This document summarizes a research paper that discusses a GIS application for health care planning in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. The application aims to evaluate the existing locations of health care facilities, identify how health demand is distributed across districts, and model spatial variation in patient locations. The author created a geodatabase with health facility locations, roads, and population districts. Raster surfaces were produced using kriging to predict health demand values. The outputs can help planners evaluate current facility locations and decide where to allocate new facilities based on health demand patterns. This application serves as a spatial decision support system for health planning in Jeddah City.
Analysis of statistical data in heath information managementSaleh Ahmed
This document discusses analysis of statistical data in health information management. It defines key terms like statistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. It describes the different types of health statistics including vital statistics, morbidity statistics, and health service statistics. It also discusses how to calculate rates like crude rates and specific rates that are important measures for analyzing health data. Finally, it covers different methods for presenting statistical data, including tables, graphs, pie charts and histograms. The overall aim is to emphasize the importance of properly collecting, analyzing and presenting health statistics for effective healthcare planning and decision making.
Medical informatics is the study and application of methods to improve the management of patient data, clinical knowledge, population data, and other health information to enhance patient care and public health. There are varying definitions that center around using technology and data to better organize and collect medical information. The field aims to advance healthcare through more efficient gathering, storing, and accessing of biomedical knowledge and patient information. Medical informatics has evolved with technological changes, transitioning record systems from paper to electronic formats.
This document outlines a presentation on digital medicine and new challenges for health informatics. It discusses how digital technologies are converging with medicine and impacting patients through wearables, apps, direct-to-consumer services, and social networks. Precision medicine and participatory health are highlighted as key research areas. The role of biomedical informatics is examined in relation to social media, self-quantification, and exposome informatics. Research being conducted at HaBIC and potential frameworks for understanding quantified self data and its therapeutic benefits are summarized.
This document discusses integrated health monitoring and precision medicine. It defines precision medicine as using big data, clinical, molecular, environmental, and behavioral information to understand disease and improve prevention and treatment outcomes for patients. Integrated health monitoring combines data from various sources like personal health records, sensors, genomics, and environmental exposures to develop a dynamic model of a patient's health over time. Health informatics plays a key role in building systems to integrate these diverse data sources and enable precision medicine approaches.
INFLUENCE OF HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER COMPETENCY ON UTILIZATION OF UNIVERSAL H...Premier Publishers
This study assessed the influence of healthcare provider competency on universal health coverage utilization in Seme Sub-County, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 377 community members and 8 health facility managers. Logistic regression found that healthcare provider competency statistically influenced utilization of universal health coverage. Respondents who perceived that providers had adequate health knowledge were over twice as likely to use universal health coverage services. Those who experienced misdiagnosis were half as likely to solely rely on universal health coverage. Most respondents agreed that providers had sufficient knowledge, though some raised concerns about competency in pharmacy departments due to staffing shortages. In conclusion, healthcare provider competency levels significantly impact utilization of universal health coverage.
The document discusses the nursing process and its components. The nursing process is a systematic approach used by nurses to identify client needs and plan care. It involves assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Assessment involves collecting both subjective and objective data from various sources to understand a client's health status. This data is then validated, organized, interpreted, and documented. The overall goal of the nursing process is to provide individualized, holistic care to clients.
This document provides an introduction to health GIS. It defines key terms like geography, geospatial, health geography and GIS. It discusses the history of GIS in health, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 London cholera outbreak. The document outlines applications and advantages of health GIS, basic techniques like spatial analysis and overlay, and proposes developing a health GIS layer for Sri Lanka to improve data management, decision making and policy.
Analysis of statistical data in heath information managementSaleh Ahmed
This document discusses analysis of statistical data in health information management. It defines key terms like statistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. It describes the different types of health statistics including vital statistics, morbidity statistics, and health service statistics. It also discusses how to calculate rates like crude rates and specific rates that are important measures for analyzing health data. Finally, it covers different methods for presenting statistical data, including tables, graphs, pie charts and histograms. The overall aim is to emphasize the importance of properly collecting, analyzing and presenting health statistics for effective healthcare planning and decision making.
Medical informatics is the study and application of methods to improve the management of patient data, clinical knowledge, population data, and other health information to enhance patient care and public health. There are varying definitions that center around using technology and data to better organize and collect medical information. The field aims to advance healthcare through more efficient gathering, storing, and accessing of biomedical knowledge and patient information. Medical informatics has evolved with technological changes, transitioning record systems from paper to electronic formats.
This document outlines a presentation on digital medicine and new challenges for health informatics. It discusses how digital technologies are converging with medicine and impacting patients through wearables, apps, direct-to-consumer services, and social networks. Precision medicine and participatory health are highlighted as key research areas. The role of biomedical informatics is examined in relation to social media, self-quantification, and exposome informatics. Research being conducted at HaBIC and potential frameworks for understanding quantified self data and its therapeutic benefits are summarized.
This document discusses integrated health monitoring and precision medicine. It defines precision medicine as using big data, clinical, molecular, environmental, and behavioral information to understand disease and improve prevention and treatment outcomes for patients. Integrated health monitoring combines data from various sources like personal health records, sensors, genomics, and environmental exposures to develop a dynamic model of a patient's health over time. Health informatics plays a key role in building systems to integrate these diverse data sources and enable precision medicine approaches.
INFLUENCE OF HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER COMPETENCY ON UTILIZATION OF UNIVERSAL H...Premier Publishers
This study assessed the influence of healthcare provider competency on universal health coverage utilization in Seme Sub-County, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 377 community members and 8 health facility managers. Logistic regression found that healthcare provider competency statistically influenced utilization of universal health coverage. Respondents who perceived that providers had adequate health knowledge were over twice as likely to use universal health coverage services. Those who experienced misdiagnosis were half as likely to solely rely on universal health coverage. Most respondents agreed that providers had sufficient knowledge, though some raised concerns about competency in pharmacy departments due to staffing shortages. In conclusion, healthcare provider competency levels significantly impact utilization of universal health coverage.
The document discusses the nursing process and its components. The nursing process is a systematic approach used by nurses to identify client needs and plan care. It involves assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Assessment involves collecting both subjective and objective data from various sources to understand a client's health status. This data is then validated, organized, interpreted, and documented. The overall goal of the nursing process is to provide individualized, holistic care to clients.
This document provides an introduction to health GIS. It defines key terms like geography, geospatial, health geography and GIS. It discusses the history of GIS in health, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 London cholera outbreak. The document outlines applications and advantages of health GIS, basic techniques like spatial analysis and overlay, and proposes developing a health GIS layer for Sri Lanka to improve data management, decision making and policy.
This document discusses the need for quality improvement in the US healthcare system. It notes that while the US leads in medical innovation, care is often fragmented and inconsistent. Several organizations have found issues with the accessibility and quality of care received. The objectives of proposed changes are to prioritize patient safety and deliver the highest quality care nationwide through better education and training. The rationale includes reports that many Americans don't receive recommended care, quality varies greatly between groups, and 30% of healthcare spending has no benefit to patients. Literature supports that most medical errors stem from flawed systems and processes, not individuals, highlighting the need for quality and safety improvements.
Health informatics focuses on using information and technology to improve healthcare. Health IT comes in various forms like electronic health records and disease surveillance systems. Health information exchange is envisioned as connecting different healthcare organizations to share patient data and improve care coordination. Public health applications of informatics include disease reporting and biosurveillance.
1) The document discusses self-quantification systems and big data prospects and challenges from these systems. It describes the quantified self movement and tools people use to self-monitor health metrics and experiences.
2) Various types of self-monitoring devices, sensors, and services are presented. Challenges with self-quantification include privacy, security, education, and ensuring data is used for health improvement rather than risk profiling.
3) Opportunities include using self-tracking data to prevent disease, shift care from tertiary to primary settings, and generating data to further research when shared. Standards are needed for integrating self-data with electronic health records.
The document discusses the topic of e-health and its importance in the 21st century healthcare system. It provides definitions of e-health from different organizations and outlines some of the key benefits it provides, including improving efficiency, quality of care, and empowering patients. It also discusses challenges facing healthcare systems like an aging population and the role e-health can play in addressing issues like patient safety and independent living for those with chronic illnesses.
The document provides an introduction to health surveillance and health informatics presented by Abhishek Singh. It defines health surveillance as the systematic collection, analysis and use of health data for decision-making. Health informatics is defined as using information management and technology to organize and deliver health services. The document discusses the purposes and types of health surveillance. It also discusses key concepts and applications of health informatics including sources of health information like censuses, disease registers, and population surveys.
National e-health involves using information and communication technologies to improve healthcare. The WHO promotes intersectoral collaboration between health and IT to develop e-health solutions that are health-centric. Germany launched an e-health initiative in 2007 that gave 80 million patients mobile access to their electronic health records. Both Canada and Australia have invested heavily in developing national e-health infrastructures, with Canada investing $1.6 billion and Australia around $5 billion since 1998. While both countries have seen benefits from increased efficiency and care quality, they still face challenges around interoperability and a fragmented approach.
This document summarizes a seminar on health informatics presented by Pinki Barman. It defines health informatics as the application of information science and technology to support health and healthcare. It discusses the goals of health informatics in providing solutions for processing data, information and knowledge in medicine. Key aspects covered include data acquisition, storage, communication, manipulation and display. Health informatics involves clinical and non-clinical personnel, administrators, educators, IT professionals and others. Examples of health information applications and characteristics of health information systems are also summarized. The document concludes with definitions and elements of nursing informatics and its purposes and advantages.
This document provides an overview of e-health applications and services. It discusses how next generation networks and quality of service can help enable tele-consultation services, mobile health, and disease management. The benefits of e-health include improved communication, decision support, and reporting. However, challenges remain regarding information quality, infrastructure, and legal/financial issues. Future work includes advancing technologies and prioritizing information flow to help people lead healthier lives.
Chapter 13 national health information systemnaranbatn
1. The document discusses the national health information system in Korea and provides details on the community health information system, future e-health models, and hospital information systems.
2. It outlines Korea's plan for a national health information system, including developing health information standards, implementing an electronic health record system, and revising medical laws regarding e-health.
3. Barriers to the national health information system are also discussed, such as the asymmetry of costs and benefits of electronic health records and the absence of interoperability standards.
WHO PAYS MORE: Public, Private, Both or None? The Effects of Health Insuranc...Economic Research Forum
Oznur Ozdamar, Bologna University
Eleftherios Giovanis, University of Verona
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Risk adjustment of bloodstream infectionsedwardtong
This document summarizes a study that aimed to develop a more objective method of risk adjusting healthcare-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) rates between hospitals in Queensland, Australia. The study analyzed BSI outcome data from 18 hospitals over 7 years to identify hospital services associated with high or low BSI rates. Regression models were developed using four types of BSI outcomes and 12 candidate hospital services as risk adjustment variables. The models identified several services associated with increased or decreased BSI risk. The models showed good fit for overall BSI and S. aureus BSI rates but poorer fit for device-related and MRSA BSI rates, likely due to lower frequency of events. The study concluded hospital-level risk adjustment may be useful for
This document discusses consumer health wearables such as activity trackers and discusses their usefulness, limitations, and challenges. Wearables can help monitor chronic conditions and activity levels but have limitations in accuracy and reliability. Many users stop using devices after 6 months and behavioral changes may not be sustained long-term. Further research is still needed to validate data and standardize monitoring methods while also addressing privacy and regulatory issues.
Information system to enhance medical services quality in IndonesiaIJECEIAES
The consequence of disproportionate distribution and placement of Doctor in Indonesia is affecting people who live in rural area. Patient have to travel to city to receive medical treatment and must encounter another different problem such as: patients often have to wait a long time in the doctor's office even sometimes do not get the service because of holiday or rejected because the queue is full. Medical record in some cases may lost due in Indonesia mostly medical record recorded manually (paper based). Therefore doctor treatment is not optimal because doctor can no longer inspect patient illness history and any treatment that have been conducted before. This research proposes a new concept to help people who live in rural area to get better medical treatment. People could register and monitor doctor service queue via smart phone. System expanded with medical record management facilities to improve service quality of patient. Research object was doctor service in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research indicates system could increase time efficiency, energy, and cost efficiency for patient and also the doctor. Additionally current system will be optimal if supported with stable internet network.
Eysenbach: Personal Health Applications and Personal Health RecordsGunther Eysenbach
Keynote talk at the AMIA Spring Conference in the PHR track (Personal Health Records), focussing on international develoments and a new paradigm which I call PHR 2.0
This lecture discusses strategies for designing patient-centered behavior change interventions. It provides an overview of tools and sources for patient engagement, including community programs, organizational strategies, healthcare team approaches, and individual-level activities. The lecture also covers areas to measure patient engagement and the role of mobile technologies and patient portals in supporting chronic disease management and population health improvement.
Giris basics of biomedical informatics generalSerkan Turkeli
At the end of this course, students will be able to
• Define medical informatics
• Define information management, information technology and informatics
• Define concepts of medical informatics
• Selecting best techniques to manage a medical informatics project.
e-health & quality of care - business research and practice - medicinfo & twe...Bart Brandenburg
Lecture held at Twente University, about the challenges, possibilities, lessons learned and research questions involved with developing e-health at Medicinfo.
Business, research and practice put into action!
Healthcare Utilization and Self-assessed Health in Turkey: Evidence from the ...Economic Research Forum
Firat Bilgel - Okan University
Burhan Can Karahasan - Piri Reis University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Health Informatics and Public Health LeadershipConsider the exampl.docxisaachwrensch
Health Informatics and Public Health Leadership
Consider the example of the bubonic plague in the Introduction. How might shared information on the geographic representation of the disease have changed the course of diagnosis and even treatment? Perhaps physicians of that time would have been able to discover that cities with large rodent populations also had a high incidence of the plague, which might have helped them to pinpoint the source of the disease sooner. Or perhaps they would have been able to better trace the direction of the plague from one regional area to another, or the demographics of the individuals who tended to get it. Today, public health organizations are fortunate to have at their disposal a wealth of information systems that serve as essential public health tools. These systems are used to guide public health decisions on everything from epidemiologic disease and risk factor surveillance to facility billing and records to policy development. The need for information is not so much the issue as the usability of the data. Thus, well-designed information systems are key to managing the data and organizing it into relevant information. Public health organizations heavily rely on such systems to inform managerial decision making and improve operations, planning, policy analysis, health outcomes assessment, epidemiologic surveillance, and program evaluation and performance measurement.
One type of health data analysis tool is a geographic information system (GIS). The CDC (n.d.-c) defines GIS as “a collection of science and technology tools used to manage geographic relationships and integrate information. GIS helps us analyze spatially-referenced data and make well-informed decisions based on the association between the data and the geography.”
A system is only as good as the leadership applied to it, however. How might public health administrators best use their leadership skills to manage data and informatics in a strategic way that benefits the organization and its stakeholders and constituents?
For this week’s Discussion, review the Learning Resources. Reflect on the media, especially the piece titled
Public Health Informatics
regarding how individuals in the Howard County Health Department employed the use of GIS and other health informatics in their daily work.
For your identified public health problem for your Final Project, conduct research using health information systems (HISs) and health information management (HIM). Refer to Table 14.2 in your textbook and the GIS section on the CDC’s website.
Post by Day 3
a brief
(2–3 paragraphs)
description of specific health or health-related issues at a county level from the data gleaned from one these sites. From a leader’s perspective, how would you apply geographic information systems (GIS) technology in evaluating health issues, such as equity and impact? Then, explain how health informatics technology functions to inform and support the strategic planning process. .
An Empirical Study of the Geospatial Availability of Hospitals in Imo East us...ijtsrd
The accessibility of hospital facilities contributes to social stability and the protection of the fundamental human right to health care. This study aimed to examine the geographical distribution of hospital care facilities and their attribute information in the nine Local Government Areas LGA of the Imo East District by developing a database and producing a visual map of these facilities. The facilities investigated were divided into different groups by type, ownership, and operational state. The attribute data that makes up the database was obtained through questionnaires distributed to facility management. Geospatial data was collected using a handheld Global Positioning System GPS . The maps received from the government agencies integrated with the ArcGIS environment were used for the visual mapping of the facilities. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS was used to analyze the data. The results suggest that there are 837 health facilities, with Ahiazu and Ezinihitte having the fewest 8.1 and 8.5 , respectively , and Ngor Okpala having the most sparsely distributed. The areas with the most facilities are Aboh and Ikeduru, with 13.3 and 13.0 , respectively. The ownership of private and public facilities was 59.3 and 40.7 , respectively. The facilities are not evenly dispersed, and their standards vary substantially. The database created would surely aid in management, planning, and encouraging new avenues in health administration. The visual map produced illustrates the locations of health institutions, and road connectivity by type, and is an essential source of health information. The visual map available to the public can increase the number of patients who travel to the proper hospitals and prevent patients from seeking health treatment in the wrong place. As a result, the findings of this study may aid in the administration of health facilities and future planning. Umunnakwe George E. | Obasi Ibe B. "An Empirical Study of the Geospatial Availability of Hospitals in Imo East using GPS Mapping" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56325.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/56325/an-empirical-study-of-the-geospatial-availability-of-hospitals-in-imo-east-using-gps-mapping/umunnakwe-george-e
This document discusses the need for quality improvement in the US healthcare system. It notes that while the US leads in medical innovation, care is often fragmented and inconsistent. Several organizations have found issues with the accessibility and quality of care received. The objectives of proposed changes are to prioritize patient safety and deliver the highest quality care nationwide through better education and training. The rationale includes reports that many Americans don't receive recommended care, quality varies greatly between groups, and 30% of healthcare spending has no benefit to patients. Literature supports that most medical errors stem from flawed systems and processes, not individuals, highlighting the need for quality and safety improvements.
Health informatics focuses on using information and technology to improve healthcare. Health IT comes in various forms like electronic health records and disease surveillance systems. Health information exchange is envisioned as connecting different healthcare organizations to share patient data and improve care coordination. Public health applications of informatics include disease reporting and biosurveillance.
1) The document discusses self-quantification systems and big data prospects and challenges from these systems. It describes the quantified self movement and tools people use to self-monitor health metrics and experiences.
2) Various types of self-monitoring devices, sensors, and services are presented. Challenges with self-quantification include privacy, security, education, and ensuring data is used for health improvement rather than risk profiling.
3) Opportunities include using self-tracking data to prevent disease, shift care from tertiary to primary settings, and generating data to further research when shared. Standards are needed for integrating self-data with electronic health records.
The document discusses the topic of e-health and its importance in the 21st century healthcare system. It provides definitions of e-health from different organizations and outlines some of the key benefits it provides, including improving efficiency, quality of care, and empowering patients. It also discusses challenges facing healthcare systems like an aging population and the role e-health can play in addressing issues like patient safety and independent living for those with chronic illnesses.
The document provides an introduction to health surveillance and health informatics presented by Abhishek Singh. It defines health surveillance as the systematic collection, analysis and use of health data for decision-making. Health informatics is defined as using information management and technology to organize and deliver health services. The document discusses the purposes and types of health surveillance. It also discusses key concepts and applications of health informatics including sources of health information like censuses, disease registers, and population surveys.
National e-health involves using information and communication technologies to improve healthcare. The WHO promotes intersectoral collaboration between health and IT to develop e-health solutions that are health-centric. Germany launched an e-health initiative in 2007 that gave 80 million patients mobile access to their electronic health records. Both Canada and Australia have invested heavily in developing national e-health infrastructures, with Canada investing $1.6 billion and Australia around $5 billion since 1998. While both countries have seen benefits from increased efficiency and care quality, they still face challenges around interoperability and a fragmented approach.
This document summarizes a seminar on health informatics presented by Pinki Barman. It defines health informatics as the application of information science and technology to support health and healthcare. It discusses the goals of health informatics in providing solutions for processing data, information and knowledge in medicine. Key aspects covered include data acquisition, storage, communication, manipulation and display. Health informatics involves clinical and non-clinical personnel, administrators, educators, IT professionals and others. Examples of health information applications and characteristics of health information systems are also summarized. The document concludes with definitions and elements of nursing informatics and its purposes and advantages.
This document provides an overview of e-health applications and services. It discusses how next generation networks and quality of service can help enable tele-consultation services, mobile health, and disease management. The benefits of e-health include improved communication, decision support, and reporting. However, challenges remain regarding information quality, infrastructure, and legal/financial issues. Future work includes advancing technologies and prioritizing information flow to help people lead healthier lives.
Chapter 13 national health information systemnaranbatn
1. The document discusses the national health information system in Korea and provides details on the community health information system, future e-health models, and hospital information systems.
2. It outlines Korea's plan for a national health information system, including developing health information standards, implementing an electronic health record system, and revising medical laws regarding e-health.
3. Barriers to the national health information system are also discussed, such as the asymmetry of costs and benefits of electronic health records and the absence of interoperability standards.
WHO PAYS MORE: Public, Private, Both or None? The Effects of Health Insuranc...Economic Research Forum
Oznur Ozdamar, Bologna University
Eleftherios Giovanis, University of Verona
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Risk adjustment of bloodstream infectionsedwardtong
This document summarizes a study that aimed to develop a more objective method of risk adjusting healthcare-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) rates between hospitals in Queensland, Australia. The study analyzed BSI outcome data from 18 hospitals over 7 years to identify hospital services associated with high or low BSI rates. Regression models were developed using four types of BSI outcomes and 12 candidate hospital services as risk adjustment variables. The models identified several services associated with increased or decreased BSI risk. The models showed good fit for overall BSI and S. aureus BSI rates but poorer fit for device-related and MRSA BSI rates, likely due to lower frequency of events. The study concluded hospital-level risk adjustment may be useful for
This document discusses consumer health wearables such as activity trackers and discusses their usefulness, limitations, and challenges. Wearables can help monitor chronic conditions and activity levels but have limitations in accuracy and reliability. Many users stop using devices after 6 months and behavioral changes may not be sustained long-term. Further research is still needed to validate data and standardize monitoring methods while also addressing privacy and regulatory issues.
Information system to enhance medical services quality in IndonesiaIJECEIAES
The consequence of disproportionate distribution and placement of Doctor in Indonesia is affecting people who live in rural area. Patient have to travel to city to receive medical treatment and must encounter another different problem such as: patients often have to wait a long time in the doctor's office even sometimes do not get the service because of holiday or rejected because the queue is full. Medical record in some cases may lost due in Indonesia mostly medical record recorded manually (paper based). Therefore doctor treatment is not optimal because doctor can no longer inspect patient illness history and any treatment that have been conducted before. This research proposes a new concept to help people who live in rural area to get better medical treatment. People could register and monitor doctor service queue via smart phone. System expanded with medical record management facilities to improve service quality of patient. Research object was doctor service in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research indicates system could increase time efficiency, energy, and cost efficiency for patient and also the doctor. Additionally current system will be optimal if supported with stable internet network.
Eysenbach: Personal Health Applications and Personal Health RecordsGunther Eysenbach
Keynote talk at the AMIA Spring Conference in the PHR track (Personal Health Records), focussing on international develoments and a new paradigm which I call PHR 2.0
This lecture discusses strategies for designing patient-centered behavior change interventions. It provides an overview of tools and sources for patient engagement, including community programs, organizational strategies, healthcare team approaches, and individual-level activities. The lecture also covers areas to measure patient engagement and the role of mobile technologies and patient portals in supporting chronic disease management and population health improvement.
Giris basics of biomedical informatics generalSerkan Turkeli
At the end of this course, students will be able to
• Define medical informatics
• Define information management, information technology and informatics
• Define concepts of medical informatics
• Selecting best techniques to manage a medical informatics project.
e-health & quality of care - business research and practice - medicinfo & twe...Bart Brandenburg
Lecture held at Twente University, about the challenges, possibilities, lessons learned and research questions involved with developing e-health at Medicinfo.
Business, research and practice put into action!
Healthcare Utilization and Self-assessed Health in Turkey: Evidence from the ...Economic Research Forum
Firat Bilgel - Okan University
Burhan Can Karahasan - Piri Reis University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Health Informatics and Public Health LeadershipConsider the exampl.docxisaachwrensch
Health Informatics and Public Health Leadership
Consider the example of the bubonic plague in the Introduction. How might shared information on the geographic representation of the disease have changed the course of diagnosis and even treatment? Perhaps physicians of that time would have been able to discover that cities with large rodent populations also had a high incidence of the plague, which might have helped them to pinpoint the source of the disease sooner. Or perhaps they would have been able to better trace the direction of the plague from one regional area to another, or the demographics of the individuals who tended to get it. Today, public health organizations are fortunate to have at their disposal a wealth of information systems that serve as essential public health tools. These systems are used to guide public health decisions on everything from epidemiologic disease and risk factor surveillance to facility billing and records to policy development. The need for information is not so much the issue as the usability of the data. Thus, well-designed information systems are key to managing the data and organizing it into relevant information. Public health organizations heavily rely on such systems to inform managerial decision making and improve operations, planning, policy analysis, health outcomes assessment, epidemiologic surveillance, and program evaluation and performance measurement.
One type of health data analysis tool is a geographic information system (GIS). The CDC (n.d.-c) defines GIS as “a collection of science and technology tools used to manage geographic relationships and integrate information. GIS helps us analyze spatially-referenced data and make well-informed decisions based on the association between the data and the geography.”
A system is only as good as the leadership applied to it, however. How might public health administrators best use their leadership skills to manage data and informatics in a strategic way that benefits the organization and its stakeholders and constituents?
For this week’s Discussion, review the Learning Resources. Reflect on the media, especially the piece titled
Public Health Informatics
regarding how individuals in the Howard County Health Department employed the use of GIS and other health informatics in their daily work.
For your identified public health problem for your Final Project, conduct research using health information systems (HISs) and health information management (HIM). Refer to Table 14.2 in your textbook and the GIS section on the CDC’s website.
Post by Day 3
a brief
(2–3 paragraphs)
description of specific health or health-related issues at a county level from the data gleaned from one these sites. From a leader’s perspective, how would you apply geographic information systems (GIS) technology in evaluating health issues, such as equity and impact? Then, explain how health informatics technology functions to inform and support the strategic planning process. .
An Empirical Study of the Geospatial Availability of Hospitals in Imo East us...ijtsrd
The accessibility of hospital facilities contributes to social stability and the protection of the fundamental human right to health care. This study aimed to examine the geographical distribution of hospital care facilities and their attribute information in the nine Local Government Areas LGA of the Imo East District by developing a database and producing a visual map of these facilities. The facilities investigated were divided into different groups by type, ownership, and operational state. The attribute data that makes up the database was obtained through questionnaires distributed to facility management. Geospatial data was collected using a handheld Global Positioning System GPS . The maps received from the government agencies integrated with the ArcGIS environment were used for the visual mapping of the facilities. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS was used to analyze the data. The results suggest that there are 837 health facilities, with Ahiazu and Ezinihitte having the fewest 8.1 and 8.5 , respectively , and Ngor Okpala having the most sparsely distributed. The areas with the most facilities are Aboh and Ikeduru, with 13.3 and 13.0 , respectively. The ownership of private and public facilities was 59.3 and 40.7 , respectively. The facilities are not evenly dispersed, and their standards vary substantially. The database created would surely aid in management, planning, and encouraging new avenues in health administration. The visual map produced illustrates the locations of health institutions, and road connectivity by type, and is an essential source of health information. The visual map available to the public can increase the number of patients who travel to the proper hospitals and prevent patients from seeking health treatment in the wrong place. As a result, the findings of this study may aid in the administration of health facilities and future planning. Umunnakwe George E. | Obasi Ibe B. "An Empirical Study of the Geospatial Availability of Hospitals in Imo East using GPS Mapping" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56325.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/56325/an-empirical-study-of-the-geospatial-availability-of-hospitals-in-imo-east-using-gps-mapping/umunnakwe-george-e
This document discusses geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in public health. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze and visualize spatial health data on maps. It has been used historically to identify relationships between location and disease. Today, GIS supports public health planning and management by helping to optimize resource allocation, target interventions, and monitor disease trends and the impact of interventions over time.
Health informatics tools like geographic information systems can help public health organizations analyze spatially-referenced data and make informed decisions. During the bubonic plague, sharing information about the disease's geographic spread may have helped physicians discover risk factors and respond more effectively. Today, public health relies heavily on information systems to support decision-making, operations, planning, and more. However, effective leadership is also needed to strategically manage data and informatics in a way that benefits stakeholders.
7 ijreh feb-2018-3-distribution of health careAI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the distribution of health care in Sigi Regency, Indonesia using spatial analysis. The study analyzed the distribution of 19 public health centers, 43 health centers, and 81 clinics in Sigi based on population data and road infrastructure. Buffer analysis showed that 3 of 15 districts have inadequate road access. Analysis of doctor requirements found ratios were not met in 14 districts. Analysis of health center requirements based on service area found shortages in all districts except 1. The study concluded that efforts to improve access to health centers and meet doctor ratio standards in Sigi have not been fully realized.
This document discusses how geography relates to health and how geographic information systems (GIS) can be used as a tool for public health efforts. Specifically, it outlines how GIS can help identify: [1] how the physical landscape affects health; [2] the location of health services and populations in need of services; and [3] how routine health information systems (RHIS) data can be analyzed spatially using GIS to identify geographic patterns. The document provides examples of how techniques like buffers, Voronoi polygons, and kernel density estimation can help assess health service availability and coverage.
Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the Distribution of Public Primary Healthc...ijtsrd
This study investigated the geospatial analysis and mapping of the distribution of public primary healthcare centers PPHCs in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design and employed purposive and systematic random sampling techniques to select three LGAs in each of the three Senatorial zones of Kaduna State. At the State Subnational , Senatorial, and Local Government Areas LGAs levels, a three step hierarchical geospatial analysis was carried out using nearest neighbor analysis. The coordinates of the PPHCs that the Global Positioning Systems had gathered in the study area were used in the study. In order to determine the distribution pattern of the PPHCs, additional analysis was performed using the coordinates imported into the ArcGIS interface. While the nearest neighbor analysis was used to examine the distribution, patterns present in the location of the PPHCs, descriptive statistics were used to describe the nature of the distribution. Findings showed that at significant spatial scales, the point pattern of PPHCs was random in Kaduna State z=1.046 p=0.296 Kaduna North Senatorial Zone z=0.215 p=0.82 Kaduna Central Senatorial Zone z=1.387 p=0.165 and Kaduna South Senatorial Zone z= 1.093 p=0.274 , while at the LGA level variations were observed with a few clustered and dispersed and yet majority showed random distribution. The World Health Organizations recommendation of 5km for distances between and among PPHCs was exceeded at all levels, according to the Nearest Neighbor Analysis. For instance, the observed mean distance for the senatorial pattern is 5.28 km, 7.29 km, and 7.14 km, respectively, for the senatorial zones of Kaduna North, Kaduna Central, and Kaduna South. According to the studys findings, the distribution pattern was skewed and suggested a non proportional type. Therefore, it is recommended that additional electoral wards should be created or PPHCs should be built in the underserved LGAs while taking the centers accessibility and population density into consideration. Peter Danjuma Averik | Andrew Adesola Obafemi | Gladys Chineze Emenike "Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the Distribution of Public Primary Healthcare Centers in Kaduna State, Nigeria." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60069.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/60069/geospatial-mapping-and-analysis-of-the-distribution-of-public-primary-healthcare-centers-in-kaduna-state-nigeria/peter-danjuma-averik
Assessment of accessibility to healthcare facilities using GIS (Review of Two...Mohammad Az-Zahrani
The document reviews two case studies that use GIS to analyze spatial accessibility to healthcare facilities. The first case study examines healthcare access in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by mapping facility locations and calculating catchment areas. The second assesses cardiac access in Australia by developing a Cardiac Access-Remoteness Index to measure travel times to different levels of cardiac services. Both studies demonstrate how GIS can help health planners evaluate current access levels and identify areas in need of additional services.
Geospatial Mapping of Health Facilities in Nangere Local Government Area of Y...ijtsrd
This paper is aimed at mapping healthcare facilities in the Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe State. Geospatial mapping of health care facilities was achieved by taking the geographic coordinates of all the healthcare facilities in the Local Government using the Global Positioning System Garmin GPS map 76CS receiver. The data were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.8 version software. The study identified primary and secondary health care facilities without any tertiary health care facility and also without a single private hospital or clinic across the entire eleven 11 political wards of Nangere Local Government Area. The findings revealed that 46 healthcare facilities were distributed across the eleven 11 political wards in the Local Government Area. The primary health care facilities PHC constituted 98 45 while the secondary Health Care facilities SHC constituted 2 1 . The average nearest neighbor summary for the study area shows the significant level and the critical level that indicates a random distribution pattern of health care facilities in the area, however, it was unevenly distributed given the concentration of health care facilities in Dazigau, Degubi, Darin, Pakarau, and Tikau while other wards were inadequately served. However, both the primary and secondary health care facilities were government owned, the study concluded that there were inequalities in the spatial distribution of health care facilities in the Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe state, thus this disparity in the distribution of health facilities has generated different accessibility level to health care facilities in the LGA, it, therefore, recommends that Government and the private organization should provide health care facilities in the wards that do not have enough health care facilities. This will further improve access to Health Care facilities in the study area. Ibrahim Abubakar Audu | Tijjani Bukar Lawan "Geospatial Mapping of Health Facilities in Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42527.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42527/geospatial-mapping-of-health-facilities-in-nangere-local-government-area-of-yobe-state-nigeria/ibrahim-abubakar-audu
Geo-Medicine New Frontier in Medical Informaticsorratech
Geo-medicine is a new field that combines geographic information systems and clinical databases to reveal patterns in disease. Researchers hope to correlate health conditions and geographical factors to improve population health. Geo-coding patient addresses and linking them to environmental data in maps may help clinicians provide localized health resources and recommendations. However, accurately linking specific geographical exposures to health outcomes remains a challenge.
ANDROID APP FOR LOCATION BASED HEALTHCARE SERVICES 1 (3)Lubhna Kaul
This document proposes a rural healthcare system that uses location-based mobile services on Android devices. It would allow patients to find the nearest hospital by getting their location via GPS. It would also provide universally accepted medicine recommendations based on diagnosed diseases. The goal is to improve access to healthcare in rural areas where medical facilities and information are often scarce.
This document discusses challenges for e-health development in emerging countries like Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt based on interviews with healthcare professionals. It finds that key challenges include lack of ICT infrastructure, unclear regulations, difficulties financing systems, ineffective supply chain management, lack of cultural adaptation among users, and lack of trust/privacy protections for big data in digital health systems. Addressing these challenges is important for successful e-health implementation and utilization, especially in developing countries where resources and stability can be limited.
This document provides an overview of HealthLandscape, which is a tool created by the American Academy of Family Physicians to help with data-driven healthcare decision making through geographic information systems (GIS) mapping. The presentation discusses HealthLandscape's history and capabilities, provides a brief introduction to GIS, and outlines several free online HealthLandscape mapping tools that can be used to visualize health outcomes, social determinants of health, and healthcare workforce data. It also describes how HealthLandscape can work with organizations to create custom maps and analyses to support advocacy efforts and other projects.
Data Analytics for Population Health Management Strategiesijtsrd
Data analytics plays a pivotal role in population health management, offering strategies to enhance healthcare delivery and outcomes. This review article delves into the multifaceted world of data analytics in the context of population health management. It explores the utilization of health data for risk stratification, predictive modeling, and interventions tailored to the needs of distinct population groups. The article discusses the integration of electronic health records, wearables, and IoT devices to gather comprehensive patient data. Analytical methods, including machine learning and data mining, are examined for their capacity to extract insights from large datasets. The importance of data privacy, security, and ethical considerations in population health management is also addressed. In conclusion, this article underscores the significance of data analytics in optimizing population health management strategies and improving healthcare outcomes. Ravula Sruthi Yadav | Dipiksha Solanki "Data Analytics for Population Health Management: Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60104.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/60104/data-analytics-for-population-health-management-strategies/ravula-sruthi-yadav
Wilhide, Peeples, & Anthony Kouyate (2015) Evidence-Based mHealth Chronic Dis...Robin Anthony Kouyate, PhD
This document discusses the development of a framework for designing evidence-based mobile health (mHealth) apps to support chronic disease management. The framework was developed over two years through an iterative process of applying the framework to design mHealth apps for different diseases. The final framework includes 7 domains to guide app development: 3 strategic domains to identify value drivers, outcomes, and program objectives, 3 intervention domains to design clinical and behavioral interventions, and 1 domain focused on app features and content. The framework is intended to facilitate the systematic development of scalable, replicable mHealth interventions that can be evaluated for their effectiveness.
Healthy Actionable Based Information Technology Keyur Shah
HABIT is a healthiness trend measuring visualization dashboard. HABIT integrates over platforms capturing coherent data and has the capability to provide weightage to various health criterions. Based on the weightages assigned to the criterions show visualization patterns depicting increase and decrease in healthiness trends. HABIT allows this weightage to be saved as standard benchmarks as per various geographies. Based on the set benchmark organizations can visualize healthiness trends through comparative charts.
Literary Analysis and Composition II (Sem1) Writing to a Promp.docxSHIVA101531
Literary Analysis and Composition II (Sem1) | Writing to a Prompt | Lesson 3
HW 425: Health and Wellness Programming: Design and Administration
Unit 1 Needs Assessment: The Big Picture
Lesson 3: Conducting Needs Assessments
Conducting a needs assessment entails the completion of a series of activities that are repeated to identify and prioritize the health needs of a target population. (Hodges & Videto, 2005, page 5, ¶3)
“Health educators gather, analyze, and prioritize information across and within groups of similar data to my systematic, well-informed decisions regarding the highest and most feasible health-related needs to be addressed” (Hodges & Videto, 2005, page 5, ¶3)
within a clearly defined, specific, target population.
Conducting needs assessments is the first step in “…the process of creating health education and health promotion programs” (Hodges and Videto, 2005, page 7, ¶3).
Hodges and Videto point out that while “Planning and conducting a needs assessment can seem like a daunting task…there are models and frameworks to help organize your planning” (2005, page 7, ¶3).
Models and Frameworks
Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH)
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed this approach for use in health education and health promotion situations. (Hodges & Videto, 2005, page 7, ¶3)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
PATCH, the acronym for Planned Approach to Community Health, is a cooperative program of technical assistance managed and supported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). PATCH is designed to strengthen state and local health departments' capacities to plan, implement, and evaluate community- based health promotion activities targeted toward priority health problems. (CDC, 2007)
The PATCH concept emerged in 1983 primarily as a CDC response to the shift in federal policy regarding categorical grants to states. One of those categorical grant programs was the Health Education-Risk Reduction (HERR) Grants Program. (CDC, 2007)
Basic Concept: Diffuse Effective Strategies
From its inception, the primary goal of PATCH was to create a practical mechanism through which effective community health education action could be targeted to address local-level health priorities. A secondary goal was to offer a practical, skills-based program of technical assistance wherein health education leaders in state health agencies would work with their local level counterparts to establish community health education programs. (Kreuter, 1984; Nelson, Kreuter, Watkins, & Stoddard, 1987). (CDC, 2007)
During the formative stages of PATCH, knowledge of what constituted effective community-based health education interventions was by no means complete and, of course, remains in a continuous state of development. However, as investigators directing community-based cardiovascular disease intervention programs began to describe resu ...
Running head: BIG DATA ANALYTICS 1
BIG DATA ANALYTICS 8
Big Data Analytics in Healthcare
Name of the Student
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The health care system is increasingly adopting the use of electronic health records. This has led to an increase in the quantity of clinical data that is available. As a result, big data has been adopted as a way of analyzing these large quantities of data. The main reason why big data technology has gained popularity is because it can be able to handle large volumes of data compared to the traditional methods(Wang et al., 2018). It also supports all kinds of data including the structured, semi-structured and unstructured. It also provides predictive model design and data mining tools and this makes the decision making process to be better. Big data framework allows for batch processing as well as stream processing of information. Batch processing makes the analysis of data within a specific period of time possible (Wang et al., 2018). On the other hand, stream processing is used for applications which need real-time feedback. Applications of big data analytics in health care leads to an improvement in the patient-based services as well as detection and control of spread of diseases. It also leads to new knowledge and intelligence as a result of the integration and analysis of data with different nature. Therefore, the use of big data analytics in the health sector has increased due to the need for improved medical services, faster analysis of information and accuracy, and cost reduction.
The main role of the health care sector is to ensure that the population remains healthy. Therefore, there is need for better service delivery at all times. Big data analytics have enhanced the ability to provide the services to the patients in a number of ways. First of all, it has positively resulted to better image processing (Wang &Hajli, 2017). This has enhanced the processes of diagnosis, therapy assessment and planning. Medical images present the data that is used in all these processes. As such, big data analytics provides for an efficient way of storing the information because it requires large storage capacities in the long run. The demand for accuracy also makes big data analytics an efficient tool to use in the analysis of information related to image processing.
Signal processing is another area in medicine that requires the use of big data analytics. This is because it results to production of large volumes of data which require being stored in high speeds from several monitors and different patients(Wang &Hajli, 2017). On the other hand, physiological signals also have a problem because of the spatiotemporal nature. This makes the analysis of such signals to be more meaningful when they are analyzed alongside the situat.
Spatial Disparities in Access and Use of Rehabilitation Services in Northern ...IJSRP Journal
This document summarizes a study that used geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze spatial disparities in access to rehabilitation services in Imathia, Greece. The study reviewed medical records of 1,005 patients who received rehabilitation services for musculoskeletal disorders at a public hospital in Imathia over two years. GIS mapping showed that most patients (60.5%) lived near the hospital, indicating greater access for nearby areas. Maps of male and female patients confirmed spatial inequalities in accessibility between neighboring locations. The results raise important questions for further investigating the causes of these disparities in access to rehabilitation services across the region.
Principles of food beverage and labor cost controlslibfsb
The Rush Hour Inn, owned by Kim Rusher, was experiencing declining profits over the past two years despite increasing sales volumes. Her accountant's statement showed a restaurant profit of only $36,117 for the most recent year. In contrast, the Graduate Restaurant nearby, owned by Bill Young, who studied hospitality management in college, had been profitable each year since he opened it four years prior. The key difference appeared to be that Bill paid close attention to controlling costs and maximizing sales through careful management, while Kim had not focused on these important aspects of running a successful foodservice business.
Principles of food beverage and labor cost controlslibfsb
The Rush Hour Inn, owned by Kim Rusher, was experiencing declining profits over the past two years despite increasing sales volumes. Her accountant's statement showed a restaurant profit of only $36,117 for the most recent year. In contrast, the Graduate Restaurant nearby, owned by Bill Young, who studied hospitality management in college, had been profitable each year since he opened it four years prior. The key difference appeared to be that Bill paid close attention to controlling his costs and ensuring they remained in line with his sales.
This document provides a revised curriculum handbook for the Food and Beverage Operations Core of the Associate Degree in Applied Science program. The curriculum was developed as part of the Caribbean Tourism Learning System (CTLS) to standardize tourism education across the Caribbean region. The handbook outlines 11 courses that make up the Food and Beverage Operations Core, including topics like Food Preparation, Sanitation and Safety, Food Science, Bar Operations, and Food and Beverage Management. It also provides information on program objectives, credit hours, internship requirements, and sample semester schedules.
This document outlines a training module on food and beverage operations. It includes a description of the module's aims to provide an understanding of operational and supervisory aspects of running food and beverage establishments. The learning outcomes cover key areas of food and beverage operations. The syllabus details the topics that will be covered in each of the 8 chapters, including food production, purchasing, menu planning, and banqueting. Learners will be assessed through a 2.5 hour exam covering short and long answer questions.
Food safety basics a reference guide for foodservice operatorslibfsb
This document provides guidelines for food safety in foodservice operations. It discusses purchasing safe raw materials, proper receiving, storage, and production practices to prevent foodborne illness. Key points include maintaining proper temperatures, preventing cross-contamination, thoroughly cooking foods, and quickly cooling leftovers. Following these guidelines can help foodservice operations avoid legal and financial costs from foodborne illness outbreaks.
This document appears to be the preface for "The Bar and Beverage Book, Fourth Edition" by Costas Katsigris and Chris Thomas. It provides a high-level overview of the book's contents and goals. The preface notes that owning a bar seems appealing but requires hard work and planning. It discusses challenges the industry has faced with changing demographics and drinking habits. It also covers the increased legal responsibilities for alcohol service. The preface previews that later chapters will cover topics like market research, bar design, equipment, spirits, wine, beer, mixology, regulations, and managing a profitable business. The goal is to prepare readers for both the rewards and responsibilities of bar ownership or employment.
This document appears to be the preface to "The Bar and Beverage Book, Fourth Edition" by Costas Katsigris and Chris Thomas. It provides a high-level overview of the contents of the book, noting that it covers the responsibilities of alcohol service, planning and designing a bar business, an in-depth look at spirits and mixology trends, and regulations for the industry. The preface states that the book aims to prepare readers for the challenges of owning a bar business and realizing the rewards of friends, fun, and profit through hard work and planning. It notes the book addresses how changing demographics and laws have impacted the industry since the first edition was published.
This document provides an introduction to management in the hospitality industry. It discusses the varied roles and opportunities available in hospitality management. The hospitality industry is large and diverse, encompassing food service, lodging, and other sectors. It is also a dynamic industry that is shaped by various economic and social forces. The future of hospitality looks promising, with continued growth expected globally.
The recruiter would be asked questions about career opportunities and paths in both limited-service and full-service hotels, the typical roles and responsibilities of entry-level positions, expectations for advancement, desirable skills and qualifications employers seek, and tips for gaining relevant experience.
The document discusses how the potential future development of artificial general intelligence, known as the singularity, could impact libraries. It considers ideas from science fiction works that envision a future where machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence. The singularity may lead to technologies that vastly enhance human thinking abilities. This could mean that libraries transition to being repositories of older technologies, havens for people who do not use intelligence amplifiers, or even become obsolete if money and jobs are no longer needed. The impact on library budgets is unclear in a post-singularity world.
This document summarizes an article about managing library finances through effective teamwork. It discusses how ancient stories emphasized the importance of teamwork to achieve goals. For libraries, goals may include implementing new systems or gaining funding. Effective team management requires understanding individual team members to foster creativity and avoid costly mistakes. Teams today can be physical or virtual, each with their own challenges to overcome. Managing conflict is also important for team success.
The document discusses issues that libraries face when maintaining services and resources with limited budgets and personnel. It describes how libraries try to please all patrons by offering many services, but this spreads resources too thin. The document advocates that libraries should be willing to discontinue some services in order to focus resources on the most valuable offerings. It provides examples of libraries spending money on duplicative formats of materials and retaining outdated collections and practices. The document encourages libraries to let go of the need to serve all needs and to instead focus on core services.
This document summarizes the findings of two surveys administered in 2009 and 2010 to examine how libraries managed budgets during the recession. Key findings include:
- Budget cuts were worse in 2009 than 2010, suggesting cuts in 2009 were effective.
- Stress levels for librarians were high in 2009 and increased further in 2010.
- Libraries received little cost-sharing help from departments they served.
- Communication, purchasing, and personnel were areas libraries offered best practices for coping with budgets.
This document discusses strategies for making library printing and copying more environmentally friendly. It recommends moving to electronic circulation notices, reserves, and other documents to eliminate paper use. It also suggests setting printers and copiers to default to double-sided printing and draft quality to reduce paper and ink usage. Using recycled paper and soy-based inks can further reduce environmental impact.
This document discusses issues related to salaries and managing turnover among librarians. It notes that librarians tend to share salary information with one another, which can negatively impact recruitment and retention when salaries are too low compared to the market. The document suggests that while factors like workplace culture and job satisfaction are important, salary is often the primary reason why librarians leave positions. It warns that when pay is inadequate, it can spread discontent among current employees and damage an institution's reputation as an employer. Managing pay competitiveness and addressing pay issues proactively are presented as important strategies for retaining talent.
This document is an article from The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances discussing the benefits of annual dramatic visual changes in libraries. The author argues that resets boost circulation, improve staff engagement with patrons, and provide projects to discuss with elected officials when seeking funding. Resets help libraries speak the "project language" of competing city departments and maintain visibility with officials. The article concludes by encouraging libraries to include at least one dramatic visual change in their annual plans.
This document summarizes strategies for dealing with difficult colleagues as a new employee. It identifies 10 types of issues that may arise, such as rudeness, annoying habits, inappropriate conversations, and not pulling their own weight. The summary provides suggestions on how to address these issues, including trying to understand the reason for the behavior, deciding if it rises to a level that cannot be tolerated, talking to the colleague, involving supervisors, and as a last resort, finding a new job. The goal is to help new employees successfully navigate challenges with colleagues.
This document discusses the management of e-book collections in libraries and the implications for the economic management of libraries. It notes that the addition of digital formats like e-books has led to dramatic changes in how libraries are planned and managed. Specifically, it discusses how e-book collections impact three main areas of library processes: 1) purchasing processes, 2) collection organization processes, and 3) collection circulation processes. Within purchasing, it describes different business models libraries must consider, such as pricing and access models. It also discusses implications for organizing and circulating e-book collections.
This document discusses making the case for in-house training programs in libraries. It argues that conducting training programs in-house allows the training to be tailored to the library's unique culture and strategies. In-house training is also viewed as an investment in developing the skills of existing staff, rather than just a cost. The document provides suggestions for developing an effective in-house training program, including conducting a needs assessment, analyzing jobs and core competencies, and evaluating the long-term impact of the training on both individual skills and organizational performance.
The document discusses using freely available electronic books from databases like Google Books and the Hathi Trust to weed a physical library collection. It notes that the open source GIST Gift and Deselection Manager allows libraries to compare books in their collection to titles available freely online, in order to identify books that could be removed to free up shelf space. The author is interested in using such a tool to streamline the weeding process at their library and better utilize limited resources.
1. Article Title Page
Benchmarking the location of health centers at Jeddah city: A GIS approach
Author Details
Author 1 Name: Abdulkader Ali Murad
Department: Department of Urban & Regional Planning
University/Institution: King Abdulaziz University
Town/City: Jeddah
Country: Saudi Arabia
Corresponding author: Abdulkader Ali Murad
Corresponding Author’s Email: Gis_planning@yahoo.com
Acknowledgments (if applicable): n/a
Biographical Details (if applicable): n/a
Structured Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss a GIS application created for health care planning at
Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The application covers important health care facilities planning issues including defining accessibility to
health care facilities, identifying and classifying the distribution of health demand at Jeddah city and modeling spatial variation of
patient locations.
Design/methodology/approach - In order to build this application a geo-database is created that covers points, lines and polygon
features such as health care facility location, road network and population districts. In addition, raster surface models are produced
using Kriging function which produces raster surfaces for predicting health demand values at the study area.
Findings - The outputs of this application can be used to help health care planners in evaluating the existing location of health care
facilities and see if these locations are concentrated at certain city districts. In addition, local health planners can use the created
models in deciding on where to allocate new health care facility at Jeddah city.
Originality/value - This application is considered as a spatial decision support system for health planners in Jeddah city. It can be
used to define and evaluate location of health centers as well as to identify the spatial accessibility to health centers.
Keywords: GIS, Health care planning, Heath demand, Health center, Jeddah
Article Classification: Research paper
For internal production use only
Running Heads:
2. Benchmarking the location of health centers at Jeddah city: A GIS
approach
Abstract
Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to discuss a GIS application created for health
care planning at Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The application covers important health
care facilities planning issues including defining accessibility to health care facilities,
identifying and classifying the distribution of health demand at Jeddah city and
modeling spatial variation of patient locations.
Design/methodology/approach- In order to build this application a geo-database is
created that covers points, lines and polygon features such as health care facility
location, road network and population districts. In addition, raster surface models are
produced using Kriging function which produces raster surfaces for predicting health
demand values at the study area.
Findings- The outputs of this application can be used to help health care planners in
evaluating the existing location of health care facilities and see if these locations are
concentrated at certain city districts. In addition, local health planners can use the
created models in deciding on where to allocate new health care facility at Jeddah
city.
Originality/value- This application is considered as a spatial decision support system
for health planners in Jeddah city. It can be used to define and evaluate location of
health centers as well as to identify the spatial accessibility to health centers.
Key Words: GIS, Health care planning, Heath demand, Health center, Jeddah.
1
3. 1. Introduction
Health care facilities at any region can be divided into two main types that are known
as primary health centers and hospitals. The former provides basic health care
services and the latter provides services for specialist health treatment. Health
authorities have always aimed to provide health care for all residents using a fair
access policy that is characterized as providing the right service at the right time in the
right place (Murad, 2006). To ensure adequate health care planning, health service
planners and policy makers need accurate and reliable measures of health facilities so
that true services shortage areas can be accurately identified and resources allocated to
those needy areas to alleviate the problem. Health care planning in a given location is
influenced by many factors, including the availability of health services in the area
(supply), the number of people living in that location (demand), the population’s
health status, the socio-economic and financial resources available to the population,
people’s knowledge about health and the health care system, and geographical
impedance between population and health services (YI QI, 2009). Among the many
factors that influence health care services, two of them are critical: physician supply
and population demand. Both of these are spatially distributed, but it is rare that their
distributions perfectly match (Luo, 2004).
One of the main issues that health planners need to cover at any built up area is
related to evaluating health accessibility. Measures of geographical accessibility have
also been proposed and critiqued in the planning and medical geography literature
(Guagliardo, 2004). Such measures range from the conceptually simple counting of
the number of facilities within a specified distance from a given location to more
sophisticated spatial interaction models. These measures can be implemented using
Geographical Information Systems (GIS). GIS plays an essential role in helping
2
4. public health organizations understand population health and make decisions. With
the powerful tools and solutions that GIS technology brings to the desktop, health
planners can improve understanding of community health needs and design effective
interventions. GIS technology offers varied solutions including ones that improve
field data collection and reporting and others that support disease surveillance and
analysis with online mapping and spatial statistics. In addition, GIS, improve the
ability to communicate with several health situation, such as environmental
contamination, to decision makers.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be used for several health studies.
Examples of these studies include examining disease rates, examining variations in
health and the use of health services. Wilkinson et al. (1998) addresses the potential
applications of GIS in health geographical studies. These applications are: disease
mapping and geographical correlation studies, patterns of health service use and
access, environmental hazards and disease clusters, and the modeling of the health
impacts of environmental hazards. Jacquez, 1998, added that GIS could be used for
exposure assessment, identification of study populations, disease mapping, and public
health surveillance. There are several examples in the literature that discuss the
potential GIS application in health care facility planning. For example, GIS is used in
Used for monitoring vector borne disease, water borne diseases, environmental health,
modeling exposure to electromagnetic fields, quantifying lead hazards in a
neighborhood, predicting child pedestrian injuries and for the analysis of disease
policy and planning (Coggon et al., 1997).
Rytkonen et al. (2003), discussed an interesting GIS application for analysing the
incidence of type 1 diabetes among children in Finland. They observed the incidence
of type 1 diabetes per 100,000 persons separately in urban areas, urban-adjacent rural
3
5. areas, rural health and remote areas. Cerrito et al. (2003) presented another GIS based
health study, investigating the relationship between environmental factors and the
need for the treatment of lung problems. It is considered an interesting case,
demonstrating how the data mining of GIS, combined with healthcare outcomes, can
be effective in modifying clinical research. One example of using GIS and GPS in
health care is found in Gesler et al. (2004), where these technologies are used to map
out residence activity spaces, using symbols and standard deviational ellipses and
sites where diabetes information has the potential to be welcomed, for a sample of
low income females and males. This example shows how ‘prevention of diabetes’
projects can use GPS and GIS tools to collect and record the activity spaces of 121
participants and demonstrates how this approach can be used by healthcare providers
and researchers to implement a community-based diabetes prevention programme.
2. GIS and health care applications: Background
One of the basic objectives of healthcare Planning in any part of the world is to have
an equivalent access to health care for all, regardless of ability to pay. This means that
every residence should have equivalent chance to go to clinics and hospitals. To meet
this objective and other ones, health authorities are required to make careful analysis
about the real demands and supplies of health care facilities at their areas. These
analysis and studies can be classified into three main groups, which are a) spatial
changes in health status, b) spatial epidemiology, and c) health care facilities
accessibility and utilization. Each one of these topics has a spatial dimension, which
means that GIS can be used for their studies. The next part will elaborate more on
each group and illustrate the possible uses of GIS on them.
2.1 Spatial Changes in Health Status
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6. One of the facts about health status in a micro/macro scale is that it changes across the
space. Health authorities always investigate and analyze the health status at their areas
and make sure that health needs are satisfied. Locality definition is considered as an
important issue for health care facilities planning studies. The idea here is to
determine the socio-economic classifications for the area surrounding certain health
facilities and then relate the local profiles of such an area with the health care needs.
Once the socio-economic status of any location is defined, then GIS can be used to
map and tabulate the distributions of such status. A good example of using GIS for
linking social profiles with health needs is found by Hirschfield et al., 1995, which
have produced patient profiles for a health facility catchment area. Such studies
usually involve matching point-referenced, post coded health data with area
socioeconomic data, particularly deprivation indicators (Gatrell and Senior 1999). For
example, Health status can be viewed through comparing the actual number of
moralities in an area with the national average, taking into account age and sex
variations in the area concerned (Birkin et al, 1996). Here GIS can be used
successfully for describing spatial variations of mortality at parts of any country.
Once the mortality rate of each region is entered into the GIS, the mapping and
analysis tools of GIS can be applied to present out the regions that have high rates of
mortality. The regions with high rates require more attention from health authorities
in order to improve their existing health status. In addition to mortality, there are
much other health status indicators that are used by health authorities, such as fertility
rates, which help to assess and monitor the required health services.
2.2 Spatial Epidemiology
5
7. The second area of health care research is known as spatial epidemiology. There are
several questions that are commonly asked in spatial epidemiology studies, which
include: where are the incidences located? what are the environmental characteristics
of these areas?, what are relations between health incidences and the environment at
other locations?, and what patterns are evolving? (Nicol, 1991). GIS is considered as a
useful tool for answering the preceding questions. For example, GIS can define the
actual location of health events, then overlay analysis can be used to create new
spatial relationships and to tag the various socio-economic and environmental
information to the health data.
There are several studies that have applied GIS to these issues. For instant Brown et
al, 1991, have used GIS for the mapping of spatial variations in health care provision
in Merseyside, UK. Wrigley, 1991, have also used GIS in mapping incidence diseases
in relation to population types. Another example of GIS applications in epidemiology
is called the Health and Environment Geographical Information System (HEGIS),
which is being established in Europe by the world health organization (Nicol, 1991).
It involves the creation of European wide environment data set, and the aim is to
research relationships between health and the environment, to aid policies and
management (ibid). Most of spatial epidemiology studies must be based upon accurate
knowledge of the population. Therefore, access to details of population composition
and socio-economic characteristics are very necessary for these studies.
Spatial epidemiology studies are concerned with finding good description of spatial
incidence of diseases as well as the modeling of such incidence. One way of
describing the spatial distribution of a certain disease is by visualizing the GIS
choropleth maps that show the spatial distributions of such a disease. In such maps,
6
8. disease rates are plotted over the base map to define the areas that are highly affected
from the related disease. Further analysis and modeling of the spatial incidence of
diseases can be carried out using for example Kernal or density estimation technique
that is used in predicting the spatial variation in diseases risk (Gatrell and Senior
1999).
Any health care study requires a huge set of data which need to be handled and
captured into GIS software. Once this step is completed, then GIS users and
researchers will move to the following step of the application, the data exploratory
step. Gatrell and Senior (1999) defined the GIS data exploratory step as the phase
which goes beyond the map, to the use of statistical tools in an informal, pattern-
seeking vein. It is considered an area in which major research efforts have been
expanded. This type of function can be applied on point, polygon or line features. For
example, focal and local GIS functions are used in modern electronic atlases of
mortality and morbidity to highlight areas where disease rates are unusually high or
low. ArcGIS software has included these functions within its spatial analysis
extension which produces a raster output in which the value at each location is a
function of the input cells in some specified neighborhood of the location (McCoy
and Johnston, 2001). In addition, ArcGIS software has a very useful extension known
as the Geostatistical Analyst, which can be used for modeling any health point based
data, such as the location of patients, and can easily create a continuous surface from
measured sample points stored in a point-feature layer. It derives a surface using the
values from the measured locations to predict values for each location in the
landscape (Johnston, et al., 2001). One of these functions is called Kriging (which is
used by the presented application) that can be used for modeling health point data. It
7
9. is considered as one of the deterministic interpolation methods which capable of
producing a prediction surface and providing some measures of the certainty or
accuracy of a prediction. Health studies that look into the relationship between air
pollution and health status can use this function to define air quality, based on sample
measured points. The presented study has used Kriging function for the purpose of
mdeling health demand flows at Jeddah city. The results of this function is discussed
at the next section.
3. Application of GIS for health care planning
The aim of this section is to discuss how GIS can be used to analyze the location of
health care centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The application covers important health
care planning issues which are : a- defining the level of accessibility to health care
centers, b- identifying the spatial distribution of health care demand, and c- modeling
the distribution of health care demand using GIS Kriging function. The first step in
creating this application was to build the needed geo-database for health care centers.
The next section will discuss the process of building this geo-database.
3.1 The Data-base
One of the main tasks that should be looked at carefully during the building of any
GIS application, is regarding creating the required data and then integrating these data
within the GIS application. These data fall into three main GIS data features known as
points, lines and polygons. Point data are restored as a single x,y coordinate, with
attributes describing the conditions of these points. Usually geographical features that
are too small to be depicted as lines or areas, are created in GIS as points data. For
this application, the location of health centers in Jeddah city is created as a point
feature, and all attribute data about health centers which include number physicians
and number of dentist (fig 1 and 2) are saved in the attribute table of this file. The
8
10. second main GIS data feature is the line feature, which has a one dimensional shape
that represents geographical features too narrow to depict as area (Zeiler 1999). GIS
software stores lines as a series of ordered x,y coordinates, with the relevant
attributes. For the presented application, the road network of Jeddah city is
represented as a line feature, with attributes regarding the length and type of each road
in this city. The third GIS data feature is known as polygon date set. This type of
features is modelled in GIS as a series of segments that enclose an area and form a set
of closed area (Zeiler, 1999). City districts coverage is an example of this type of GIS
data that is created for the presented study. This coverage includes attributes such as
district name and area, and size of population and households for each district(fig.3) .
3.1 Accessibility to Health supply
The literature on accessibility measures showed a need for quantitative indicators of
accessibility for different kinds of public services including health care (Murad,
2007). Such indicators would serve as instruments in the comparisons of accessibility
in different parts of the region and in the evaluation of alternative plans for new
service facilities and transportation links. Examples of accessibility indicators are :
provider-to-population ratio, distance to the nearest provider, average distance to a set
of providers and gravitational models of provider influence (Guaglirado et al, 2003).
Each one of these indicators can be used to evaluate accessibility of health centers.
The presented application has selected distance to provider method and produces
accessibility indicators to health centers in Jeddah city. One way of defining
accessibility to health centers is by knowing how far patients live from their nearest
centers. Based on local standards, every health center should cover a catchment area
extending 2 KM radius wide. In order to define the level of accessibly to health
centers, GIS proximity analysis was used and the output of this model (figure 4)
9
11. classifies the city into deferent zones based on the distance between clinic location
and city districts. Based on this output, several parts of the city are located at areas
with more than 2 KM accessibility zone. These areas are mainly situated north and
east of the city with some to the west.
The results of this function are shown at Fig. 1 and it is clear that there is several parts
of Jeddah city that are not located within the 2 km accessibility zones. These are
mainly north and east of the city as well as some of the western parts of the city. It is
also clear from this figure that existing health centers are serving larger catchment
area than the standard size. Based on this output, there are different parts of Jeddah
city that are having low health accessibility service. These parts include
AlMohammadia district located north of Jeddah, and Alhamra district at the west of
the city.
Health planners can use this model to help them in deciding about where to build a
new health center in Jeddah city. For example, the areas that are located outside the
2Km accessibility zones can be used as a guide for allocating any new additional
health centers in Jeddah city. Health planners and officers can present this model to
the regional or national health authorities for asking about building new health centers
at several city parts.
3.2 Identifying Health demand distribution
One of the main issues that is covered is this application is related to using ArcGIS
software for describing the spatial distribution of health demand data. However,
before covering this issue it was important to decide on about the suitable spatial
resolution (unit of analysis) for the presented application. Among the first questions to
10
12. be answered when using GIS for health research are: “what is the appropriate study
area the scale or geographic extent of the study?” and “what is the appropriate unit of
analysis the spatial resolution?”. In many cases, the answers to these questions are
determined by:
- The availability of data for all possible geographic, the known or probable
geographical extent of the problem to be studied;
- The physical integration, transportation systems, cultural factors, and social
dynamics of the particular region;
- Existing political and jurisdictional boundaries;
- The geography of the existing health care infrastructure and service areas;
- The geographic interests of the project partners, collaborators, or funders;
- The funding sources and parameters; and many other considerations and
constraints unique to each project (Maantay, 2005).
Based on the data available for this application, diabetes patient information which is
one type of health demand is aggregated to the level of health center location. There
are 39 health centers distributed at Jeddah city. Every one of those centers has records
about the size of registered diabetic patients. These records can be used in GIS to
define the spatial pattern of diabetic patients in Jeddah city. The results of these data
are very useful for identifying pattern and location of diabetic disease in Jeddah city.
These data also can be related to other physical or environmental data to identify
relationships between diabetic data and other related data.
The first step that was made at this part of the study, was to create a point coverage
showing location of all health centers at Jeddah city, and then links diabetic data to
this coverage. Once this step is covered, the following task was to use GIS
11
13. classification methods for describing variations of diabetic patients in Jeddah city.
Fig. 5 shows the output of the spatial distribution of diabetic disease at Jeddah city.
The resulted distribution indicates that diabetes patients are concentrated mainly at
Al-Rabwah, Bani Malik and Al-Sabail districts. These areas are covering north,
central and southern city districts.
In addition to classifying diabetic patient data, GIS is used at the presented application
to make a spatial comparison (Based on mean value) between health centers to find
out centers that are having large amount of diabetes patients. The fact that health
status varies a cross space in widely known and applies at all spatial scale across the
urban and regional hierarchy. For example standard mortality ratios (SMRs) are
calculated by comparing the actual number of mortalities in an area with the national
average taking into account age and sex variations in the area concerned. If an area
was generating deaths at the national average, its SMR value would be exactly 100
(Birkin et al, 1998). The same principle is applied at this study to calculate standard
diabetic rates (SDRs) for Jeddah city. Fig 6 shows SDR values and indicates that the
areas with the highest rates trend to be in the central and southern parts of the city. In
addition, two main areas (Al Rabwa and Al Bawadi) located north of Jeddah city are
also having high SDR rates.
3.3 Modeling spatial variation of patient locations
The literature of health analysis field indicates that there are several approaches and
models that can be used to model variation in health data. For example, Bayesian
model-based approach is used at Finland to model variations in the incidence of
12
14. childhood type I diabetes between urban/rural municipalities (Rytkonen et al, 2003).
The same modeling technique also used by Lopez-Abente, 1998, for the analysis of
emerging neoplasm in Spain. Ying and Weimin, 2006, have also used Bayesian
modeling technique in assessing spatial variations of hospitalized children and youth
in the province of British Columbia. In addition to Bayesian models, Collins, 1998
added that regression models could be used in a combination with GIS to model
health and environmental data for Huddersfield area at the UK.
Geographical information systems are developed today to include several useful
models that can be used for defining spatial variations of health data. One of these
models is known as Kriging models, which are also known as geastatistical models,
and considered as optimal interpolators that produce estimates which are unbiased and
have known minimum variance. This technique is based upon the theory of
regionalized variables and utilizes the spatial structure of the data and involves the
construction of a variogram and the fitting of an appropriate model (ibid). The
presented study has selected this technique to model the spatial variation of diabetic
disease at Jeddah city. Geostatistical methods are based on statistical models that
include auto correlation (statistical relationships among the measured points), and
have the capability of producing the diction surface and provide some measure of the
certainty or accuracy of the predictions. Kriging weights the surrounding measured
values to derive a prediction for an unmeasured location. The general formula for this
technique is as following
Z(s) = M + ε (s)
Where
13
15. Z(s) is the predicted value at the s location,
M is a known constant mean, and
ε (s) is the random errors process
Kriging is used at the presented study within ArcGIS geostatistical analyst extension
which has advanced tool bar containing tools for exploratory spatial data analysis and
a geostatistical wizard for creating a statistically valid surface (Johnstan et al, 2001).
In this software extension, there are different kriging methods including ordinary,
simple, universal and probability Kriging. The presented application has selected
simple kriging which is based on a known constant mean. In the case of diabetic data
at Jeddah city 260 is the mean value for the collected data. Fig. 7 shows the output of
this model and it defines how diabetes patients are spread out at all city parts but with
different amounts. It also shows how the highest concentrations of diabetes which are
found at Al-Rabwah, Bani Malik, Al-Jamiah, and Al-Rowais, are also spread at the
areas closer to them. For example, an area called Al-Syliamaniah is have a remarkable
diabetes patients because it is very close to a higher diabetes location called Al-
Jamiah. In fact this result is based on the Kriging model assumption which indicates
that spatially distributed objects are spatially correlated, in other words, things that are
close together tend to have similar characteristics. Therefore, all areas located near
these four districts are getting higher values of diabetes values. Meanwhile, the
northern areas which are close to Obhur are getting lower diabetes values because
Obhur health center is having zero diabetes patients.
14
16. This model can be used by health planners at Jeddah city to define city parts that are
more likely to have more diabetic patients. These parts can be reached for health
protection purposes and for the management of patients living these parts.
4. Conclusion
Using GIS for health care planning is considered as one of the important and useful
GIS applications. Health planners can use this technology to evaluate the location of
health services in any built up area. In order to use this technology several types of
spatial data should be collected by health planners. The presented paper has collected
points, lines, and polygons data for the purpose of evaluating the location of health
supply and demand in Jeddah city. This paper has demonstrated that GIS can be used
to identify the level of accessibility to health care facilities. The results of accessibility
analysis show that existing health centers are serving larger catchment area than the
standard size. Based on this output, there are different parts of Jeddah city that are
having low health accessibility service. In addition, the created application had
explored the patterns of health demand and predicted the spatial variation of patients
at Jeddah city. The outputs of this application indicate that diabetes patients are
located mainly at Al-Rabwah, Bani Malik, Al-Jamiah, and Al-Rowais at Jeddah city.
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18
20. Y
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Fig. 1 Classification of health centers based on number of Physicians
19
21. ³
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Fig. 2 Classification of health centers based on number of Dentists
20
22. Fig. 3. The population distribution in Jeddah city districts
21
23. #
# #
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Priximity zones W E
0 - 2000
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Fig. 4 Accessibility to health care facilities in Jeddah city
22
24. #
Al-Rabwah
# #
#
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# # Bani Malik
#
Red Sea #
## #
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Al-Sabail
Diabetes Patiants
# 0
# 1 - 189
# 190 - 290
# 291 - 745
# 746 - 2572
N
Road W E
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10000 0 10000 20000 meters
Fig. 5 Spatial Distribution of Diabetes patients at Jeddah City
23
25. #
Al-Rabwah
# #
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# 0 - 58.9
# 58.9 - 90.3
# 90.3 - 232.1
# 232.1 - 801.2
N
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10000 0 10000 20000 meters
Fig. 6 Standards Diabetes Rates (SDRs) at Jeddah City
24
26. Al-Rabwah
Bani Malik
Red Sea
Al-Rowais Al-Jamah
Road
Predicted Diabetes
0.101 - 106.196
106.196 - 212.292
212.292 - 318.387
318.387 - 424.483 N
424.483 - 530.579
530.579 - 636.674 W E
636.674 - 742.77
No Data S
20000 0 20000 meters
Fig. 7 Predicted diabetes patients spread at Jeddah city
25