates, having their
greater preference for the sponge substrate, for
offering shelter to predators and the colonization

9. time was sufficient to observe an ecological
succession occurring.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Araucária Foundation for
scholarship funding (edictal number 023/2016-
DIRPES-PROIC/UNICENTRO) and
UNICENTRO for authorizing of this research.
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______________________________________
Hérica Rozário*
Bióloga
Residente Técnica no Instituto Água e Terra -
Pitanga/PR
Pós-graduanda em Engenharia e Gestão
Ambiental - UEPG
hericarozario1@gmail.com
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