The document outlines a term project analyzing healthcare accessibility in Karachi, Pakistan using GIS tools. It includes an introduction on healthcare challenges and GIS definitions of accessibility. The objectives are to introduce GIS for health and emergencies by identifying closest healthcare facilities, routes, and deprived areas lacking access. Literature on previous GIS healthcare studies is reviewed. Methodology describes data collection and network analysis to measure distance and identify service areas. Results show maps of facility locations, network analysis outputs of closest facilities and routes. The study concludes GIS is helpful for healthcare planning and recommends providing facilities to deprived areas.

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MS - 04 (RS&GIS), Term Project2

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Group Members
 Amir Javaid
 Sher Muhammad
Supervisor
 Dr Zahir Ali YusufZai (GM Suparco)
 Sir Yusha Anis (AM, Suparco)
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Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Purpose of the study
Objectives
Study Area
Methodology
Data Required
Results
Conclusions and Recommendations
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Introduction
The maintenance of good health and easy access to adequate
healthcare has been a challenge to mankind .
This challenge has led to attempts by government(s) and non-
governmental outfits to setup public healthcare facilities in
various parts of the world
Public healthcare is re- graded as the basic form of healthcare
as it provides the least expensive source of medical treatment
to the greater population of people resident in any given area .
Private health care institutions are little expansive but having
more facilities than public healthcare institutions.
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 Svensson , 2007 defines Accessibility as,
“The cost to access a specific set of services, public or commercial.
The accessibility is measured as travel distance along a road, in time
or space.
 “Since the design of our cities tends to constrain people with
impairments from performing their daily activities, removing
barriers and making public spaces accessible for everyone is
becoming a human rights-issue”.
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The demand for healthcare services has increased over the
years in Karachi urban areas due to the growing population
of the city.
Healthcare facilities that were initially meant for few
settlements are now being used by more settlements.
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Literature Review
In 2005, “Measure Physical Accessibility to Health Care
Using GIS ” by Michael Black, he concluded that.
 Public healthcare is an important concern in developing countries and
access to health care is a significant factor that contributes to a healthy
population.
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Literature Review
 In 2001, research work was published on “ Application of GIS in health
care facilities planning” by Abdul Kader A. Murad Analyzed,
 Identify areas require more attention regarding their health care
supply.
 GIS provides decision tool to improve hospital accessibility easily and
quickly.
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Literature Review
 In 2008, study was done by “Swedish National Rural Development
Agency (SNRDA)” to analyze accessibility to services from a national
perspective using GIS technique.
 Accessibility studies through network analysis.
 Identify bottleneck and problem areas.
 Plan accessibility to rescue services.
 Build more efficient systems to perform accessibility analysis using GIS
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Literature Review
 In 2012, Accessibility Analysis of Healthcare Delivery System within
Enugu Urban Area Using Geographic Information System by “ Ifeanyi
R. Ejiagha1 “
 Creation of a spatial database of existing healthcare facilities and
demonstrate through various analyses the potentials of GIS in
measurement of accessibility to healthcare facilities .
 The result showed the spatial distribution of health institutions, closest
facilities in case of emergency and route to those health institutions
within Enugu urban Area.
 Routes and closest facilities to those deprived areas were identified in
the settlements area.
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Purpose of study
 Main purpose of the study was to select a Nearest health care facilities
for people of the study area.
 Defining shortest routes from the incident to healthcare facilities.
 Identify the depriving areas that not have any healthcare facilities in
500 meters buffer.
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Objectives
 Our Main objective is to introduce GIS tools in the field of health and
emergency response.
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Address and Facilities of Study Area
Hospitals
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Methodology Flow Chart
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Digitizing of
•Road Network
•Residential Buildings
•Commercial Buildings
•Hospitals
Data Acquisition
Run topology on Road
Network
Check for
errors
(over-shoots,
under-shoots
& dangles
Correct errors
by editing
Yes
Built Network
Dataset
No
Creating Geodatabase
of Road Network in Arc
Catalogue
Create feature class and
import road network
Network
Analysis
Identify closest
facility
Mark Incident
and facility
Un-served Area
Closest Facility
by OD Matrix
Central Health
Facility
Apply 1 Km
Buffer
Service Area
Final Map/ Layout

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Data Required
Name Description/Type Source
Google earth, and Ikonos high
resolution satellite imagery
Raster Google Earth,
http:/www.glovis.usgs.gov,
gdem.ersdac.jspacesystems.or.jp/
Roads and Street Networks Vector Geological Survey of Pakistan
Hospitals Shape file Vector Extracted from Google earth
Settlements Vector http:/www.glovis.usgs.gov
Study Area shape file Vector http:/rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov
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Results
 Digital maps showing spatial distribution of health-care facilities and
deprive areas.
 Network analysis results showing closets facility and service areas.
 Buffering result of healthcare facility in each settlement to show
proximity to the facilities.
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Analysis Phase
 Data included in analysis
Main Roads
Streets
Settlements
Hospitals
Network
data set
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Closest facility
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The closest facility solver finds the cost of traveling between
incidents and facilities and determines which are nearest to
one other. The output includes a ranking of facilities by least
impedance to or from incidents, along with routing directions
between them.

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Direction Window For Closest Facility

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OD cost matrix
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The origin – destination (OD) cost matrix solver finds and
measures the least – cost paths along the network from
multiple origins to multiple destination. The closest distance
and OD cost matrix are similar. If you don’t need route
geometry, choose OD cost matrix because it can solve larger
problems, and it generally solves problems faster than
closest facility.

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Location - Allocation
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The location allocation solver chooses the best set of facilities to service
the most demand.

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Service Area
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The service area solver generates polygons or lines that encompass all
edges within a given distance, travel time or other impedance unit from a
facility.

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Closest Facility Using Length
Legend
Routes
do Hospital
main_roads
Streets
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Legend
Routes
do Hospital
main_roads
Streets
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Conclusion and Recommendations
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 This study provides a unique platform to identify and measure
accessibility to healthcare facilities in study area.
 Geospatial tools and techniques are helpful for Healthcare distribution
system in particular to find shortest distance in case of incidents.
 All accessibility measures were used to identify best route and closest
facility to access during healthcare emergency.
 Healthcare facility should be provided to those deprived areas.
 GIS unit should be a basic component of all agencies responsible for
administration of healthcare facility.
 If we want a successful system of emergency management at the local,
state, tribal, or federal level, we must utilize GIS ––period! It will save
time, money, and lives.

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References
 Adam T, Ebener S, Johns B, Evans D Cost of Scaling up Health
Interventions at Primary Facilities. A Multi-Country Analysis
(forthcoming).
 Albert, D.P., Gesler, W.M. & Horner, R.D. 2000, ‘Geographic Information
Systems in Health Services Research’, In D.P.
 Albert, W.M. Gesler & B. Levergood (eds). 2000, ‘Spatial Analysis, GIS and
Remote Sensing Applications in the Health Sciences‘, Sleeping Bear Press,
London.
 B. S. C. Uzochukwu, E. Nkoli and E. Soludo, “The Dis-trict Health System:
An Analysis of Policy Development and Implementation,” 2009.
 www.research4development.info/searchdatabase.asp C. G. Eze,
“Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Creation and Management of
EnuState, Nigeria,” Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Nnaui
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