Urban Land Use And Transportation Planning

Urban Land Use And Transportation Planning
Question 1. This approach has several advantages. First, it provides much more spatially–detailed information than traditional data at the aggregate
level of planning districts. Hence, using this disaggregate information, we can suggest policy implications to establish specific land use and
transportation planning. UrbanSim, one of the advanced microsimulation model developed by University of Washington, uses gridcells of 150*150
meter, which presents spatially detailed structure and enables researchers to evaluate current urban land use patterns as well as predict future urban
land use change at the micro level. However, a building scale analysis provides much more benefits because it is a more realistic model and can be
easily combined with current urban big data. For example, if this agent–based model is combined with complex human behaviors data, it can provide
much more specific information for predicting events of an emergency such as a building fire and disasters from earthquake or tsunami. Also, if this
model is combined with information on spatial human activities from mobile–phone, it can provide great benefits for managing spatial and temporal
planning for the urban places. More specifically, we can identify hot spots during daytime and nighttime, which can help to predict travel demands as
well land use demand. Second, with the building scale dataset, we can deal with a variety of urban problems and issues. For example, energy is one
of the big issues in our
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The Extent to Which the Principle of Sustainability Guides...
The Extent to Which the Principle of Sustainability Guides Land Use Policy Development
The idea of developing in such a way that the present can meet their needs without future generations needs being compromised is not a new one. It has
been practiced and continues to be practiced by many groups of people across the world. For example, this principle is embedded in Aboriginal beliefs
that they come from the land, and must return to the land and so must be custodians to the land. The Brundtland Commission, chaired by the
Norwegian prime minister, brought the concept to the foreground where the famous definition of sustainability was given. This essay will discuss the
idea of sustainability, how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Limits to Growth'[2] is a book that tried to explain how economic expansion must soon come to an end , because of environmental limits. 'Our
Common Future', the sequel to this book, starts from essentially similar understandings of the nature of the economy–environment interconnections,
but draws the conclusion that growth can and should continue, however, this growth would take a different form from past growth, and should be
sustainable.
By the start of the 1990s about three–quarters of councils in England, Scotland and Wales already had a 'green plan' of some kind in effect or in
preparation, some explicitly recognising the need to extend to global issues such as global warming as well as local matters. What was new in the
1990s was the degree to which central government began to give formal support to sustainable development, and to land use planning as a means of
achieving it, in some cases producing the relevant policies and legislation in response to international commitments. Sustainability is now one of the
UK governments key objectives. A commitment to national sustainability plans was a key component of the UNCED agreements in 1992,

Challenge 2 : Land Use Planning
Challenge 2: Land Use Planning
Fukushima is the third largest prefecture in Japan (в‰…13,800 km). Before GEFE, Fukushima had a population of almost 2 million people, many of
whom lived in the capital, Fukushima City. As a result of a diverse geography (high peaked mountains, forests, and over 150km of coastline),
Fukushima was a major food production source for Japan. In fact, Nakadori region was the fourth largest agricultural region in Japan, yielding rice,
peaches, apples, pears, tomatoes, and cucumbers. Tobacco, raw silk and livestock were major exports from the region and the fishing industry boomed.
Since GEFE, Fukushima has dropped from the nation's fourth–largest rice producer to its seventh, with production reportedly slipping 17% and an
estimated 100,000 farmers have lost an estimated 105 billion yen ($1 billion). The fishing industry lost 75% of its workers while the number of
commercial fishing boats went from 185,465 to 153,034.
Fukushima Prefecture's infrastructure was greatly affected by the earthquake's force, with parts of Hama–dori region experiencing more than 6.0
magnitude and Fukushima City, in Naka–dori region, measuring more than 5.0. The tsunami that followed shortly thereafter hit the eastern coast of
Fukushima, causing widespread damage and death. A recorded 1,900 people died and another 1,600 suffered significant injuries. 173,000 residential
units were damaged and an estimated 17,000 were destroyed. Approximately 17,700 non–residential buildings

Land Use Planning in the Netherlands and the United States...
What can land use planners and decision–makers in the United States learn from planning practices in the Netherlands? The Netherlands has accepted
comprehensive land use planning as a standard practice and integrates all levels of municipalities and communities in decision–making. However, in
many municipalities in the United States, there are still difficulties in obtaining community action, control, and understanding of the existing plans and
proposed policies.
The Netherlands and the United States have similar challenges in land use planning. Both countries must deal with urban sprawl, farmland
preservation, and nature development and preservation. However, the history behind each country forms a basis for the differences in land ... Show
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At the national level, there is development of schematic outlines of regional economic development strategies, including specific priorities and types of
development, open space preservation, and levels and standards of environmental protection. At the regional level, the priorities are further detailed in
the form of regional and local land use plans that include zoning densities and specific regulatory controls (Schultink, 1993). One of the most important
environmental policies enacted is the 1985 Land Development Act, which accepts physical planning policy as a guideline in land use decisions
(Schultink, 1993). Also, there is an Outline Plan for Land Development, of which the chief objective is ГЈto develop rural areas in accordance with the
functions allocated to them within the overall framework of governmental policy,Г¤ (Beun, 1988). In this plan a policy map identifies areas that will
benefit the most from land development (Grossman, 1987–88).
Land use planning in the Netherlands focuses on giving municipalities ГЈВ·the means to preserve land on the long term; and to create equal
opportunities for all,Г¤ (Van Den Brink, 2000). Through the integration of socio–economic developments and policies into planning instruments, each
community aims for the right allocation and management of

Zoning
Simply put, zoning, in a planning or land use context, is the classification of the land in a community into districts with different regulations for its
utilization. Zoning and other methods of land use control have evolved with the primary objectives of promoting the health, safety, and wellbeing of
residents while minimizing the negative impacts of one activity or use upon others. Zoning is effectively a legislative process whereby a community
prioritizes values associated with land, development, and associated activities. A zoning system generally includes map or plan elements which define
areas where like regulations apply, and a textual, usually relatively locally legislated ordinance, code, or law consisting of definitions and ... Show more
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The final general type of zoning regulation limits the physical and spatial form of development. Examples of this type include restrictions on building
heights, setbacks, road widths, building materials, and architectural style.
In the first third of the 20th century, the United States saw zoning become an accepted tool in land use regulation. New York City passed a zoning
plan in 1916. This set of rules primarily focused on building form and setbacks, and included a now routine provision for variances. The New York
law was primarily a response to a technological innovation–the skyscraper–and the arising concerns associated with it.
Many States adopted the Standard State Zoning Enabling Acts of 1922, which was offered as a model by the U.S. Department of Commerce and
provided a framework and codified a general legal basis for zoning across the country. The Department of Commerce also introduced a Standard City
Planning Enabling Act, which was widely adopted beginning in 1928. These acts put into place the general structure of local and regional planning and
zoning which is still used today. Elements and entities such as the Planning Commission, the Master Plan, subdivision control measures, and provision
for regional planning bodies and plans were primarily introduced by the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.
The best known legal foundation for zoning in the

Land Use Development Patterns And The International...
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND TO STUDY
Land use development patterns (also called urban form, built environment, community design, spatial development, and urban geography) is referred to
as the human use of the earth's surface, including the location, type and design of infrastructure such as roads and buildings. Land use patterns can have
diverse economic, social and environmental impacts and some are more accessible and so reduce transportation costs to businesses and consumers.
Transportation on the other hand is the movement of people, information and goods from one location to another. The specific purpose of
transportation is to fulfill a demand for mobility, since transportation can only exists if it moves people, freight and information around. Otherwise it
has no purpose. Since the 18th century till now, urbanization, multinational corporations, the globalization of trade and the international division of
labor are all forces shaping and taking advantage of transportation at different, but often related, scales. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of
transport is geographic in nature, because it facilitates movements between different locations. Transport thus plays a role in the structure and
organization of space and territories, which may vary according to the level of development.
ADEWOLE ADEMOLA PELUMI | 070503003
2
The connection between transportation and land use is a fundamental concept in planning. Everything that happens to land use has transportation

The New Challenge Of Spatial Planning Essay
The new challenge of spatial planning in UK–––localism dilemmas
1.Introduction:
The planning system in England has been subject to dramatic shifts when the Coalition government was reselected after almost 70 years since 2010.
(Gallent, Nick & Hamiduddin, Iqbal & Manuela Madeddu, 2013) This may be proved that the localism can have a significantly impact on urban
planning or spatial area field especially after the Localism Bill was promoted and enacted in Parliament on November 2011. However, considerable of
key questions had been raised with the implementation of Localism Act: what kind of impact the localist planning have on spatial area and whether it
is a proper formation for the contemporary English spatial planning to practice localism. This assignment will try to find out what localism is and
demonstrate the impact of localism in England. The aim of this assignment is not only to address these questions but also in purpose of assessing the
advantages and disadvantages of localism to demonstrate the achievements that spatial planning can earn from the localism.
This paper will begin by focusing on the development of localism in England. It will then illustrate the spatial city planning in England. The third part
will be comparison of the positive or negative influence the localism has on English spatial planning. The aim is to show whether it is appropriate
framework for English planning system to promote localism. The following part will show the conclusion,

Real Life Model Paper
A model provides a representation of a real life system (Oguz, 2004). Elements of real life are represented in the model as variables and allow for
analysis of these selected variables, their relationships, and the interdependencies between them (Oguz, 2004). Models provide a platform to investigate
historical data, virtually manipulate these variable, and assess potential implications of current or future policies and programs on these variables.
Land use change and urban growth is one such real life event that has been analyzed and modeled using a variety of different techniques. Understanding
the change in land use and urban growth patterns enable forecasting and possible prediction of consequences of human behavior and natural
phenomenon. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This drawback was addressed by emergence of polycentric and zonal land use models in the late 1930s and 1940s (Rodrigue, 2015). A model
proposed by Hoyt (1939), based on a study of residential areas of North America, stated that land use pattern and growth were not sharply defined
as concentric circles but rather were sectors within a circle and major transportation corridors were responsible for defining these sectors (Rodrigue,
2015). Harris and Ullman (1945) proposed a model which also stated that cities do not grow around central business district but rather develop as
nodes that differentiate and are further specialized based on factors such as accessibility, proximity interactions with other similar or different areas,
as well as location suitability based on price, rent and so on (Rodrigue, 2015). Following these concepts of land use and urban growth, hybrid models,
such as that of Isard (1955), were developed in the latter half of the 1950. These models amalgamated the behaviors of various concentric, sector, and
nuclei models into one model to explain land use change and urban growth (Rodrigue, 2015). The limitations of these traditional models have been their
static and linear nature, which made it difficult for these models to encompass and generate certain parameters such as complex surface features, as
well as their focus on mostly large geographic units such as administrative regions, that provided insufficient spatial information for setting up detailed
land use and growth models (Qi,

Causes Of Deforestation
Deforestation conflicts and Solutions
The population in the majority of countries around the world is increasing, which places pressure on local economies to yield additional food or clear
additional land for urban developmental urgencies such as housing and commerce, which leads to a method called deforestation. Cutting down forests
not only generates revenue from sales such as that of timber, but also clears land for use in development. On the other hand, forests are vital fragments
of local and global ecosystems. Cutting down forests, especially jungles and rain forests, often threatens not only species of wildlife but also decreases
oxygen for us and ultimately contributes to dangerous factors such as global warming. Therefore, we have two stakeholders, one that believes in
development, and one that believes in preservation. The points of view that are taken from both of these stakeholders may seem incompatible;
however, the compromise of deforestation can be implemented through Eco–forestry, land use planning, and Reforestation.
The developmental stakeholder mentioned above, wants just that, development. They are regular citizens who wish to use the forests trees and land to
expand urbanization and to use its sources beneficially. Some examples of these types of individuals are workers such as Farmers, Constructionists,
Loggers, and Miners. Farmers use the method of deforestation to cut down trees to have greater areas for planting crops and raising livestock to

D.Amendment To 2030 Comprehensive Plan вЂ“ Public Hearing.
D.AMENDMENT TO 2030 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN – Public Hearing
10.Amendment to Future Land Use Map, 1500 block Spring Drive, 3.8 acres, from low density residential land use to general commercial land use
Mr. Mosley reported this agenda item is linked to the rezoning request agenda #11 that concerns the same property and applicant. The Planning
Commission should consider changing the Future Land Use Map of the 2030 Comprehensive Plan before the rezoning in agenda #11 is reviewed.
The 2030 Future Land Use Map provides that 3.8 acres, accessed from the 1500 block of Spring Drive, is located in the "low density residential" land
use category (see map in your packet). The adjacent 4.9 acres is located in the "general commercial" land use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Prince provided no reports.
Chairman Cherry opened the public hearing.
Mr. Samford Dykes, lives across Dale Avenue. I am concerned about the use that will go there. Will it be a factory or likeable to the community. We
have a 10 year old that I have concerns about how this will be used by the owner.
Ms. Dykes, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Dykes, stated my mother has lived here for 57 years. She owners 3 properties on Dale Avenue. There income is
the two rental houses on Dale Avenue. They are elderly parents of a 10 year old girl. They are concerned about how this property will be used and
might be a detriment to there home. They are concerned about the noise, the lighting, the traffic increase on Dale Avenue. My mother bedroom faces
Dale Avenue. I would like for the Commission to table this to give my parents time to further understand what is happening. They just have not had
enough time and do not understand how things work.
Council Member Cannon stated the developer has not said what the use will be.
Ms. Dykes stated I was told by the owner it was going to be office use. They already have a similar use off of Spring Drive.
Mr. Mosley explained the Planning Commission and City Council steps in the amendment and rezoning process.
Chairman Cherry closed the public hearing.

Mr. Gunter stated if there is no motion it remains residential on the map as far as the Comprehensive Plan is concerned.
Mr. Vance stated we have owned this since 2006. We

Zoning Laws And Zoning Ordinance Regulations
Zoning definition – Zoning is the exercise of the police power that governs where and how land may be used and developed. The purpose of zoning
is to protect and further the public health, safety and welfare and it lawful exercise maybe go beyond these objectives. [IICLE, Illinois Municipal Law
Section 2.2]
Zoning divides a jurisdiction into a number of zones or land–use districts. A zoning ordinance consists of both a text and a map. The text establishes
the zoning districts and details regulations applicable to each district and land use. The map designates the location and boundaries of each zone created
by the text. Id.
Zoning ordinance regulations most often take the form of maximum or minimum standards; for example, minimum lot ... Show more content on
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As a result, developers must interact with the local governments legislative and/or administrative bodies.
3. Subdivision Approvals
Subdivision regulations are directed toward two purposes: (a) to ensure that development is provided adequate infrastructure such as water, sewers,
streets, and sidewalks; and (b) to facilitate real estate conveyancing by imposing standards for the platting of land (requiring a survey to show streets,
blocks, and lots in a subdivision and the recording of the survey). Subdivisions must, however, comply with the requirements of the zoning ordinance.
Subdivision may be achieved by one of the following methods:
Parcel Map
Tract Map
Vesting Map
4.Site Specific Permits – If the proposed development does not comply with existing zoning codes, then rezoning or zone change is required for
approval.
Conditional Use Permits (CUP) – certain uses of land may only be allowed upon approval of a CUP. Uses that often require a CUP include schools,
hospitals and group homes.
Variances– used to avoid restrictions imposed by the zoning code.
Design Review – Sometimes required before issuing building permits.

5.Environment review (where applicable)
b.Time required for each step – The initial start up process will take thousands of hours for conceptual design and development. The initial design,
municipal approval process for a master plan project can take anywhere from 6 months to 2 years,

The Accounting Software Installation Project Case Study
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UTS:ENGINEERING
49285: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SUBJECT OUTLINE
Subject Number:Emergency Management
Credit Points:6
Subject Coordinator: Dr Jaya Kandasamy
Subject Lecturer: Peter Garland
Semester/Year:Spring 2007
Prerequisites:Completed a degree course
Co–requisites:Nil, but a basic knowledge of local government procedures is helpful
Anti–requisites:Nil, although some previous experience in local government and emergency management is useful.
This subject aims to teach students the main elements of emergency management for natural disasters and to a lesser degree terrorist attack. Students
will understand the principles involved in emergency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Appilcation of EM to natural disasters such as floods, bushfires, etc

Learning and Teaching Strategies
This subject includes three blocks of lectures, tutorials and fieldwork exercise through the semester. Each block will be held at 1.30 pm to 5 pm on a
Friday and 9.30 am to 5 pm on a Saturday. The course is taught by lectures, tutorial sessions, assignments and a fieldwork exercise.
Subject Overview
The following information is the detailed overview of the subject: including general information about the subject structure, delivery and staffing
Subject organisation and what we expect of you
This subject includes three blocks of lectures, tutorials and fieldwork exercise through the semester. Each block will be held at 9.30 pm to 5 pm on
a Friday and 9.30 am to 1 pm on a Saturday. Lectures are supported by a lecture notes and readings and are placed on UTS online. You will gain most
from the lectures if you read each block 's material in advance.
The course is taught by lecture, assignment and fieldwork.
Subject content includes: what is emergency management, elements in emergency management in local, state and federal governments, changing
scene in emergency management, emergency risk management, exercise management, managing an emergency centre, recovery management, land–use

Sample of Planning Department Business Plan
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Contents
Executive Summary3
Mission Statement3
Organizational Structure4
Program of Services5
Program One Current Planning5
Services5
Service level Objectives6
Service Level Measures7
Departmental Strategies7
Citywide Goal7
Future Outlook8
Program Two Long Range Planning8
Services8
Service level Objectives8
Service Level Measures11
Departmental Strategies11
Citywide Goal11
Future Outlook12
Funding Needs12
Staffing12
Operations & Maintenance13
Capital13

Key Issues13
Departmental AnalysisAppendix A
planning Department
2009/10 Business Plan
Executive Summary
Both the Current Planning (Development Review) and Long Range Planning (Comprehensive Planning) programs relate directly to the ... Show more
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Service level Objectives
These services are delivered in response to citizen, property owner, and developer questions and applications. These services are conducted largely in
the Current Planning program, which is staffed by two planners. The Planner II devotes about 80% and the Assistant Director devotes 60% of work
time to these services. One long range planner (not in this program – in Long Range Planning) also conducts many of these reviews (about 40% of
work time allocated). A second long range planner (not in this program) occasionally conducts casework (about 15% of work time). The Program also
includes two full time Development Coordinators. These positions provide full time support to planning, engineering, and building as well as an
interdepartmental reviewing team (Development Review Committee). The Planner II also serves as the City's Land Manager, devoting roughly 5% of
work time to this function. The Director of Planning devotes about 50% of time providing direction, oversight, and interdepartmental coordination on a
weekly basis. Normal working hours where this service is provided is Monday–Friday 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. with weekly night meetings. Most of the
service is provided at City Hall with occasional off–site meetings at other City facilities or with customers. Work also involves site visits and
inspections.
Service Level Measures
|Service Level

Contemporary Cities Methods Of Resilience
3. Contemporary cities methods of resilience.
In this section we will look at how practices of urban planning, design and management can be used to make cities more secure against the hazards of
the natural environment. The effects of urbanisation and climate change are going to continue to cause more frequent and destructive challenges
towards humanity, so the implementation of these methods is crucial in preventing social, economic and environmental losses. (too big to flood) These
different methods will be analysed to understand if they are successful methods of mitigation, which will be dependent upon each individual country.
The role of the government will be crucial in making cities more resilient. Cuba is a hazard hotspot, being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resilience and preparedness is a result of education in the school curricula, which teaches people what to expect and what to do in such an event.
Further information is circulated through media and consolidated with national simulation exercises, which are rehearsed in the period leading up to
the hurricane season. A well constructed community approach ofrisk assessment, identifies vulnerable people and those who can offer assistance
during a disaster. The community approach means people help each other to safety early before disaster strikes. This information is taken up to national
level and formulated into a community plan, which is relayed to all, so everyone knows what to do, and who to help. An amazing method of mitigation
from little money and resources but made successful through strong governance and the cohesion of a willing community. Other developing Countries
would achieve similar benefits from such a method of mitigation.
Land use planning is a long slow process, which is not keeping up to speed with the rapid urban growth of informal settlements. Planning is however, a
vitally important role in urban security. Therefore with governmental commitment and the correct resources, informal settlements can be effectively
implemented into the formal planning structure. This would allow building regulations and controlled expansion to be monitored, ensuring less
vulnerability of structures. This method of risk

Urbanization Study in India
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Urbanization is the defining phenomenon of the 21st century. For the first time in history, more than half the world's population lives in cities, with 90
percent of urban growth taking place in the developing world. Increasing population growth in the existing urban areas and rapid urbanisation is
leading to need for increased land area to accommodate the growing population. Rapid urbanization is turning villages are into towns, towns into big
cities and cities in to metropolitan cities. This is leading to various emerging challenges that urban areas today have to address like inadequate housing,
inefficient physical infrastructure like water, sanitation, transport, inadequate social infrastructure like education and health, spiralling construction
costs and land prices.
Therefore the critical planning is required for all the necessary inputs including the infrastructure, social amenities and land. It is projected that over the
next 20 years, India is going to witness nearly 2 billion additional urban population in the existing urban areas, while one billion already live in slums.
However, only by efficient planning and management can rapidly growing cities be able to harness this potential, accommodate new urban dwellers,
and adequately deliver basic services and infrastructure (World Bank Institute).
The challenge is to address and effectively manage the pressure on cities and towns and to manage new growth. There is also a need for

Aviation Centered Spatial Development And The Regional...
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature in this field centers on on the different land–use theories that would be applicable to aviation – centered spatial development. The early
theorictial concepts of airport development focused on the regional development of the Central Business District (CBDs) where airports were often
located on the outlining areas of cities. Land–use around airports was not viewed as an integral component in the economic vitality of urban planning.
Early land – use theories included: Concentric Zone Theory – Burgess (1925) which stated that cities grew outwards from the centre in a series of
rings; the Sector Model – Hoyt (1939) which detailed that city growth sectors radiated out from the CBD along transport routes; and Multiple Nuclei
Theory – Harris and Ullman (1945) which expounded that as an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business centres or nuclei.
Each nucleus acts as a growth point to which growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area.
The most influential land – use theory for airport–centered spatial development was that of the Single Nulcei Theory. This theory, although similar to
that of Multiple Nuclei Theory, instead of sprouting from several economic catalysts, had one primary catalyst serve as the central source of outward
growth for the larger outlining or urban area. All these theories served as precursors for my research, as the airport city and aerotropolis

Development Plan and Control
rDevelopment planning is practised in all three tiers of the Government in Peninsular Malaysia. At the national level, development planning is guided
by the National Physical Plan (NPP) and other sectoral national policies that are passed by the Cabinet. They address the strategic issues of national
importance and provide the overall framework for subsequent drawing up of the other more detailed Development Plans. Contextually, development
planning in the country operates within the stated goals outlined in Vision 2020. Similarly at the state level, development is guided by the State
Development Plans, and other national sectoral policies that are formulated from time to time by the respective state governments. Local level physical
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Functions of the National Physical Plan includes : 1) strengthen national planning through spatial dimension in economic policy. 2) Coordinate
sectoral agencies through the provision of spatial allocation of sectoral policies. 3) Develop a framework for planning at state and local levels, 4) and
Form of physical planning policy. In addition, Section 6B(4) of Act 172 states that the NPP shall be reviewed every five years in tandem with the
review of the National Five Year Development Plans, or as and when directed by the NPPC. The spatial planning vision, policies, measures and land
allocations of the NPP will be implemented primarily (i.e. delivery vehicle) through the State Structure Plans. In. addition, the Federal Government
shall implement the NPP through the control of development budgeting i.e. granting financial allocation to development programmes, particularly key
national infrastructure project, of public implementing agencies on the basis of NPP spatial policies. Under section 6B (5) of Act 172, it is incumbent
upon the implementing agencies of the Federal Government and all State Governments to assist in ensuring that the objectives of the NPP are realised.
Structure Plans The Structure Plan(SP) sets out the policies and general proposals for the development and other use of land within each state; thus
providing guidance for spatial development on states' issues of structural

Spatial Justice: The Concept Of Spatial Justice
In the third part of the book, Harvey talks about the concept where Spatial justice connects together social justice and spaces, most dominantly. It is
also mentioned that Spatial Organization is a crucial dimension and aspect of Society and it precisely reflects social facts and influences social
relations .Hence, justice and injustice both the aspects becomes more visible in space. Therefore, it becomes important to understand social injustice in
totality and formulate territorial policies accordingly aiming to tackle them by analysing the interactions between space and society. It is at this
junction that the concept of spatial justice has been developed. Space as we know, is a fundamental dimension of human societies, social justice is
embedded in it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be guided by concept of spatial justice, which combines together Social Justice with space. It is major challenge because it is goal of many
policies of planning. So it is also important to analyse the concept of spatial justice along with social, which is never questioned to the extent that it has
been taken for granted. The concept of Spatial Justice opens up several perspectives for various other

Strategies for Clean, Green and Solar Gandhinagar
The integrated master plan 2031, suggests strategies for clean, green and solar Gandhinagar. The vision statement of the plan focuses on indorsing a
vibrant Gandhinagar, which fundamentally possess green city qualities.
Envisioning Gandhinagar to be: A leading green capital city in the world with a unique identity and vibrancy
Having a strong and diverse economic raise
Having environmentally sustainable infrastructure technologies
An ideal place for living including learning, working, consuming and leisure in an inclusive manner
Goals of Master Plan:Goal1: to achieve clean, green and solar agenda
Environmental improvement strategies
Economic development strategies
Infrastructure development strategies
Goal 2: to position its exclusive identity in Ahmedabad–Gandhinagar twin city context
Goal 3: to shape GNA, genius loci of GUDA
4.3.2 Development Plan
I. GUDA DP for 2011
Under the section–12 of GTPUDA–1976; DP of GUDA was prepared. The aim of DP was to facilitate transformation of GUDA in to a vibrant urban
centre which provides a high quality of infrastructure and service delivery. The GTPUDA–1976, demands that GUDA DP shall specify the method for
land use conversion and regulation.
Following are considerations which were taken into account while conceptualising the structure of draft DP.
OBJECTIVES
Facilitating Growth & Economic Development To boost the spatial and economic growth in both GMC and GUDA the land market has been opened
for TP schemes. GUDA villages will

Neighborhood Case Study
Is a PNA Whittier's Next Step in Neighborhood Advocacy and Planning?
In 2012, the Whittier Alliance released a strategic plan for the next five years that pinpointed critical steps towards increasing commercial activity and
housing investments, raising environmental standards, and improving the Alliance's organizational structure. Could the adoption of a Private
Neighborhood Association (PNA), as presented by the Mercatus Policy Series , support these steps? In my opinion, a full PNA will not move the
Alliance forward. However, the Whittier Alliance could benefit and advance these goals if they adopted certain principles introduced by PNAs,
specifically: growing community participation, empowering local knowledge in the Whittier neighborhood, and working to devolve some planning
authority from the city and regional governments into the neighborhood's hands.
Increasing Community Participation
Getting people interested and invested in urban and community planning decisions often presents a challenge. Too often, communities across the
country are reacting passively to planning changes instead of taking the initiative in proposing or influencing plans at the start. ... Show more content on
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While one might argue that, in the PNA model, a community of renters mobilized to share their preferences and vote with their feet might easily leave
the neighborhood if decisions favorable to businesses and property owners and contrary to their interests prevail, this breezy conclusion rests on the
shaky assumption that there exist alternative, no–less–affordable neighborhoods nearby. Finding a way to increase Whittier residents' stake in planning
decisions along with balancing the powers of businesses, property owners, and renters is the direction in which the Alliance must proceed, and it is
clear that adopting a PNA will diverge from this good

The Forecast Of Construction Industry
Forecast of Construction Industry
At the present time, China's government has focused it policies on projects and reforms, offering China considerable urban infrastructure opportunities.
This means that it is expected that China's expenditures in construction will continue to grow through 2019, powered by an increase in urban
population, continued industrialisation, expanding foreign investment and rising personal income levels.
In addition to this, 'the government's effort to sustain growth in the manufacturing sector, improve the country's infrastructure, expand municipal
utilities, and balance regional economic disparity will help growth in construction spending'. (Freedonia).
Despite this, it is predicted that China's further growth may incur a slowdown and could possibly reach 'historical lows in the short term, with housing
construction registering a decline for the first time ever' (South Morning China Post). Forecasts for the short–to medium–term future of the market
remain positive as shown below in the table.
Forecasts for selected indicators in China's Construction Sector
Long–Term Forecast
Despite China's immense growth throughout the decades, it is projected that the construction industry will not continue to grow at it's usual 'peak'. As
stated by 'Joe Zhou, (head of research in China at JLL real estate consultancy), "China has passed the peak in terms of construction activity, l would
say the peak was more lie 2013. Last year (2014), we saw

History Of Land Protection Regulation On Urban Development...
Farmland protection has become a contentious political issue in China due to the loss of cultivated land in rapidly growing urban centers. In response
to new information about rates of farmland conversion, the national government placed a national moratorium on arable land conversion in
1997 and imposed stringent regulations on the encroachment of urban land on agricultural lands in the Land Management Law of 1998 (Lin and Ho
2005). There has been speculation about the efficacy of the regulations, which are challenging to enforce. Others have expressed concern that the
regulations could severely distort China's most productive urban land markets (Lichtenberg and Ding 2009, Ding 2003).
This paper estimates the causal effect of the primary farmland protection regulation on urban land development across China. I use a satellite–based
data set that measures time–varying rates of agricultural and urban land change before and after the regulatory change in 1998. Satellite data have
played an important role in assessments of farmland loss in China for over a decade, but have not been used to examine the impact of the regulatory
policy. I make use of an important feature of the regulation's design, the 'no net loss' rule, which provides an arbitrary discontinuity in the likelihood
that the regulation will bind in different provinces. I estimate effects using the province–level as well as across discontinuities at provincial borders.
The simultaneity of regulatory decision–making and

Natural Resource Conflicts And Conflict
Introduction
This chapter examines the relevant literature both domestic and abroad and key concepts that frame the study and justifies their use. These Prior
research on land use conflicts, Land conflicts and Livelihoods, Mining and Customary land Use, Customary Land use Tenure in Liberia, Land Use
Conflicts between Communities and Concessions companies in Liberia, Sime Darby Concession conflict in Liberia will focus on the domestic
literature, followed by the Concept of Conflict, Conflicts Analysis Tools/Model and summary of the chapter.
2.2 Land Conflict and Livelihoods
Thomson and Kanaan (2003), propounded that the origin of Conflicts in human society date back to antiquity and studies into conflicts are manifested
by the works of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All these are entangled in complex bundles of rights and interests and have been fields of power struggles (Marfo, 2003). Skewed power share among
communities, Companies and the land services, as well as some other interest groups, show the distribution of control over the land use leading to
conflicts. Access to and the use of these natural resources plays an important role in many conflicts.
Touch Siphat in (2009) attempts to understand the impact of economic land concessions for agro– industrial production promoted by government. This
promotion heavily impacts on the locals' livelihoods and obstructs decentralized natural resources management, especially in natural forest resources.
They also examined locals' response to such a development scheme. The study found that in regard to "economic growth", the state has very strong
control over natural resources and people. Further, as a post–war nation, the state commits to developing its economy by gathering involvement from
different stakeholders, including international donors, development agencies, NGOs, and local people in the development process. Yet privatization of
natural resources such as land, forestry, mining and so forth can be also found in the country in favor of a globalizing economy. In terms of economic
liberalization, Cambodia has been integrated into the regional and global economies.
This approach offers a good opportunity to

Land Use And Transportation Planning: A Case Study
1. Introduction
Today's land use planning and policies are intended to preserve values of cultural resources and enhance sustainable communities and neighborhoods.
Among various specific components to achieve it in planning practice, recently improvement of job accessibility and encouragement of mixed land use
have been rising topics in the planning field. This is because well–designed and well–utilized these two features through the land use and transportation
planning not only can reduce individual vehicle mile travel (VMT) and urban traffic congestion (Ewing and Cervero, 2010), but also can provide
lively urban places (Jacobs, 1961). However, although numerous studies have provided empirical evidence of their effectiveness – for example,
reducing a physical distance between jobs and housing through these two components increases public transportation use, walking and bicycling
(Cervero and Duncan, 2006), little attention has been paid to demand side of the land use components. Namely, little is known about whether the land
use features really meet the residents' needs. Some scholars pointed out that most previous studies have only focused on the supply–oriented policies or
planning (Koster and Rouwendal, 2012; Plaut and Boarnet, 2003). However, in order to create sustainable urban places and better living environments
given the limited amount of urban land, land use planning or policies carefully reflecting demanders' needs are essential.
Koster and Rouwendal (2012)

Fia Analysis
Applied Public Finance
Fiscal Impact Analysis 3 – FIA 3 Assignment * Briefly describe (1–2 pages) the American Farmland Trust (AFT) Cost of Community Services
methodology and illustrate the COCS approach from the Skagit County, WA case study.
The American Farmland Trust Cost of Community Services methodology compares theratio of expenditures to revenue for different land uses, which
are used in municipal land–use planning. Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely determine the
different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different
rates. Expenditures also vary from municipal services ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They used the same classifications of 1) residential development, 2) commercial development, 3) industrial development and 4) farm, forest and open
land. The relevant data that they collected information were gathered from: * Skagit County, Washington, 1997 Annual Budget * 1997 Skagit County
Expense Versus Budget Report * Total assessed property values broken down byland use School Budget for 1997–1998 school year * 1997 reports of
county departmental activity * Geographic Information Systems (GIS) map showing total county area distinguished by land use * Total land area and
total road mileage for the county, each broken down by land use Next they conducted interviews with county officials and used budget records to
allocate revenue and expenses into land use categories and then entered the appropriate information into a computer spreadsheet for calculations for this
final findings.
For every dollar of revenue from residential development, $1.25 was required in expenditures. For every one–dollar of revenue from commercial
development, 34 cents was required in expenditures. For every dollar of revenue from industrial development, 29 cents was required in services. For

Adaptation Of Climate And Simplifying Informal Settlements
ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE AND STANDARDIZING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN ELDORET
BY
Caroline Jepkemboi Cheplong
Email; carojep2015@hotmail.com
JULY, 2015
ABSTRACT
Due to the progressive development of human societies, their ecological and environmental influence has been steadily increasing. The spatial
expansion and higher population and housing density of cities with its multiplier effect on land use and land cover change (LUCC) have been
recognized as the most important aspects of cities climate change which is triggered by the need for urban services provision for the influx of human
population. The shortages of housing in particular, and other urban services provision is the fundamental cause and effects of development of illegal
and informal settlements. With analysis from empirical study in Eldoret town, the study discusses the need for urban land regularization as a requisite
to combat the driving forces for formation of informal settlements and its impacts on cities climate. After presenting a series of concepts and definitions
related to urban land informality and illegality, standardization and tenure security from the literature, we then discuss the data methods for the study. A
detail of the research results focusing on the nature and the impacts of informal and illegal settlement in both the city centre and the hinterlands using
the UN–Habitat Slum indicators is presented. We conclude on implication cities' climate change dynamics

Impact Of The Land Administration Projects
Changes in Customary Land Administration and Building Synergy in Pluralistic Institutional Environment in Sub–Sahara Africa: Examining the
Impact of the Land Administration Projects (LAP) in Ghana
Research Background and Problem
Plurality of institutions is a unique feature of the land administration system in Africa. This system is characterized by the operations of traditional
landholding institutions that have been in existence and has been holding land time immemorial on ground of ancestry together with statutory
established formal land agencies that is required to complement efforts of the former. Traditional institutions in some countries continue to play key
role in the system, despite widespread implementation of the formalization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is argued that 'multiple institutional and legal structures could bring about contradictions and insecurity regarding whose rights count, whose rights
will be supported in the event of a contest, and which decision–making structures are paramount resulting in 'institution shopping' (Toulmin, 2009). In
Ghana, the pluralism systems are poorly articulated and has been the cause of growing contradiction and conflict (Kasanga and Kotey, 2001). This can
be substantiated by studies from Yeboah and Shaw (2011) that find the traditional institutions are making makeshift plans in order to sell lands even
without the knowledge of the appropriate planning authority. Also, Biitir and Nara (2016) finds that land governance in Ghana is hampered by lack of
cooperation and collaboration between these institutions. The state of the pure distinct operations of the customary and statutory land tenure institutions
therefore denies synergistic effect (Cousin and Hornby, 2005).
In the wake of the aforementioned factors and address resulting problems, previous and present governments of Ghana have made attempts to
streamline the system through land policies and projects. The Land Administration Projects (LAP) is currently being implemented (Government of
Ghana, 2008). This

The Pattern of Residential Lot Size Zoning in Guangzhou,...
Introduction
Residential areas refer to spaces of land generally considered for housing activities, rather than for commercial and industrial purposes. On the other
hand, zoning is the process by which the local government determines the uses of land for different purposes by designating each activity to a given
piece of land using a map of zones, which include residential, industrial, commercial and forest activities among others. Residential zoning, therefore,
is the process by which the government control or oversee the constructions that are strictly for residential purposes, governed by laws and mostly in
use in developed cities. This essay is an in–depth analysis of residential zoning practises, with a focus on the case of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, there are plans by the government, passed in 2009, which aimed at increasing the development of the entire region of Pearl River
Delta. As of 2014, the mayor of the region is Chen Jianhua, and the CPC secretary is Wan Qignliang. The region has a GPD of $249 billion and per
capita income of $17,558, with an annual economic growth rate of 12.5 percent, making it a beta city in the global ranking (O'Connor 34). According to
the 2010 census results, the 10 districts in the region had Biyun District registering the highest number of people, whereas Conghua district registered
the lowest at 2.2 million and 593,000 respectively. By comparison, the other districts were populated in the following manner: Yuexiu (1.16), Liwan
(898,000), Haizhu (1.56), Tainhe (1.43), Huangpu (831,600), Panyu (1.76), Huadu (945,000), Nansha (259,900), and Zengcheng (1 million). The
average population density of the city at the time of this census was 1,708 persons per square Kilometre (Doel & Hubbard 314).
Lot size Zoning in Major Cities
Most cities in the world today carry out zoning activities to achieve different objective, the most common of which is lot coverage, regulation of
building heights, or functional zoning (which refers to regulating the type of activities that are being carried out on a piece of land). In any given
political economy, lot size zoning is also referred to as

Spatial Planning And Spatial Planning
Spatial planning is assisting with a change in emphasis by governments in the way they think about the role of planning to support, change and manage
economic growth, improve quality of life, through a growing understanding of the dynamics of sustained development. Spatial planning focusses that
planning can be more than the traditional regulatory and zoning practices of land use.
Spatial planning is regional planning, transportation, environment social and economic growth of an area local region through new models,
technologies. The spatial planning is more attributed to Regional Planning, Localised Sustained development.
Labour Government's implementing the spatial planning as environmental manifesto focusing on two related and critical issues. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The resource management with skill development which needs to make spatial plans has to be superior to the old traditional use of planning. The Land
use plans were more of Governmental not participative plans, but spatial plans have been stressed upon to achieve the decentralised localised
participation. Hence the importance of keeping in mind while spatial planning one should consider of cultural, especially multicultural metro urban
requirements.
How spatial planning is different from Land use planning:
The traditional Land Use planning was regulating the use and development of land by government norms and conditions where as in spatial planning
it's shaping the norms in more democratic way, but ultimately in ground zero it becomes the same as authorities will decide.
Scheduling of policy frame work and decision of rules to regulate administrate are mapped and designed for development work in land use planning
where as in spatial planning its identifying key areas of change inclusive development of all functional areas. But at the time of implementation of the
same it's the authorities and regional body for allocation of

Sprawl Essay
Sprawl
What is Sprawl?
Once upon a time, sprawl was a fairly neutral term to describe car dependent, low–density economic growth beyond the bounds of older suburbs. Now
it is used almost exclusively to describe the dark side of that growth: unbearable traffic, vanishing open space, increasing levels of air and water
pollution, and higher taxes to perpetuate the cycle of new schools, sewers, and roads. And that's just what the residents of older suburbs are feeling.
Sprawl is even less attractive to urban residents who are left behind and involuntarily subsidize the outward migration ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sprawl is on politicians' minds. Sprawl in on the minds of the electorate as well. In a recent survey on resident's biggest concerns about their
communities, respondents said that that sprawl and traffic tied with crime as their primary concern.
Some communities are adopting "smart growth" policies, which regulate the development of open spaces to ensure land isn't completely
consumed by housing tracts and strip malls and create land–use policies to preserve farmland. But critics of smart growth say it is unfair to restrict land
use and that people have a right to build and develop land where they can afford to do it.
Some "smart growth" policies include:
strengthen and direct development toward existing communities
a range of housing choices
walk–able neighborhoods
attractive communities with a sense of place
mixed land uses
preservation of farmland and natural areas
a variety of transportation choices
compact building design
On One Hand...
The thirst for more houses farther and farther away from established urban centers poses a grave threat to the environment and our quality of life.
Greedy developers consume

The New Castle Town Council
In 2008 the New Castle Town Council appointed an eleven–member Steering Committee made up of local residents, business interests, and members of
the Planning Commission and Town Council to guide a new vision for the long–term growth and development of the community. This effort was in
response to pending growth pressures, for which the community was not fully prepared. After some months and considerable community input, the
Planning Commission recommended and the Town Council adopted the Town of New Castle Comprehensive Plan on May 27, 2009.
Prior to the adoption of the Plan, the National and local economies were strong. As a result, New Castle had begun to experience significant change.
The intent of the Plan was to establish a path for community growth that, while accommodating new housing, businesses, services, jobs, parks/open
spaces, non–motorized access systems, transportation, environmental protection and community infrastructure, would ensure that growth and change
would not adversely the small–town character and community values that residents wanted to preserve.
As the community planning process neared its conclusion, the National economy began to experience a slow–down, which in time became significant.
Growth and development in the Roaring Fork and Colorado River Valleys also were affected. This economic downturn fundamentally stopped new
development activity in New Castle. Moe recently, while the upper valley resort economy has experienced improvement

Essay on Houstons Land Use Policy
Priscilla Ortiz
Government 2306
Professor Andrew Teas
Houston Land Use Policy Houston is a large city with very unique qualities that most cities cannot even begin to understand, but is this just Houstonian
pride talking? No, actually one of the unique qualities that Houston has is how we handle our land use planning. Houston is well known for not having
any zoning ordinances, which has become a well–known topic for a while now. People argue weather our lack of zoning is chaotic, unorthodox, or
independent and distinct. Another unique quality that we have is where our political culture stands. Dr. Elazar's "Individualistic– Traditionalistic"
study of political culture talks about three categories moralistic, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The broader picture to Houston is that it comes from the biggest state in the U.S, Texas. Texas has a vast amount of people and within these people
there are different types of mindsets but there are also similar ones things like this are what describe are Political culture which the book, Texas Politics
12th edition, defines it as a shared system of values, beliefs and habits of behavior with regard about politics. Dr. Elazar describes political culture as
everyone being impacted by the beliefs and values of the dominant groups in society; these groups can range in between three categories of political
culture moralistic, Individualistic, and traditionalistic. According to the book, moralistic political culture is when citizens understand the state and the
nation as commonwealths designed to further the shared interest of everyone. In Individualistic political culture, citizens understand the state and the
nation as marketplaces in which people strive to better their personal welfare, citizen participation is encouraged. In Traditionalistic political culture,
citizens technically believe in democracy, but emphasize respect to elite rule within a hierarchal society and citizen participation is not encouraged.
Texas stands right in between Individualistic and Traditionalistic in the scale of political culture.Texas is a midpoint between individualistic and
traditionalistic; some people think that there is a

Urbanization Of The 21st Century
Introduction
The 21st century is witnessing an increase of the world's population into urban dwellers. Dramatic movement of people into major towns and cities of
the world is caused by rapid sprawl; this is observed in developed and developing countries. This increasing recognition is inevitable; therefore the
solution to urban problems depends largely on effective planning, infrastructural management and development. Usually, unplannedpopulation growth
is associated to population demands that supersede infrastructure and service capacity, leading to the degradation of the environment.
Urbanization is important, but its development is effected at the expense of deforestation, destruction of biotopes, fragmentation of ecosystems,
consequently shrinking of the open space among many other things. Acity should be a complex system that should entail several interactive
sub–systems, it should be affected by various factors including governmental land policies, population growth, transportation infrastructure, market
behavior to mention just a few.
Land use and transportation systems are considered as the two most vital subsystems determining the long term urban form and structure. Meanwhile,
urban growth is one of the most important topics in urban studies, and its main driving forces are population growth and transportation development.
Rapid urban growth stresses the capacity of governments to provide adequate basic services such as road network.
Everyone has seen urban

Land Use And Land Cover Changes
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Land–use and land–cover changes (LULCC) induced by human and natural processes a major role in global as well as regional scale patterns of the
climate and biogeochemistry of the earth system (Ramachandra et al., 2012).Now a day's Global warming is highly increasing as a result of massive
land–use and land–cover (LULC) changes. The change in land–use land–cover leads to environmental change, rainy season fluctuation, increase sea
surface temperature (SST) and land surface temperature (LST). This massive land–use and land–cover change is due increase the need of land for
settlement and agricultural. Land is scarce (limited) natural resource which cannot be change when the number of population increases. Land–use
should be matched with land capacity and at the same time it should respect the environment, and global climate system (FAO/UNEP, 1999).Land–use
is converting over time and the most important driving force of land–use changes the human need. Human population is increasing and it causes
transformation of natural ecosystems into human landscapes. Human settlements, the need for farmland and especially, large urban and industrial areas
significantly modify their environment. Changing from permeable and moist land uses to impermeable and dry one with paving and building material
can sharply affect energy budget and land surface temperature (Guo et al., 2012), as well as

Human Impacts Toward Soil Biodiversity
METHODS
Data Collation
Data was collected from published studies or in–press studies that focused on human impacts toward soil biodiversity. Potential relevant studies must
compare multiple sites which having different land use type and/or intensity. In addition, species abundance, richness, occurrence, or other diversity
metrics must be present in the study, so that diversity can be estimated. Furthermore, the information of the sites location is also very important, studies
which have the sites coordinates are more preferable. The coordinates are very useful not just to pinpoint the exact location on the map, but also to
help us acquire other information, e.g. climate, biome, and ecoregion (all paper criteria similar to Newbold et al. 2015). To find these potential relevant
studies, I used Web of Science (http://webofknowledge.com/) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.co.uk) as the search engine with "soil
invertebrate", "land–use", "pitfall trap", and "ground invertebrate" as my search term.
The corresponding authors of the suitable studies were contacted, asking whether they are willing to share their raw data (which were not usually
made fully available in the paper or supplementary files). From the total of 24 authors contacted, five of them agreed to give me the raw data. After
receiving the data, they were coded into a structured pdf form and excel spreadsheet. The pdf form captured the site– and species–specific information
provided by the papers or

Air Traffic Control System Of Sdf
SMF's location provides for the most efficient flight operations and the future airport developments will cost–effectively satisfy the growing aviation
demand in the area. The runway, taxiway, and ramp configurations at SMF provide an efficient access system for arriving and departing aircraft today,
but there are current assessments in progress of runway lengths required for future non–stop service to European and Asian destinations. The current
instrument and visual landing systems meet the required flight operations standards based on the airports total flight operations and weather. The air
traffic control system is state–of–the–art and meets the current and future operational requirements well into the year 2035 according to the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2008, the Sacramento County Airport System began a monumental improvement project worth 1.03 billion dollars for terminal modernization of the
old Terminal B. The new complex is almost three times bigger and has an automated state–of–the–art people mover. The new terminal won the "Green
Project of the Year" award by the Sacramento Business Journal due to its smart technology and green design, which is reducing energy, costs
exponentially. This modern approach makes today's daily ground access operations sufficient to meet the current and future demand. Airport planners
and managers at SMF have effectively applied the modus operandi of terminal and ground access operations. SMF's master plan reveals the impending
future facilities that will expediently process the upcoming volumes of airport visitors well into 2020 and beyond (Master, 2004).
The Sacramento County Airport System has been successful at maintaining a balanced economic, political, and social climate at SMF. The continuous
engagement from the airport's management with the community that it serves, its tenants, suppliers, and service providers is evident. The community
and SMF have worked together to identify some of the environmental effects in the surrounding communities. The major environmental categories
affecting SMF are Aircraft Noise, Compatible Land Use, and Air Quality. Secondary categories

The Increasing Need for Urban Planning
1. Introduction Quantitative urban studies are becoming increasingly important for planners knowing that in the year 2015 more than half the global
population will be residing in cities [1]. Suitable urban planning ought to be a top priority for future development but unfortunately sound planning has
not taken place especially in many African cities as heavy rural–urban migration continues to cause cities to expand at uncontrollable rates [2]. As a
consequence, the urban population in Africa is increasing at a much faster rate than in the rest of the world, contributing to the augmentation of the
existing problems such as unsuitable land–use [3]. The concentration of population in cities comprises as much as 60% of the total population in most
countries. In these immense urban settlements the environmental and social consequences are sometimes disastrous [4]. Large cities in Africa such as
Nakuru have experienced a fast growth rate of 13.3% between 1990 and 2006 [5]. The magnification has been attributed to a number of factors, mainly
the aperture of the new Naivasha–Nakuru road, which links the megacity of Nairobi. Post–election violence is verbally expressed to be one of the
contributing factors, since many displaced people from neighboring towns migrated to Nakuru as a safe shelter. The main consequences in these
African cities include; urban sprawl, unsuitable land–use, inadequate transportation systems, air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources,

China 's Recent Urban Planning
Study Context and Data Sources
2.1 Beijing's Recent Urban Planning
Beijing is the capital of China and one of the most populous cities in the world. The current population as of 2014 was over 21 million. The area of
Beijing Metropolitan Area (BMA) is 16,410 square kilometers. According to land use dataset of Beijing Institute ofCity Planning, the total urban area
as of 2012 was 1,675 square kilometers. The BMA currently comprises 16 administrative subdivisions, as presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1 The Beijing Metropolitan Area Since the latest administrative boundary adjustment of Beijing in 1958, there have been five urban master
plans drafted in 1958, 1973, 1982, 1992 and 2004. Each master plan was associated with a planned overall land use map. Individual land parcels in the
map were assigned with a land classification of either urban (residential, commercial, industrial, public green land, and mixed–use land) or non–urban
(farmland, forestland, and wetland) (Long, Gu, & Han, 2012). The maps guide the future urban development, and actual land uses should conform to
the land classification plan.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the BMA has experienced an unprecedented increase in population growth and urban development. By the year 2003,
Beijing's population and urban built–up area had already surpassed the capacity set forth in the 1992 –2010 Master Plan, seven years ahead of the
plan's scheduled expiration date. To address new challenges and plan for greater

Descriptive Statistics Of A Distribution Of Job...
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics of variables used in this study. Based on the ACS 2009–2013, the median housing price and median rent in
Chicago metropolitan area are $266,371 and $912, respectively. The average value of job accessibility and mixed land use are 1.01 and 2.57,
respectively. Figure 3 presents a Kernel distribution of job accessibility and mixed land use, which shows that they have different distributions.
Average room is 2.64 and average year built is 61. Average housing cost is $1,368. Average age and average household size is 36 and 2.66,
respectively. The proportions of black and Hispanic are about 20%. Average residential density is 7.25 (housing/mile2), and the proportion of single
housing is about 50%. The average distance to nearest park is 0.38mile, and the average vacancy rate is 10%. As discussed above, our unit of analysis
is census tract, and 2,014 census tracts are used in this study.
Figure 3. Density of Job Accessibility Index and Mixed Land Use
Figure 4 presents the spatial distribution of job accessibility measured based on the equation (9) and mixed land use measured based on the equation
(11). Job accessibility decreases as distance from the CBD increases, but interestingly job accessibility in the northern part from the CBD is high.
Although many reasons may affect this spatial distribution of job accessibility, this can be simply explained that job supply is higher than job demand.
This pattern of job accessibility seems

Urban Land Use And Transportation Planning

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