This study aimed to determine the species composition of the benthic macroalgae in relation to the environmental parameters in one of the coastal areas in Surigao City, Philippines. It is conducted along the coasts of Barangay Day-asan with established three stations. The macroalgae species were observed and collected using line transect method. The water quality parameters were obtained in situ using water quality apparatus and the species composition were determined through diversity indices such as Shannon H, dominance and evenness and abundance. There were six (6) species observed in the study site. Sargassum polycystum is the most abundant and is present in three stations. As to diversity indices, the benthic macroalgae has a moderate category in terms of Shannon H, low dominance and almost a uniform distribution of species in all three stations. The coastal water parameters of Barangay Day-asan passed the DAO standards and still within the limits and ranges based on the diversity indices of Shannon H, dominance and evenness. Depth has a strong correlation to Codium fragile and pH to Amphiroa fragillissima and Halimeda opuntia. As indicated by the diversity indices of the benthic macroalgae species composition, the coastal water of Barangay Day-asan has still a suitable environmental condition for their growth. Hence, it is recommended to have strong information, education and communication environmental campaign and policies for locals and tourists as ecotourism starts to kick off in the locality to ensure sustainable conservation and protection of the natural environment with benthic macroalgae as good bioindicators.
Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) has colossal normal blessing of freshwater assets. Its spouting waterways, singing streams and crisp water lakes have an extensive variety of local and extraordinary fish species. The frosty and crisp waters of GB are known to have 20 unique types of freshwater angle, including 17 locals and three exotics while four species are endemic to GB area. some of the fishes found in GB are Trouts (including brown, snow and rainbow trout), goldfish, crap fish and cat fish.
Classification of plankton, Plankton diversity and Productivity.
Two groups of organisms inhabit the oceanic zone: plankton and nekton
Based on productivity, biomass, abundance and diversity, plankton far outweighs nekton in open ocean
Plankton can be classified into logical groups based on:
Taxonomy
Motility
Size
Life history
Spatial distribution
Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) has colossal normal blessing of freshwater assets. Its spouting waterways, singing streams and crisp water lakes have an extensive variety of local and extraordinary fish species. The frosty and crisp waters of GB are known to have 20 unique types of freshwater angle, including 17 locals and three exotics while four species are endemic to GB area. some of the fishes found in GB are Trouts (including brown, snow and rainbow trout), goldfish, crap fish and cat fish.
Classification of plankton, Plankton diversity and Productivity.
Two groups of organisms inhabit the oceanic zone: plankton and nekton
Based on productivity, biomass, abundance and diversity, plankton far outweighs nekton in open ocean
Plankton can be classified into logical groups based on:
Taxonomy
Motility
Size
Life history
Spatial distribution
Fish can be cultured in one of four culture systems: ponds, raceways, recirculating systems or cages. A cage or net pen is a system that confines the fish or shellfish in a mesh enclosure.
Fish depends on water for survival. Without water, aquatic animals ceased to live. It is in this medium that determines their existence, although other factors like food, oxygen also support their growth and survival. Another conditions is the quality of water being supplied. Culture species need good quality water which are free from bacteria. Good water management is necessary to determine fish growth with less mortality
The State of Kerala is abundantly rich with marine,
brackish water and fresh water resources. These water
bodies are inhabited by a wide variety of aquatic fauna &
flora and the State occupies one of the foremost positions
in the aquatic biodiversity. The long coastline and the
extensive inland waters of the State have brought people
belonging to different ethnic groups in contact with fishing
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Biosecurity measures in shrimp farming:-
- Biosecurity measures at the time of stocking
- Biosecurity measures at the initial time of culture period
- Biosecurity measures during mid culture period
- Biosecurity measures at the end of culture period
Marine fishery development & climate change_Dr Rani Mary George(The Kerala En...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Rani Mary George, CMFRI, Kochi made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development highlights the impact of climate change on marine fishery development
A Rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs in morales Beach, B...Innspub Net
Morales beach is one of the beaches located in the coastal town of Glan, Sarangani Province and noted for its quite enormous coral reef which is continuously degrading. This study was conducted to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystem and to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the area. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was used to monitor live coral condition and the supporting fauna at a coral reef ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters were obtained in situ using a thermometer, refractometer, and a pH meter. The result of the study showed a very low percentage cover of hard corals, no cover percentage of soft corals and high cover percentage of other biota or substrate. The reef areas exhibited poor coral cover with an average of 15 percent live hard corals having family Acropora as the most dominant species (Shannon diversity index of 1.653). Water samples obtained were within the DENR (1990) standards suitable for the optimum growth of coral reefs. The health status of the coral reefs in Morales beach showed a partially disturbed reef due to human intervention. It is greatly recommended to constantly monitor the coral conditions in order to effectively manage and protect the increasing number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA).
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Fish can be cultured in one of four culture systems: ponds, raceways, recirculating systems or cages. A cage or net pen is a system that confines the fish or shellfish in a mesh enclosure.
Fish depends on water for survival. Without water, aquatic animals ceased to live. It is in this medium that determines their existence, although other factors like food, oxygen also support their growth and survival. Another conditions is the quality of water being supplied. Culture species need good quality water which are free from bacteria. Good water management is necessary to determine fish growth with less mortality
The State of Kerala is abundantly rich with marine,
brackish water and fresh water resources. These water
bodies are inhabited by a wide variety of aquatic fauna &
flora and the State occupies one of the foremost positions
in the aquatic biodiversity. The long coastline and the
extensive inland waters of the State have brought people
belonging to different ethnic groups in contact with fishing
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Biosecurity measures in shrimp farming:-
- Biosecurity measures at the time of stocking
- Biosecurity measures at the initial time of culture period
- Biosecurity measures during mid culture period
- Biosecurity measures at the end of culture period
Marine fishery development & climate change_Dr Rani Mary George(The Kerala En...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Rani Mary George, CMFRI, Kochi made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development highlights the impact of climate change on marine fishery development
A Rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs in morales Beach, B...Innspub Net
Morales beach is one of the beaches located in the coastal town of Glan, Sarangani Province and noted for its quite enormous coral reef which is continuously degrading. This study was conducted to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystem and to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the area. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was used to monitor live coral condition and the supporting fauna at a coral reef ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters were obtained in situ using a thermometer, refractometer, and a pH meter. The result of the study showed a very low percentage cover of hard corals, no cover percentage of soft corals and high cover percentage of other biota or substrate. The reef areas exhibited poor coral cover with an average of 15 percent live hard corals having family Acropora as the most dominant species (Shannon diversity index of 1.653). Water samples obtained were within the DENR (1990) standards suitable for the optimum growth of coral reefs. The health status of the coral reefs in Morales beach showed a partially disturbed reef due to human intervention. It is greatly recommended to constantly monitor the coral conditions in order to effectively manage and protect the increasing number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA).
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Zooplankton species composition and diversity in the seagrass habitat of Lawa...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seagrass habitats are considered to be some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and safeguard some ecologically and economically important fauna, amongst which are some globally threatened species, including dugong. Malaysian seagrass ecosystems are not widespread, but their existence supports some significant marine fauna. A rigorous zooplankton study was conducted from May 2016 to February 2017, in the seagrass habitat of Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia, to examine their temporal composition and diversity, together with their ecological influences. A total of 45 zooplankton species from 13 significant groups were recorded in the seagrass habitat. The population density of zooplankton ranged between 2,482 ind/m³ and 22,670 ind/m³ over three different seasons. A single zooplankton copepod was found to be dominant (47.40%), while bivalves were the second largest (31.8%) group in terms of total abundance. It was also noticed that the average relative abundance (0.62) and important species index (62.08) of copepods were higher than for other groups that exist in the seagrass meadow, whereas copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris showed both the highest average relative abundance (0.41) and the highest important species index (41.15). The diversity (H') and richness index of the intermediate season were found to be highest due to favourable physico-chemical conditions. Within the referred seasonal cluster, the wet and dry seasons were almost similar in terms of species abundance, while the intermediate season was distinct, with high species diversity backed by ANOSIM analysis results. Copepod and bivalves formed one group with a common similarity level of 0.80. The CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) model established that abiotic factors, especially turbidity, NO , rainfall, dissolved oxygen and pH were significantly correlated with abundance of individual groups of zooplankton. Zooplankton assemblage and abundance in Lawas were found to be very rich in multiple seasons, indicating that the productivity of uninterrupted seagrass habitat might be high and the system rich in biodiversity.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Variation in the plankton abundance, biomass and diversity of Municipal pond ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This is the first approach to identification, abundance calculation; biomass analysis and diversity evaluation in two water bodies namely, Municipal pond and Bukvora baor at Jashore district, Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the abundance and species diversity of plankton, water quality parameters in pond and baor environment. However, Municipal pond that is located at the central point of Jashore town and Bukvora baor that is located at sadar upazila in Jashore district. Study also concentrated on the comparison about abundance, species diversity and water quality parameters between pond and baor. Water samples were collected in each month throughout the study period from May, 2016 to August, 2016. Different water quality parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were measured in every month. The mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were 30.4±2.30°C, 32.25 ± 2.6°C, 5.7±0.35 mg/l, 7.05 ± 0.39 and 19.9 ± 2.6 cm, respectively in pond. In baor, the mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH and transparency were 33.45 ± 1.19°C, 33.15 ± 1.49°C, 5.03 ± 0.15 mg/l, 8.45 ± 0.36 and 24.95 ± 2.6 cm, respectively. A total of 30 phytoplankton species have been found in the study area of which species under four groups; namely Cyanophyta (5), Heterokontophyta (3), Chlorophyta (11), Euglenophyta (2) have been identified and nine species were unidentified. Phytoplankton species distribution was not uniform. Chlorophyta species was most dominant group in both environments. Major four groups of zooplankton identified in study area both pond and baor; namely Cladocera (10%), Copepoda (55%), Ostracoda (3%), Rotifera (15%). In addition Nauplius (2%), Tunicata (4%), Insect larve (5%) fish eggs (6%) were also identified. Copepoda species was most dominant group in both environments. Plankton diversity was highest in June occurred in both environments.
Status of seagrass ecosystem in Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte and Laguindingan, ...Innspub Net
The study was conducted to determine the present status of seagrass resources of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and compared this through time with secondary data. It employed the transect-quadrat methods. Perpendicular to the shoreline, three (3) 100-m transect lines at 200-m interval between each transect were laid. Seven seagrass species were recorded comprising 38.6% of the total number (19) of seagrass species found in the Philippines. The seagrass community in all sites surveyed showed that it is highly dominated by Thalassia hemprichii species. However, there were no significant differences in species richness and diversity based on single-factor ANOVA statistical analysis (p>0.5). The abundance of T. hemprichii could probably be due to the prominent characteristic of this species where it could grow well in different types of habitat with various environmental conditions. The condition of seagrass beds in both areas were fair and the low Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of seagrass in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte (H’=0.76±0.22) and in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental respectively (H’=0.40±0.35) indicate low stability in the community, which means that the condition of the seagrass ecosystem could be under threat, both from natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, a fluctuating trend in species composition and a notable decline in seagrass species diversity and abundance have been observed in both areas. This present status calls an immediate response from the decision makers concerned for the sustainable management and conservation of the seagrass resources.
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
UNVEILING MEIOFAUNA DIVERSITY: A STUDY OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ABUNDANCE I...indexPub
Serangan Island is a small island that administratively located in South Denpasar District, Town of Denpasar, and Province of Bali. All of Serangan Island region stated as a village that named Serangan Village which have 4435 peoples. Because Serangan Island is tourist destination, so Serangan Island certainly exposed by tourism development process. As a part of tourism development process is shore reclamation process, an effort to widening Land of Serangan Island which has occured in 1997.
Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Sta...Open Access Research Paper
Laguna Lake is one of the lakes that largely contribute to the socio-economic and environmental needs of the Philippines as it supports fisheries and aquaculture, recreation, power generation, and industries. In this study, the two-year (2018-2019) water quality monitoring data from Laguna Lake Development Authority was subjected to multivariate factor analysis. Initially, the dataset was divided into two categories, representing the dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis was then performed in order to identify major contributing factors that significantly influence the water quality of the lake during dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis for the two data sets (dry and wet) was able to identify three factors, namely, nutrient pollutants, influential water quality and nitrification. Results showed that the nutrient factor constitutes the biggest impact with a variance of 23.6% on the lake’s water quality during dry season, following influential water quality (22.2%) and nitrification (20.3%). However the nutrient factor contributes the least impact with a variance of 15.1% on the quality of water during wet season while the influential water quality contributes the highest amount of variance (29.4%). Significant changes on BOD and pH were also observed between seasons. Hence, it can be recommended to have strategies for regular monitoring and maintenance of water quality in Laguna Lake. In addition, environmental programs, and policies concerning water, air, and land protection by stakeholders must be realized to ensure sustainability, and conservation of all forms of life particularly aquatic life species.
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Similar to Species composition of benthic macroalgae in the coastal areas of Surigao City, Philippines | JBES 2021 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024
Species composition of benthic macroalgae in the coastal areas of Surigao City, Philippines | JBES 2021
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
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RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Species composition of benthic macroalgae in the coastal areas
of Surigao City, Philippines
Louella S. Degamon*1
, Rose Ann S. Bukid2
, Frances Love C. Caulin2
, Remedios M. Adanza2
1
College of Teacher Education, Surigao State College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines
2
College of Arts and Sciences, Surigao State College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines
Article published on April 30, 2021
Key words: Physico-chemical parameters, Diversity indices, Canonical correspondence analysis
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the species composition of the benthic macroalgae in relation to the
environmental parameters in one of the coastal areas in Surigao City, Philippines. It is conducted along the
coasts of Barangay Day-asan with established three stations. The macroalgae species were observed and
collected using line transect method. The water quality parameters were obtained in situ using water quality
apparatus and the species composition were determined through diversity indices such as Shannon H,
dominance and evenness and abundance. There were six (6) species observed in the study site. Sargassum
polycystum is the most abundant and is present in three stations. As to diversity indices, the benthic
macroalgae has a moderate category in terms of Shannon H, low dominance and almost a uniform
distribution of species in all three stations. The coastal water parameters of Barangay Day-asan passed the
DAO standards and still within the limits and ranges based on the diversity indices of Shannon H, dominance
and evenness. Depth has a strong correlation to Codium fragile and pH to Amphiroa fragillissima and
Halimeda opuntia. As indicated by the diversity indices of the benthic macroalgae species composition, the
coastal water of Barangay Day-asan has still a suitable environmental condition for their growth. Hence, it is
recommended to have strong information, education and communication environmental campaign and
policies for locals and tourists as ecotourism starts to kick off in the locality to ensure sustainable conservation
and protection of the natural environment with benthic macroalgae as good bioindicators.
*Corresponding Author: Louella S. Degamon wyngsajol@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 18, No. 4, p. 19-26, 2021
http://www.innspub.net
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20 | Degamon et al.
Introduction
In coastal waters around the world, the dominant
primary producers are benthic macrophytes, including
seagrasses and macroalgae (Melsasail et al., 2018).
Macroalgae are photosynthetic organisms which play
vital roles in ecology and in human life. Ecologically,
they act as primary producers of energy, provide food
to non-photosynthetic organisms and are basis of food
cycle in marine life (Al-ashwad et al., 2020). They also
provide habitat and nursery area for commercially and
recreationally important fish species, protect against
erosion and act as buffering mechanisms for excessive
loading thereby making them as biological indicators of
heavy metal pollution in marine environment
(Chakraborty et al., 2014). Several types of macroalgae
have economic values and significant advantages to
humans (Srimariana et al., 2020) such as being
sources of medicines, food, feedstock and industrial
basic materials (Radulovich et al., 2015).
As photosynthetic sessile organisms, benthic
macroalgae respond directly to abiotic and biotic
environmental factors making them as sensitive
bioindicators of natural and anthropogenic changes
(Borja et al., 2013). The aquatic environment
conditions strongly affect their distribution in nature
(Bruno et al., 2014). The diversity of macroalgae
species in waters can be an indicator of water quality.
According to Fachrul (2007) and Namakule et al.
(2017), if the diversity of macroalgae species in waters
is high, the quality of the waters will be good, whereas
if the diversity of macroalgae species in waters is low,
the quality of the waters will decrease. In the
Philippines, there were a number of studies on
diversity and distribution of macroalgae carried out
by several authors. To name are the works of Trono
(1972, 1986) and Meñez (1961) in Hundred Islands,
Hurtado-Ponce et al. (1992) in Panay, Liao & Sotto
(1980) in Cebu, Mendoza and Soliman (2013) in Bicol
region, Jumawan et al. (2014) in Sarangani Province,
Del Rosario et al. (2016) in La Union and Clemente et
al. (2017) in Romblon Island Group. Most of these
studies focused only on the major islands and
coastlines within the country or to areas that are
readily accessible for macroalgal studies. There were
still places with ecotourism potentials where
economic developments are surging and yet there is
scanty information on the status of their natural
resources and environmental condition. Hence, more
scientific investigations may be strengthened.
Barangay Day-asan is one of the coastal barangays of
Surigao City. It is a village of stilts and residences on
the water and shoreline for livelihood. It is rich in
mangrove and marine resources hence, well known
for farming lobsters and milkfish. As observed
currently, there have been changes in aquatic and
environmental quality due to increasing human
activities in the area brought by eco-tourism and
coastal development like beaches and resorts. These
scenarios would certainly give impacts on biodiversity
conditions including benthic macroalgae
composition. Hence, this study on species
composition of benthic macroalgae in relation to
environmental parameters is conducted. Results of
this study can be used as baseline information of the
benthic macroalgae species found in Barangay Day-
asan, Surigao City and may be reference for policy
brief of the local government unit.
Materials and methods
Study Site
This study was conducted at the coastal areas of
Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City which is geographically
located at 9º46’21’N, 125032’07’E (Surigao City Planning
and Development Office [CPDO], 2016) (Fig.1). It is 15
km away from the Surigao City Hall and can be reached
either by motorboat or land vehicle. It is part of Arellano
District with a total land area of 3, 040.447 hectares in
which 554 hectares is dominated by mangrove forest.
According to barangay statistical data, as of May 2020, it
has a total of 1, 949 population with 451 households of
which majority are considered coastal settlers.
Fig. 1. Map of the Study Site showing the three
stations. (Inset: Philippine and Surigao City maps).
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Three study stations were established in the study site
which was designated as Station 1 (S1), Station 2 (S2)
and Station 3 (S3). The exact positions of these
locations were determined using the Global Positioning
System (GPS) apparatus. Station 1 is established in an
area where a number of coastal household settlers are
located. It has a rocky shoreline and a mixed sandy and
coralline with some rocks in the substratum. Station 2
has almost the same substrate with Station 1 but closer
to mangrove area. Station 3 is far from household
settlers, has some corals and rocks with mixed sandy-
muddy substrate.
Establishment of Sampling Plots
There were three stations established in the study site
considering varied environmental conditions. In each
station, three transects were laid having a length of
100 meters. A 50 – meter distance between transect
was established. In each transect, 10 quadrats were
laid with a dimension of 1m x 1m. Benthic macroalgae
were then identified and counted. Data collected were
used to analyze values for biodiversity indices.
Assessment of Physico-chemical Characteristics of
Coastal Water and Nature of Substrates
The water pH, salinity, turbidity, DO, TDS and TSS
were determined in situ using a water quality checker
(Hana HI9829). The nature of substrates was
determined through on its color and texture while the
depth of sea level was obtained using a meter stick.
Collection and Identification of Species
All observed benthic macroalgae found within the
sampling plots were identified, counted and recorded
within the conduct of the study from March – May
2020. Sample specimens were collected through
handpicking and were placed in pre – labeled plastic
containers for further taxonomic identification and
herbarium purposes. The collected sample specimens
were identified using Dr. Hilconada Paalan
Calumpong’s book entitled Field Guide to the
Common Mangroves, Seagrasses and Algae of the
Philippines and some literatures (e.g., Jumawan, J,
2014; Del Rosario et al., 2016; Liao, L., 2018).
Identification was made from class to species level.
Data Analysis
The data collected were used to compute for
biodiversity values such as species richness,
abundance, dominance and evenness using the PAST
software (Hummer et al, 2001). To determine the
correlation between species composition and the
measured water physico – chemical parameters, a
canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed
using PAST software (Hummer et al., 2001).
Results and discussion
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Coastal Water
and Nature of Substrates
The coastal water of Barangay Day-asan is classified
as Class SC based on the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order
2016-08. Class SC is characterized based on its
intended beneficial use such as for propagation and
growth of fish and other aquatic resources intended
for commercial and sustenance fishing; for boating
and other recreational activities and with marshy
and/or mangrove areas declared as fish sanctuaries.
As shown in Table 1, the coastal water quality
parameters of the study site passed the DAO
Standards (2016-08). This means that the seawater
condition of Barangay Day-asan is still suitable for the
growth of marine organisms in the area. Melsasail et
al. (2018) highlighted that the distribution of
macroalgae species is influenced by environmental
condition of its habitat, both physical and chemical
conditions, or the combination of both. Substrate
characteristics also allow a wide range of macroalgae
to be found in an area.
Species Identification and Composition
There were six (6) species observed and
taxonomically identified in the study area (Table 2).
These were Codium fragile, Ulva reticulata,
Halimeda discoidea, Padina pavonica, Sargassum
polycystum and Amphiroa fragillisima (Fig. 2).
Among the six (6) species, three (3) species belonged
to class Ulvophyceae, two (2) from Phaeophyceae and
only one (1) from Florideophyceae. All the six (6)
species were found in Station 3 (S3) while only three
(3) species found in the Station 1 (S1).
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Across the three (3) stations, S. polycystum was the
most abundant species with a total of 58 individuals
while C. fragile was the least abundant having 12
individuals and present only in Station 3. U.
reticulata, P. pavonica and S. polycystum were the
species present across stations with 40, 36 and 58
total number of individuals respectively.
The abundance of Sargassum in this study conforms
to the study of Del Rosario et al. (2016). Many
Sargassum species are renowned in their
adaptability to strong current of sea water and can
withstand in strong waves. As brown algae, they are
not affected by the conditions of the water due to
their toughness compared to other nature of algae
such as red algae.
Table 1. Physico – chemical Characteristics of Coastal Water and Nature of Substrate of the Coastal Area of
Barangay Day-asan.
Parameters
Stations Mean
Value
DAO
Standard
(Class SC)
Remarks
S1 S2 S3
Water pH 7.20 7.72 7.21 7.38 6.5-8.5 Passed
Salinity 6.42 6.73 5.77 6.31 n/a n/a
Turbidity 2.00 0.50 1.00 1.17 n/a n/a
DO mg/L 23.50 16.70 15.00 18.40 min of 5 Passed
TDS 30.10 28.10 19.92 26.04 n/a n/a
TSS(g/mL) 49.00 35.35 31.50 38.62 max of 80 Passed
Depth (cm) 80.00 83.00 88.00 83.67 n/a n/a
Nature of
Substrate
rocky shoreline
with mixed
sandy &
coralline
substratum
rocky shoreline
with mixed
sandy &
coralline
substratum
closer to
mangrove area
with corals
and rocks
mixed sandy
-muddy
substrates in
the
mangrove
area
n/a
Table 2. Species Composition of Benthic Macroalgae in Coastal Areas of Day-asan, Surigao City.
Class Order Family Species Stations Total
S1 S2 S3
Ulvophyceae Cordiales Cordiaceae Codium fragile 0 0 12 12
Ulvaves Ulvaceae Ulva reticulata 13 12 15 40
Bryopsidales Halimedaeceae Halimeda discoidea 0 11 11 22
Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Padina pavonica 10 12 14 36
Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum polycystum 16 14 28 58
Florideophyceae Corallinales Corallinaceae Amphiroa fragillissima 0 11 12 23
Total # of Species per Station 3 5 6
Total # of Individuals 39 60 92 191
The presence of macroalgae species in coastal waters
of Barangay Day-asan is very few, only six species.
This is in contrast to Clemente et al. (2017) who
observed 129 species in Romblon Island Group. Del
Rosario, et al. (2016) found 103 macroalgae species in
San Fernando, La Union. Jumawan, et al. (2014)
found 19 species in the intertidal zone of Sarangani
province while Mendoza and Soliman (2013) spotted
55 species in Lagunoy Gulf, Bicol region. These
differences in the number of species are brought by
different natural conditions which certainly have
different environmental factors affecting the presence
of macroalgae (Melsasail et al., 2018). Furthermore,
Diaz-Pulido and mc Cook (2008) explain that the
increase in the number of individuals and species of
an organism occurring in an area is due to its varying
substrate. Other than substrate, it is also influenced
by environmental factors, such as temperature,
salinity, light intensity (brightness) and current
velocity (Dawes, 1981).
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Benthic Macroalgae Species
Fig. 2. Benthic Macroalgae Species (A)Amphiroa
fragillissima (B) Codium fragile (C) Padina pavonica
(D) Ulva reticulata (E) Sargassum polycystum (F)
Halimeda opuntia.
Diversity Indices of Benthic Macroalgae Species in
Coastal Waters of Barangay Day-asan
Diversity is a very important parameter to compare
various communities of marine biota, especially to
determine the effect of water quality (Melsasail et al.,
2018). As shown in Table 3, it appears that the value
of diversity is directly proportional to evenness and
inversely proportional to the value of dominance. The
highest dominant index is at Station 1 (0.3452) while
the lowest is at Station 3 (0.1907). The average
dominant index value of the three stations is 0.2459.
According to Odum (1994), if the D value < 0.5, it
indicates a low dominance and if D reaches 1, then the
dominance is highest. With this, the benthic
macroalgae species in the coasts of Barangay Day-
asan having low dominance can grow optimally and
have high adaptation rate making them able to live on
diverse substrate conditions (Jorgensen et al., 2005).
Table 3. Diversity Indices of Benthic Macroalgae
Species in the Coastal Areas of Barangay Day-asan.
Diversity Indices Station
1 2 3
Taxa _S 3 5 6
Individuals 39 60 92
Dominance_D 0.3452 0.2017 0.1907
Simpson_1-D 0.6548 0.7983 0.8093
Shannon_H 1.0810 1.6050 1.7300
Evenness_e^H/S 0.9822 0.9959 0.9397
In this study, the highest diversity index is in Station
3 (1.7300) while the lowest is in Station 1 (1.081). The
average diversity index of the three stations is 1.472.
According to Shannon and Weaver (1963) as cited by
Romimohtarto and Juwana (2001) and Melsasail et
al., (2018), if the index value of H' = 1.0-3.0 then the
diversity of species in a territorial water is included in
the moderate category. This diversity index is often
associated with water conditions which can be used as
an indicator of water cleanliness. Since the diversity
of macroalgae in coastal water of Day-asan is within
the moderate category, its water condition is
moderately contaminated although most of its water
quality parameters passed the DAO Standards (2016-
08). According to Fachrul (2007), if the value of H' =
1.0-3.0, it indicates a moderately polluted water
quality; if H' < 1, it means a heavily polluted water
quality, otherwise, if H' > 4, it indicates clean water.
In terms of evenness index, the highest evenness
value is Station 2 (0.9959) while the lowest is Station
3 (0.9397). The average evenness index value on the
observed stations is 0.9726 which indicates that there
is not much difference on the evenness among the
three stations. The uniformity of macroalgae species
in the coasts of Barangay Day-asan is also evident in
its low dominance indicating that species can grow
optimally due to its stable water conditions and
environmental factors. According to Hukom (1998),
the limit of the uniformity index value (E) indicating a
stable environmental condition ranges from 0.75 to
1.00. The results of this study on the diversity indices
conforms to Namakule et al. (2017) that the diversity
of organisms in the waters is strongly influenced by
environmental factors.
Canonical Correlation Analysis Between Benthic
Macroalgae Species Composition and the Physico-
Chemical Parameters of the Coast of Barangay
Day-Asan
The results of the canonical correspondence analysis
of benthic macroalgae in the coast of Barangay Day-
asan show that A. fragillisima and H. opuntia are
moderately and positively correlated with depth and
pH but negatively correlated with turbidity, DO, and
TSS and weakly correlated with TDS and salinity. C
fragile is strongly and positively correlated with
depth; strongly negatively correlated with TDS;
moderately and negatively correlated with salinity,
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DO, and TSS and weakly correlated with turbidity ad
pH. Moreover, P. pavonica, U. reticulata and S.
polycystum are close to the origin, so they are weakly
correlated with physic-chemical parameters. As can
be gleaned from Fig. 3, among the six (6) species, P.
pavonica, U. reticulata and S. polycystum are not
strongly correlated to the measured physico-chemical
parameters. This can be accounted to their presence
in all three stations (Table 2). Among the seven (7)
measured physico-chemical parameters, depth is
strongly correlated to C. fragile which is only present
in Station 3 with a depth of 88cm. Depth is a factor to
consider in investigating macroalgae distribution
which together with substratum type determines the
macroalgal community suitable in an area (Littler and
Littler 1988, Lobban and Harrisson, 1994). Deep
areas would have reduced light for photosynthetic
activity while sand and rubble as substrate in
addition to the strong currents would prevent
macroalgae from colonization. The pH parameter is
strongly correlated to A. fragillissima and H.
opuntia. This results suggest that high pH may be an
important, but so far overlooked factor in regulating
coastal primary production of macroalgae
(Middelboe and Hansen, 2007). The pH of seawater
which is suitable for the growth of macrolgae is
between 7-9. Low pH will suppress the growth rate
of macroalgae, and even the acidity level can be
deadly, and which may hinder any reproduction rate
in macroalgae (Melsasail et al., 2018).
Fig. 3. A canonical correspondence analysis showing the relationship between species composition and
measured physic-chemical parameters in the coastal areas of Barangay Day-asan. Environmental variables are
represented by arrows. The angle between one arrow and another represents the correlation between them.
Species are represented by acronyms while dots represent the stations. SpA - A. fragillissima, SpC - C. fragile,
SpH - H. opuntia, Spp - P. pavonica, SpS - S. polycystum, SpU - U. reticulata.
Conclusion and recommendation
The macroalgae observed in the coast of Barangay
Day-asan consist only of six species with Sargassum
polycystum as the most abundant and found in all
three stations. As to diversity indices, it has a
moderate category in terms of Shannon H, low
dominance and almost a uniform distribution of
species in all three stations. The coastal water
parameters of Barangay Day-asan passed the DAO
standards and still within the limits and ranges based
on the diversity indices of Shannon H, dominance
and evenness. Hence, coastal waters of Barangay Day-
asan have still a suitable environmental condition for
the growth of benthic macroalgae.
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Among the measured physico-chemical parameters,
depth has a strong correlation to C. fragile and pH to
A. fragillissima and H. opuntia.
The results of this study shows that the coastal waters
of Barangay Day-asan is still in stable condition as
indicated by the diversity indices of the benthic
macroalgae species composition. However, over time,
as ecotourism starts to kick off in the locality, it is
recommended that: a.) Residents and the tourists in
the area may be educated on how to protect the
macroalgae habitat as they serve as structural habitat
for other marine organisms and help in establishment
and maintenance of coral reefs; b.) Barangay local
government unit of Day-asan may come up with
strong policies for sustainable conservation and
protection of the natural environment with benthic
macroalgae as good bioindicators; c.) Future
researcher may conduct the same considering other
areas/islands within Surigao City and in the province
of Surigao del Norte for a considerable contribution
to phycological diversity map of the Philippines.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude
to Mrs. Rosalia L. Hugo, for allowing them to make use
of the laboratory and its apparatus and instrument; Dr.
Meljan T. Demetillo, for the words of enlightenment,
comments and suggestions for the improvement of the
manuscript; to Mrs. Irmalyn Paymalan and Mr. Ruel
Buba for sharing their statistical expertise in the analyses
of the data and graphs; to Sir Jerry T. Cuadrado for the
valuable inputs and guidance in paper publication.
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