The document discusses America's transformation in the 19th century through increased immigration, independence movements in North and South America, and westward expansion. Key events discussed include the California Gold Rush, Canada gaining independence from Britain through negotiations rather than war, the Little Ice Age's impact on Europe, the Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the U.S., and major Civil War battles like Antietam that shifted the war's focus to ending slavery.

1. A Difficult Past--How
America’s Changed
Brooke Soto
M. Arguello

2. America’s in 19th
Century
• Chinese Migration to California for the Gold Rush led to the
transformation of the America’s.
• Millions of other immigrants from Europe & Asia increased
ethnic diversity of American populations and stimulated political,
social, economical development in the western hemisphere.
• In the late 19th century, almost all lands of the western
hemisphere won their independence from European colonial
powers.
• Americans struggled in this century to build states and societies
that realized their independence.
• The issues Americans faced was building these states based on
freedom, equality, and a constitutional government.

3. America’s in 19th
Century
• The Canadian Dominion: Independence without war
• No fighting or bloodshed, just agreement on principles of autonomy
• British Canadians & French Canadians made independent societies a
struggle
• Colony of New France passed in British empire after victory of
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
• Fear of U.S. expansion helped stifle conflicts & prompted Britian to
grant independence to Canada
• Dominion of Canada: America Act of 1867
• The Dominion won control over all canadian affairs
• John A. Mcdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada

4. Little Ice Age
• Western Europe experienced a cooling period of their climate from
1150-1460 & 1560-1850 that impacted agriculture, health, economics, social
strife, and emigration
• Agriculture: farms affected due to weather, prices increased due to shortage
• Health: Famine killed millions due to poor nutrition. Whole villages had
outbreaks of convulsions, hallucinations, & rotting extremities. Deaths
outnumbered births.
• Economics: Famines, storms, & glaciers caused destruction of farms,
increased prices, lower wine production, & decreased value of properties

5. Frontiers of the
Americas
• Louisiana Purchase
• Acquired by U.S. by paying $15 million
• The Purchase included all or part of the 14
current U.S. states & 2 Canadian providences
• Jefferson purchased this because he felt uneasy
about France & Spain having power to block
the American trade access port to New
Orleans
• Bonaparte stated the purchase of the territory
affirms the forever power of the U.S.

6. Frontiers of the
Americas
• Karl Bodmer: Swiss painter of the
American west that accompanied
German-Explorer Maximilian Wied-
Newwied
• He went with the explorer for two
years from 1832-1834 to the
Missouri river
• Bodmer was hired to record image
of the different tribes they saw along
the way

7. Crossroads of Freedom
• Bloodies single day in American history is what
we refer to when we see the date September
17, 1862
• This war killed more than 6,000 soldiers
• McPherson gives detail into the battle & the
impact & consequences that were created.

8. Crossroads of Freedom
• There were six major battles over seven days--June 25-July 1, 1862 near
Richmond, Virginia
• The commanders were George B. McClellan & Robert E. Lee
• The seven days covered the areas of: Oak Grove, Beaver Dam Creek,
Gaines’ Mill, Garnett’s & Golding’s Farm, Savage’s Station, Glendale & White
Oak Swamp, and Malvern Till.
• The battles ended the Peninsula Campaign
• Both sides suffered heavy casualties
• Northern morale was crushed by McClellan’s retreat, while confederate
moral skyrocketed

9. Crossroads of Freedom
• George B. McClellan
• December 3, 1826 - October 29, 1885
• Major General during the American Civil War
• Very meticulous in planning & preparation
• Perfectionism was both an advantage & a
disadvantage
• People nicknamed him “the young Napoleon”
due to his leadership
• He looked to Antietam as his greatest
accomplishment

10. Crossroads of Freedom
• Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation
• This symbolized the shift and focus of the war from a battle to the
reunification of the country
• The Proclamation proclaimed freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million
slaves, immediately freeing 50,000 of them, with the rest freed with the
advancement of the Union armies