The document is a study on urban governance in Mumbai that includes an introduction and review of literature on the topic. The introduction discusses the importance of infrastructure for citizens in Mumbai and issues with the Municipal Corporation's management of infrastructure projects. It notes that while the Municipal Corporation undertakes initiatives, corruption leads to failed or deteriorated infrastructure. The review of literature summarizes several sources that discuss issues with urban governance in Mumbai like affordable housing, management of infrastructure demands, and analysis of governance in Mumbai's wastewater and sanitation sector. The objective of the study is to understand citizen views on the Municipal Corporation's work and gather suggestions.
Urban governance in vidyavihar research methodologyDrishti Rai
7
The document provides information on a survey conducted with 10 residents of Central Railway Quarters in Vidyavihar, Mumbai to understand their perspectives on urban governance and initiatives by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM).
6
Good
5
Average
4
Poor
3
The survey collected demographic details of respondents and asked questions related to physical and social infrastructure in their area. For physical infrastructure, roads received the highest average rating of 36% while availability of parking was rated the lowest at 26%. For social infrastructure, supply of electricity received the highest rating of 62% while quality of education in municipal schools was rated the lowest at 32%.
2
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization in India and the need to ensure world-class civic amenities in urban areas. It notes that the urban population in India grew from 27.81% in 2001 to 31.16% in 2011, bringing new challenges around infrastructure, housing, transportation, healthcare, education and sanitation. To manage this growth, the document calls for meticulous town planning, robust local governance, and developing 500 new cities with proper infrastructure over the next two decades to support the increasing population.
The document provides an overview of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), which is responsible for providing civic services to Mumbai but is not a government body. It discusses BMC's role in maintaining infrastructure like roads and parks, as well as providing services like garbage disposal, water, and education. The BMC has a large annual budget funded by taxes, but its performance is questionable in areas like road maintenance and waste management. It also has a high ratio of employees to citizens. The document emphasizes that citizens should hold their local corporators accountable for ensuring BMC fulfills its responsibilities.
FUNCTION OF VILLAGE PEOPLE'S REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT O...IAEME Publication
The village was given a mandate by Law No. 6 of 2014 to manage the government
and various natural resources owned, including financial management. In managing
Village Poo finances, the village head is required to collaborate with the village
council to participate in carrying out the supervision function of village funds as
instructed by the Village Law. This study uses the socio-legal method in reviewing the
supervisory functions possessed by Village Poo village legislature. This study shows
that the village council supervision function of Village Poo's financial management
has not gone well because there are still technical village management officials
appointed directly by the village head
The document discusses solutions to improve Indian cities. It identifies issues with the Indian economy, citizens' attitudes, poor space management, and poor administration as problems facing Indian cities. Solutions proposed include improving economy management by increasing skilled labor and retrieving black money, enforcing rules to change citizens' attitudes, implementing flat housing and leasing land to better manage space, and improving public facilities, encouraging youth in government, and increasing oversight to address poor administration. The solutions aim to develop well-managed cities, efficient economies, responsible citizens and administration, maximize available space, and utilize existing resources efficiently. Precautions like not creating political issues and ensuring basic needs are addressed during implementation are also discussed.
This document provides information on various topics related to humanities, including urbanization in India and globally, smart cities, infrastructure development in India focusing on Mumbai, characteristics of ideal open public spaces, patterns of urbanization in India, culture of Mumbai city, public housing and slum development in Mumbai, trends and pace of urbanization in India, and migration. It discusses issues like unemployment, housing, pollution, and lack of infrastructure facing urban areas in India. It also explains concepts like smart cities, types of slums in Mumbai like chawls and definitions of urban area used in India.
The document summarizes urban research conducted on local stores. The researcher observed store layouts, inquired about stock refills, and investigated home delivery options for kirana stores and chemists. Findings indicated cross-selling was difficult and businesses relied heavily on word of mouth. Recommendations included print advertising in calendars, local publications, and sponsoring community events. Challenges included lack of store owner time and reluctance to participate.
INTI 13 - Un observatoire Catalyse pour la ville des Abymes en Guadeloupe, Fr...Territorial Intelligence
The document summarizes the context for establishing a territorial observatory for the town of Les Abymes in Guadeloupe, France. It provides background on Les Abymes, noting its large population size and role as the gateway to the archipelago. It also outlines the town's economic development potential but high unemployment and security issues. The town aims to become an "intelligent and sustainable town" through tools like a territorial observatory that will help understand its territory better and inform local public policy decisions. The observatory will analyze social needs, support economic players, and reduce the digital divide to ultimately increase territorial attractiveness and employment.
Urban governance in vidyavihar research methodologyDrishti Rai
7
The document provides information on a survey conducted with 10 residents of Central Railway Quarters in Vidyavihar, Mumbai to understand their perspectives on urban governance and initiatives by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM).
6
Good
5
Average
4
Poor
3
The survey collected demographic details of respondents and asked questions related to physical and social infrastructure in their area. For physical infrastructure, roads received the highest average rating of 36% while availability of parking was rated the lowest at 26%. For social infrastructure, supply of electricity received the highest rating of 62% while quality of education in municipal schools was rated the lowest at 32%.
2
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization in India and the need to ensure world-class civic amenities in urban areas. It notes that the urban population in India grew from 27.81% in 2001 to 31.16% in 2011, bringing new challenges around infrastructure, housing, transportation, healthcare, education and sanitation. To manage this growth, the document calls for meticulous town planning, robust local governance, and developing 500 new cities with proper infrastructure over the next two decades to support the increasing population.
The document provides an overview of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), which is responsible for providing civic services to Mumbai but is not a government body. It discusses BMC's role in maintaining infrastructure like roads and parks, as well as providing services like garbage disposal, water, and education. The BMC has a large annual budget funded by taxes, but its performance is questionable in areas like road maintenance and waste management. It also has a high ratio of employees to citizens. The document emphasizes that citizens should hold their local corporators accountable for ensuring BMC fulfills its responsibilities.
FUNCTION OF VILLAGE PEOPLE'S REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT O...IAEME Publication
The village was given a mandate by Law No. 6 of 2014 to manage the government
and various natural resources owned, including financial management. In managing
Village Poo finances, the village head is required to collaborate with the village
council to participate in carrying out the supervision function of village funds as
instructed by the Village Law. This study uses the socio-legal method in reviewing the
supervisory functions possessed by Village Poo village legislature. This study shows
that the village council supervision function of Village Poo's financial management
has not gone well because there are still technical village management officials
appointed directly by the village head
The document discusses solutions to improve Indian cities. It identifies issues with the Indian economy, citizens' attitudes, poor space management, and poor administration as problems facing Indian cities. Solutions proposed include improving economy management by increasing skilled labor and retrieving black money, enforcing rules to change citizens' attitudes, implementing flat housing and leasing land to better manage space, and improving public facilities, encouraging youth in government, and increasing oversight to address poor administration. The solutions aim to develop well-managed cities, efficient economies, responsible citizens and administration, maximize available space, and utilize existing resources efficiently. Precautions like not creating political issues and ensuring basic needs are addressed during implementation are also discussed.
This document provides information on various topics related to humanities, including urbanization in India and globally, smart cities, infrastructure development in India focusing on Mumbai, characteristics of ideal open public spaces, patterns of urbanization in India, culture of Mumbai city, public housing and slum development in Mumbai, trends and pace of urbanization in India, and migration. It discusses issues like unemployment, housing, pollution, and lack of infrastructure facing urban areas in India. It also explains concepts like smart cities, types of slums in Mumbai like chawls and definitions of urban area used in India.
The document summarizes urban research conducted on local stores. The researcher observed store layouts, inquired about stock refills, and investigated home delivery options for kirana stores and chemists. Findings indicated cross-selling was difficult and businesses relied heavily on word of mouth. Recommendations included print advertising in calendars, local publications, and sponsoring community events. Challenges included lack of store owner time and reluctance to participate.
INTI 13 - Un observatoire Catalyse pour la ville des Abymes en Guadeloupe, Fr...Territorial Intelligence
The document summarizes the context for establishing a territorial observatory for the town of Les Abymes in Guadeloupe, France. It provides background on Les Abymes, noting its large population size and role as the gateway to the archipelago. It also outlines the town's economic development potential but high unemployment and security issues. The town aims to become an "intelligent and sustainable town" through tools like a territorial observatory that will help understand its territory better and inform local public policy decisions. The observatory will analyze social needs, support economic players, and reduce the digital divide to ultimately increase territorial attractiveness and employment.
This document proposes establishing an Australian Peri-urban Observatory to raise the profile of peri-urban issues, provide a permanent presence for related research and action, and serve as an interdisciplinary hub. It outlines existing international observatories as models and notes quasi-observatory functions already in Australia. The proposed Observatory would act as an independent information and analysis source on Australian peri-urban areas through research repository, commentary, and funded projects. It would involve a research network from universities and agencies and operate initially through a consortium website and small monitoring/capacity building projects.
Landscape Observatory of Catalonia. Challenges and perspectivesPere Sala i Martí
Presentació al Seminari 'European Landscape Observatories' (Espoo, Finlàndia, 18 de març de 2016), organitzat per la Universitat d'Aalto.
Presentación en el Seminario 'European Landscape Observatories' (Espoo, Finlandia, 18 de marzo 2016), organizado por la Universidad de Aalto.
Presentation at the Seminar 'European Landscape Observatories' (Espoo, Finland, 18 March 2016), organized by the Aalto University.
Towards a Design Methodology for Urban Informatics Researchkavasmlikon
This document discusses urban informatics and proposes a methodology for urban informatics research. It defines urban informatics as the study of urban experiences created through real-time ubiquitous technology. The proposed methodology is cross-disciplinary, drawing from social sciences, ubiquitous computing, and human-computer interaction. It advocates for action research, design research, and action design research approaches. The goal is the creation of artifacts that solve problems and provide design knowledge and guidelines.
Ethnographic observatory design and social innovation in rioDESIS_Showcase
The document discusses creating an ethnographic observatory in Rio de Janeiro to observe transformations happening in urban public spaces, capture stories and images, and analyze questions involved to propose future possibilities for the areas using strategic design tools. A graduation class has been conducting ethnographic research, and design is being used to materialize the anthropological analysis into proposed interventions in social urban spaces.
دراسة تحليلية لمجاورات سكنية - اسكان - سنة 3 - ابراهيم الرداعيIbrahem Qasim
للتحميل: https://mribrahem.github.io/college_research/
جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا
معماري مستوى ثالث 2013-2014
دراسة تحليلية لمجاورات سكنية
ضمن متطلبات مادة إسكان "نظري"
إبراهيم الرداعي
770633517
-اسكان - سنة 3 - ابراهيم الرداعي
مشروع فلوريا سيتي (كوردستان العراق).
مشروع نيو سيتي (عدن).
مدينة الصالح السكنية (عدن).
Qualitative Research Method - an Introduction (updated jan 2011)Hora Tjitra
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It discusses key aspects of qualitative research such as what qualitative research refers to, common qualitative research paradigms, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The document also outlines the qualitative research process from developing research topics and questions to data collection and analysis. It provides examples of common qualitative research designs including field research, case studies, and action research. Data collection techniques in qualitative research like interviews and observation are also examined.
1. Research is a systematic investigation to increase knowledge. It is needed locally to account for ethnic, cultural, economic factors.
2. Research methodology involves designing and conducting research, while EBM uses existing research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
3. The main types of research are quantitative (descriptive, analytical) and qualitative. Descriptive studies observe phenomena while analytical studies assess relationships.
This document discusses using a literature-based research methodology for student dissertations. It outlines:
1) A constructionist approach to teaching and learning that encourages students to actively engage with research.
2) Key aspects of a literature-based dissertation including defining a research problem, reviewing relevant literature, using a structured methodology, and engaging students in the research process.
3) Components of a literature-based methodology such as sampling strategies, data collection tools for reviewing literature, and analyzing data thematically while considering disciplinary and professional contexts.
Research methodology is the systematic process of investigating a subject or problem to discover relevant information. It involves establishing a conceptual understanding or assessing facets of a problem through objective and systematic investigation. There are two main types of research: fundamental research which seeks to expand knowledge, and applied research which uses existing knowledge to solve problems. Research requires defining objectives, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It provides information to make evidence-based decisions.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
The document discusses research methodology and defines research. It provides examples of what constitutes research and what does not. Research is defined as a systematic, logical process that includes understanding the problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and generalizing findings. The document also discusses types of research questions, purposes of research, and common challenges in conducting research.
This document summarizes the key components of a research methodology section, including:
1) Explaining how data was collected and analyzed to obtain results.
2) Justifying the methods used by explaining why they were appropriate for the research objectives and data being collected.
3) Discussing any problems encountered and how they were addressed.
Research methodology for behavioral researchrip1971
The document provides an overview of research methodology for behavioral research. It aims to introduce research methodology and multivariate data analysis to new Ph.D. students. Topics covered include conceptualization, measurement, research design, multivariate analysis, and structural equation modeling. The goal is to provide hands-on experience with techniques like LISREL for analyzing behavioral research questions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
The Devolution of Powers of BSB: “Would the introduction of the Mayoral Syste...Malik Omar
Presented this powerpoint as part of the requirement of the Paper Development Workshop organised by the Brunei Postgraduate Society on the 10th September 2016. Attached is also the draft abstract submitted (see slide 22) for the event.
The document discusses ensuring world-class civic amenities in urban India. It notes that India's urban population is growing rapidly and will account for 50% of the total population by 2025. However, current civic infrastructure is inadequate, with most cities lacking proper sanitation, roads, transportation and other amenities. Providing housing, water, transportation and managing waste are some of the major challenges faced. A strong, well-managed infrastructure is needed to support this urban growth and ensure access to basic services and amenities.
The document discusses ensuring world-class civic amenities in urban India. It notes that India's urban population is growing rapidly and will account for 50% of the total population by 2025. However, current civic infrastructure is inadequate, with many cities lacking basic services like sanitation, roads, and public transportation. Providing housing, water, transportation, waste disposal and other amenities to growing urban populations is challenging due to barriers like lack of funding and policy support. The document argues that developing strong, well-managed infrastructure is essential to meet these challenges and ensure high quality civic services and living standards in India's future cities.
Metropolitan governance can be defined as collaboration between governmental and non-governmental agencies to ensure quality of living through services and policy implementation within a metropolitan area. There are 8 known metropolitan arrangements in the Philippines, each with their own governing bodies. Models of metropolitan governance include a metropolitan city with a single LGU responsible for all functions, jurisdictional fragmentation with a second-tier structure like a council or authority, and functional fragmentation with autonomous entities undertaking specific services. Key elements for effective metropolitan planning are a common vision, unified economic and political base, and an appropriate governance structure.
This document proposes establishing an Australian Peri-urban Observatory to raise the profile of peri-urban issues, provide a permanent presence for related research and action, and serve as an interdisciplinary hub. It outlines existing international observatories as models and notes quasi-observatory functions already in Australia. The proposed Observatory would act as an independent information and analysis source on Australian peri-urban areas through research repository, commentary, and funded projects. It would involve a research network from universities and agencies and operate initially through a consortium website and small monitoring/capacity building projects.
Landscape Observatory of Catalonia. Challenges and perspectivesPere Sala i Martí
Presentació al Seminari 'European Landscape Observatories' (Espoo, Finlàndia, 18 de març de 2016), organitzat per la Universitat d'Aalto.
Presentación en el Seminario 'European Landscape Observatories' (Espoo, Finlandia, 18 de marzo 2016), organizado por la Universidad de Aalto.
Presentation at the Seminar 'European Landscape Observatories' (Espoo, Finland, 18 March 2016), organized by the Aalto University.
Towards a Design Methodology for Urban Informatics Researchkavasmlikon
This document discusses urban informatics and proposes a methodology for urban informatics research. It defines urban informatics as the study of urban experiences created through real-time ubiquitous technology. The proposed methodology is cross-disciplinary, drawing from social sciences, ubiquitous computing, and human-computer interaction. It advocates for action research, design research, and action design research approaches. The goal is the creation of artifacts that solve problems and provide design knowledge and guidelines.
Ethnographic observatory design and social innovation in rioDESIS_Showcase
The document discusses creating an ethnographic observatory in Rio de Janeiro to observe transformations happening in urban public spaces, capture stories and images, and analyze questions involved to propose future possibilities for the areas using strategic design tools. A graduation class has been conducting ethnographic research, and design is being used to materialize the anthropological analysis into proposed interventions in social urban spaces.
دراسة تحليلية لمجاورات سكنية - اسكان - سنة 3 - ابراهيم الرداعيIbrahem Qasim
للتحميل: https://mribrahem.github.io/college_research/
جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا
معماري مستوى ثالث 2013-2014
دراسة تحليلية لمجاورات سكنية
ضمن متطلبات مادة إسكان "نظري"
إبراهيم الرداعي
770633517
-اسكان - سنة 3 - ابراهيم الرداعي
مشروع فلوريا سيتي (كوردستان العراق).
مشروع نيو سيتي (عدن).
مدينة الصالح السكنية (عدن).
Qualitative Research Method - an Introduction (updated jan 2011)Hora Tjitra
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It discusses key aspects of qualitative research such as what qualitative research refers to, common qualitative research paradigms, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The document also outlines the qualitative research process from developing research topics and questions to data collection and analysis. It provides examples of common qualitative research designs including field research, case studies, and action research. Data collection techniques in qualitative research like interviews and observation are also examined.
1. Research is a systematic investigation to increase knowledge. It is needed locally to account for ethnic, cultural, economic factors.
2. Research methodology involves designing and conducting research, while EBM uses existing research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
3. The main types of research are quantitative (descriptive, analytical) and qualitative. Descriptive studies observe phenomena while analytical studies assess relationships.
This document discusses using a literature-based research methodology for student dissertations. It outlines:
1) A constructionist approach to teaching and learning that encourages students to actively engage with research.
2) Key aspects of a literature-based dissertation including defining a research problem, reviewing relevant literature, using a structured methodology, and engaging students in the research process.
3) Components of a literature-based methodology such as sampling strategies, data collection tools for reviewing literature, and analyzing data thematically while considering disciplinary and professional contexts.
Research methodology is the systematic process of investigating a subject or problem to discover relevant information. It involves establishing a conceptual understanding or assessing facets of a problem through objective and systematic investigation. There are two main types of research: fundamental research which seeks to expand knowledge, and applied research which uses existing knowledge to solve problems. Research requires defining objectives, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It provides information to make evidence-based decisions.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
The document discusses research methodology and defines research. It provides examples of what constitutes research and what does not. Research is defined as a systematic, logical process that includes understanding the problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and generalizing findings. The document also discusses types of research questions, purposes of research, and common challenges in conducting research.
This document summarizes the key components of a research methodology section, including:
1) Explaining how data was collected and analyzed to obtain results.
2) Justifying the methods used by explaining why they were appropriate for the research objectives and data being collected.
3) Discussing any problems encountered and how they were addressed.
Research methodology for behavioral researchrip1971
The document provides an overview of research methodology for behavioral research. It aims to introduce research methodology and multivariate data analysis to new Ph.D. students. Topics covered include conceptualization, measurement, research design, multivariate analysis, and structural equation modeling. The goal is to provide hands-on experience with techniques like LISREL for analyzing behavioral research questions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
The Devolution of Powers of BSB: “Would the introduction of the Mayoral Syste...Malik Omar
Presented this powerpoint as part of the requirement of the Paper Development Workshop organised by the Brunei Postgraduate Society on the 10th September 2016. Attached is also the draft abstract submitted (see slide 22) for the event.
The document discusses ensuring world-class civic amenities in urban India. It notes that India's urban population is growing rapidly and will account for 50% of the total population by 2025. However, current civic infrastructure is inadequate, with most cities lacking proper sanitation, roads, transportation and other amenities. Providing housing, water, transportation and managing waste are some of the major challenges faced. A strong, well-managed infrastructure is needed to support this urban growth and ensure access to basic services and amenities.
The document discusses ensuring world-class civic amenities in urban India. It notes that India's urban population is growing rapidly and will account for 50% of the total population by 2025. However, current civic infrastructure is inadequate, with many cities lacking basic services like sanitation, roads, and public transportation. Providing housing, water, transportation, waste disposal and other amenities to growing urban populations is challenging due to barriers like lack of funding and policy support. The document argues that developing strong, well-managed infrastructure is essential to meet these challenges and ensure high quality civic services and living standards in India's future cities.
Metropolitan governance can be defined as collaboration between governmental and non-governmental agencies to ensure quality of living through services and policy implementation within a metropolitan area. There are 8 known metropolitan arrangements in the Philippines, each with their own governing bodies. Models of metropolitan governance include a metropolitan city with a single LGU responsible for all functions, jurisdictional fragmentation with a second-tier structure like a council or authority, and functional fragmentation with autonomous entities undertaking specific services. Key elements for effective metropolitan planning are a common vision, unified economic and political base, and an appropriate governance structure.
Sustainable development IE Application 2015jibles1987
Bangalore's lifestyle does not fully reflect sustainable development. While the economy is strong due to the IT industry, rapid growth has strained infrastructure and the environment. Issues include inadequate basic services in new areas, failure of positive discrimination systems, lack of women's safety, and overuse of water threatening supplies. Solutions involve increasing government zones to match growth, updating discrimination policies, empowering citizen forums, mandatory rainwater harvesting, improved waste management, and boosting public transit and startups to raise living standards. Overall, balancing social, economic and environmental needs through open dialogue between leaders and citizens is key to achieving sustainable development in Bangalore.
The document discusses urban institutional frameworks and governance in India. It provides background on programs like JNNURM and AMRUT that aim to enhance urban infrastructure and governance. It outlines the objectives, importance, funding structures, and organizational setups of these programs. It also analyzes issues in JNNURM implementation and how AMRUT aims to address them to improve urban development outcomes.
This document discusses metropolitan governance arrangements in the Philippines. It provides background on the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), which coordinates planning, monitoring, and services across 17 cities and municipalities in Metro Manila. The MMDA is headed by a chairman appointed by the president and has departments that help coordinate functions. Metropolitan arrangements emerged in the 1990s as a way to jointly provide more efficient urban services across multiple local governments. However, they also present challenges around governance structures, identities, priorities, and diversity that need to be addressed. The document examines models of metropolitan arrangements and examples in Metro Manila, Metro BLIST, Metro Naga, and Metro Cebu.
PUA 6304, Local Government 1 Course Learning Outcomes.docxaryan532920
PUA 6304, Local Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the concept of local government service.
2. Examine the functions of local government.
Reading Assignment
State and Local Government:
Chapter 10:
Local Government: Types and Functions
Unit Lesson
Local governments have a long history in this country. As settlements began to develop there were common
or public needs that were identified. These local needs included the provision of potable water sources,
managing waste water, building roads and bridges and protective services like fire and police. Clearly, the
adoption of the services were aimed at providing local services. To identify and respond to these local needs
the US adopted a model that was far different than the central government model that was prevalent in
Europe. In particular, the US model of governance is based on two tiers in the Constitution (federal and state).
Local governments (which are not specifically identified in the Constitution) are under the jurisdiction of the
states and the state legislature.
As communities developed in the US the model included the use of regular, public gatherings of citizens to
consider the types of services and functions that the community was prepared to initiate. These "town hall"
meetings became a hallmark of American democracy in action. Over time, the increasing complexities in
development patterns required more formal structures and organizations to manage communities properly.
For a more detailed discussion of some of the current challenges and solutions related to local government,
see the National League of Cities (NLC) web site at http://www.nlc.org/. The NLC represents more than
19,000 towns and cities across the US.
Local Councils
On a practical basis, most communities have a physical Town Hall which serves as the operational center for
a local government. As we see in the readings, the role of the local government is to provide local services
that serve the best interest of a community from the perspective of both property related services and
services of benefit to the residents. Of course, this part of the system using locally elected officials is very
similar to that used in state legislatures and the federal system. The main difference is that local officials live
in the communities that they govern full time. Hence, they are more readily available to their friends,
neighbors, and citizens. In many cases, local officials are elected on a district or ward basis allowing them to
represent a specific sub-area of the community. Alternatively, we do see some communities where officials
may be elected at-large, representing the entire city.
Practically, decisions are made by locally-elected officials operating as boards or councils. The spokesperson
for local governments usually takes the role of mayor. Again, this is an elected positi ...
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTSShashank Arun
Urban renewal is done to meet the increasing need of infrastructural services in the urban agglomeration due to increasing population (city population & migration). The areas comes under urban renewal are,
Up-gradation of existing infrastructure.
Decongestion of dense urban zones (old city areas).
Providing basic amenities to the citizens (urban poor).
When we say ‘infrastructure’, it does mean the services provided for the better living, basic framework for economic growth, facilities designed for public gatherings, transportation within city etc.
To identify these projects is one part & to execute them is the other. Management of the urban renewal project is different that from normal building projects as they are large in size & scale, they affect not only the people living in the vicinity but also the users. If they are not completed in time, then may increase problem of the users.
Webinar: Social and political implications of brt as a neoliberal contradictionBRTCoE
This document discusses the social and political implications of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems from a neoliberal perspective. It provides background on BRT and case studies from various cities to illustrate how BRT both formalizes public transit and introduces contradictions with neoliberal ideology. Specifically, BRT increases the public role of the state through funding and regulation while also increasing potential for public participation and collective worker action. The document analyzes how different cities have approached BRT differently based on their unique political contexts.
This document discusses the challenges facing urban development as populations grow increasingly urban. It notes that over half the world's population now lives in cities, and that number will continue increasing dramatically. Sustainable urban development is challenging due to demands on infrastructure, resources, and budgets. The document calls for greater autonomy for cities, public-private partnerships, empowered local governments, green building practices from large organizations, and a focus on priorities like transportation, housing, and renewable energy.
The document summarizes governance challenges in four major Indian cities - Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata. It discusses three major issues with urban governance: living conditions of increasing populations, economic development, and political decision-making. Good governance components include transparency, accountability, anti-corruption measures, respect for human rights, and decentralization. However, urban governance is complex with many actors involved and power dispersed across different bodies. The rise of India's middle class is also transforming urban areas and impacting education and democracy. Vertical relationships between patrons and citizens also influence governance through practices like patronage and corruption.
It is a summarized document explaining the role of technology in assisting Kenyan youths in combating corruption through accountability. The presentation outlines various channels such as budget planning, community score cards and other process in which the youth can use ICT to combat this vice. The presentation also gives examples of the issues so far raised by youths on social media.
This document provides a master development plan for Sibale Island in the Philippines. It includes sections on management, utilities, infrastructure, environment, tourism, education, and other topics. The plan outlines a vision for Sibale to become self-reliant with efficient municipal governance and community services. It recommends establishing a municipal manager position and organizing regular town meetings to engage residents. Improving utilities like water distribution is prioritized through exploring water sources and building infrastructure like dams and canals.
The document discusses an Open City Portal (OCP) proposal for cities to implement e-government strategies. It describes the OCP as having 5 main features: 1) a citizen-centric portal that categorizes services by citizens' needs rather than government structures, 2) easy creation of a portal with just a few clicks, 3) inclusion of all citizens in content development, 4) lower transaction costs, and 5) promoting transparency and administrative reform. A key feature is knowledge sharing between partner cities to exchange best practices. The OCP aims to give even small cities with limited budgets and resources a way to create an effective government portal.
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1. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 1 Introduction
Page 1
2. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
1.1 Introduction
Infrastructure is one among most important factors for any citizen. A large number of
population stays in Mumbai. As large number of population stays in Mumbai so we find
many types of infrastructure. In Mumbai not only infrastructure is important there are
different things which drive people crazy for Mumbai. Most of the people like to come to
Mumbai due to various facilities like gardens, parks, beautified lake, greenery, continuous
supply of electricity, continuous supply of water, etc.
The Municipal Corporation is a body which under takes different initiatives to maintain the
infrastructure in Mumbai. Municipal Corporation takes much initiative but is unsuccessful
because the initiative it takes does not fulfill the needs as what the citizens require. Most of
the time many of the Municipal Corporation officials indulge in corruption which indirectly
leads to failure or deteriorated infrastructure for the citizens. Best example is the roads of
Mumbai, which gets flooded during rains and potholes are formed. None of the Mumbai
citizens are happy with the work done by Municipal Corporation. Not only the roads have
problem but even the drainage system is not good. The MC officials just fill their pockets
rather than working satisfactorily for the wellbeing of the citizens. Many of the people always
keep on complaining about the MC. We always keep on blaming them but we never take any
initiatives to solve the problem. Many times we hear different people complaining about the
work of MC but never see any one doing anything for those issues. Even the young
generation people just keep on complaining but we never see them doing anything for the
city.
1.2 About Municipal Corporation:
Bombay was the first British Indian possession, which came as a part of the royal dowry in
1661 to King Charles II of England on his marriage to the Portuguese princess, Infanta
Catherine de Braganza. Ironically enough, Bombay also set the stage for the birth of the
country's historic freedom movement, as well as for some of its major landmarks, including
Gandhiji's 1942 call to the British to "Quit India". It was in Bombay that the Indian National
Congress was born in 1885. It led the country's struggle for political independence and
indirectly to the liquidation of the British Empire.
The name "Bombay" was changed to "Mumbai" by the Corporation Resolution No.512 dated
August 12, 1996, Maharashtra Act, XXV of 1996
Page 2
3. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
During the period between the rise and fall of the British Empire, Bombay gradually
developed into a town, a city and a metropolis of world renown. Today, the Brihanmumbai
Mahanagarpalika covers an area of 480.24 sqkms. with a population of 1,19,14,378 as per the
census of 2001. The metropolis accounts major portion of India's international trade and
government revenue, from being one of the foremost centers of education, science and
technological research and advancement
It is also pertinent to note that Mumbai's all-round growth owed a lot to the early
development of the system of local government under British rule.
1.3 Services Offered by MC:
In order to bring transparency and smooth collaboration within various departments of
MCGM and for the benefit of the citizens MCGM has embraced E-Governance and
facilitating most essential citizen services through this Portal. The portal offers information
about various aspects of the city, its governance and facilitates citizen services such as
Birth/Death Certificate, registration of complaints, etc.
Initially those services, which do not require any documentation, will be offered on this
portal, other services will be offered subsequently in a phased manner.
On this portal, Citizens can file online complaints and subsequently track the status of their
complaints. Citizen can apply online for Birth and Death certificate, provided the Birth
Registration data of the applicant is available with MCGM and the data is post 1995. It is also
possible to pay property and water taxes through electronic clearance system.
Citizens can search for the licenses & registrations given by MCGM through the link "Data
Lookup".
In addition to the services mentioned above soon it will be possible for a Citizen to apply for
Shop and Establishment registration, apply for Trade License under section 394, 313, 328A,
apply for Heath License u/s section 394, 412 and MPFA License, apply for factory permit,
etc.
Data Lookup
Health Services
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4. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Shops and Establishments
Licenses
Building and Factory
Garden and Trees
Maintenance
Water Works
Market Department
Check Application Status
1.4 Objective:
The main objective of doing this project is as follows:
To know different view of people regarding work of MC
To know different suggestions
To know actual progress of MC
To know whether people actually expect from MC
Page 4
5. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 2 Review of Literature
Page 5
6. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Governance in general and urban governance is the flavor of the season. In this piece
we take the view that it has to do with the strategies that deal with identification of the
lacunae and to make operational (including the ability to do so from economic/
financial point of view) the policy initiatives to be undertaken given the objectives of
the government. The framework of policy regimen is constructed through principles
of governance. The focus of this article is on Mumbai (MCGM). We argue that what
is required is a massive capacity building exercise requiring a change in mindsets,
creation of a feeling on the part of all the agents of being real stakeholders with the
end-result of improved governance. Further, we argue that the governance process has
to be Simple, Transparent, Accountable, Responsive, and Technology enabled. What
is clearly of essence is that we must exercise the political will – whether inherently
available or externally injected – to START the process of getting governance right!
(http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T3uPiVabNEEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA125&dq=Stu
dies+on+Urban+Governance+in+Mumbai+by+Municipal+Corporation&ots=MYR8nsOW2j&si
g=Pw4H18ToWaG0hvFR4DpaajCO46M#v=onepage&q=Studies%20on%20Urban%20Governa
nce%20in%20Mumbai%20by%20Municipal%20Corporation&f=false)
The operative term needs to move from “managing” Mumbai to “governing”
Mumbai, because this not only encompasses the function of managing but also locates
it in a larger context. The problems of urban governance in the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region are not trivial. There are technical issues, such as urban planning, design and
management of mass transport systems, and access to such resources as water and
power along with their pricing and distribution. There are public finance issues of
ensuring that the local bodies in the region get access to the resources they need to
provide services of acceptable quality. There are regional issues too: how does
Mumbai relate to the larger region in which it is located and the other local bodies in
the region, and how can the relationship between these be managed? Examples of
gaps that arise out of these “governance” related issues include:
→ Affordable housing: the lack of sufficient affordable housing is driven by a complex
set of inter-related issues:
1. Complexity of current regulations and control on urban land
2. Social issues of the poor and how they are oppressed
3. Challenges in enforcement, due to political interference and criminal politician nexus
4. Poor urban planning that extends from the neighborhood to the metropolitan level
Page 6
7. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
5. Weak design and implementation of urban infrastructure projects, resulting in time
and financial costs
6. Lack of opportunities for citizens to participate
7. Insufficient financial resources available to urban local bodies
Due to the increasing gap between infrastructure demands of urban citizens and their
actual provision, Indian cities are confronted with an immense pressure. Most cities in
India have a deficient sewerage and sanitation infrastructure that cause enormous
damage to the natural environment and public health. Even in metropolitan cities such
as Mumbai, only a small amount of wastewater is collected and treated adequately
before its disposal into rivers, lakes and the sea. Furthermore, especially
underprivileged urban citizens such as pavement and slum dwellers suffer from
lacking or inadequate sanitation facilities. Despite Mumbai’s status of being the most
important economic and financial centre of India, the sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure is far behind in meeting the needs of the urban citizens. The existing
sewerage infrastructure is not able to cope with the huge amount of incoming sewage
which is thus discharged mostly untreated into water bodies. Furthermore, half of
Mumbai’s citizens are faced with inadequate sanitation facilities within the slum
areas. In 1993, an additional constitution article was implemented at the federal level
to improve the urban governance of Indians cities. The implementation of this
74thConstitution Amendment Act aims to strengthen the participation of urban
dwellers in city management, especially in infrastructure provision. This is embedded
in a worldwide debate about the disputing top-down city planning, specifically
infrastructure provision.This Master’s Thesis is focused on the analysis of the
governance form of Mumbai’s wastewater and sanitation sector. The aim of the study
is to deliver insight into the governance structure of Mumbai’s wastewater and
sanitation sector by analyzing two ongoing wastewater and sanitation projects, the
Technical Sewage Project and the Slum Sanitation Project. The study is based on the
following questions: to what extend have the ideas of the theoretical concepts of
urban and adaptive governance been implemented in the ongoing wastewater projects
in Mumbai? In addition, the focus is concentrated on the question of how these
governing forms of the projects have influenced the sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure in Mumbai. In order to find answers to these questions, the main
Page 7
8. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
assumptions about the theoretical concepts of urban and adaptive governance are used
and transferred in governing dimensions which can be analyzed in the wastewater
projects. These dimensions were investigated by interviewing 22 experts who are
involved in the TSP and the SSP and have the best knowledge about their governing
forms. Furthermore, 20 interviews were conducted with local people from Mumbai in
order to get an impression about their experiences and perceptions of the wastewater
sector. The analysis of the two projects shows that they differ in their governing
forms. The SSP meets many more of the governance criteria than the TSP, which has
a considerable lack of integrating actors from civil society within the decision-making
processes. In contrast, the SSP is based on the participation of actors from civil
society such as NGOs and CBOs and would never achieve success without their
involvement. Despite their different governing forms, the SSP as well as the TSP are
faced with some difficulties such as conflicts in goal setting, lacking accountability of
the involved actors and the existence of uncertainties and complexities within the
project. On the other hand, all of the involved actors have clear responsibilities, are
legitimized by the political system and accepted by the actors. In order to be able to
cope with difficulties and challenges within the project, the actors of the SSP and the
TSP must improve in managing and governing the projects more flexibly and
adaptively. Another considerable difference of the projects can be seen in their
solution approaches. While the TSP only integrates hardware approaches to improve
the sewerage infrastructure (such as the construction of wastewater treatment plants),
the SSP combines software approaches like capacity-building approaches along with
the construction of slum toilets. The experience shows that the combination of these
approaches has more prospects for success. The analysis of the governing dimensions
of the TSP and the SSP shows that their performances have noticeable influence on
the projects’ outcomes and therefore on Mumbai’s sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure. The lacking integration of civil society within the TSP caused
enormous time delay, which could lead to unfinished work steps in infrastructure
provision at the end of the project. In contrast, even if the involvement of
environmental NGOs was not intended by the key players of the project, their
participation results in the implementation of more adaptive wastewater treatment
plants. Through the participation of civil society within the SSP and their
implementation of software approaches, the acceptance of the project was increased.
Page 8
9. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
However, this acceptance of the design of the SSP could have been better if the
process of choosing the toilet design was more adaptive and more participatory. It is
fair to mention that the implementation of the SSP and the TSP will not make a
significant change in the wastewater and sanitation sector if these efforts are not going
to be continued with subsequent
projects.(http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/cirus/lehre/diplommaster/abgeschlossene_arbei
ten/pdf/masters_thesis_keller_sum.pdf)
Page 9
10. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 3 Sample Descriptions
Page 10
11. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
3.1 Distribution as per Years of Resident in an area
Area
No of years of Residence
No of Persons
5-10
1
20-25
2
40-45
1
Shiv Darshan
15-20
3
Indira Nagar
20-25
2
Mulund Colony
15
1
Shanti Campus
3.2 Distribution as per gender
Male
Female
No of Persons
5
5
10
50%
50%
100%
3.3 Distribution as per age
Age Range
15-20
25-30
31-35
36-40
60 & above
No of People
1
5
2
1
1
3.4 Distribution as per occupation
Occupation
Student & Service
Business & Service
Service
Retire
No of People
2
1
6
1
Page 11
12. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
3.5 Distribution as per family Members
No of Family Members
Upto 3
Upto 4
Upto 5
Upto 7
Upto 8
No of People
2
1
3
1
3
3.6 Distribution as per Income
Income Bracket
Upto 5,000
5,001- 10,000
10,001-20,000
20,001-40,000
40,001-60,000
60,001-80,000
No. of Persons
1
4
2
2
1
-
Percentage
10%
40%
20%
20%
10%
-
Above 80,000
-
-
Page 12
13. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 4 Data Analysis
Page 13
14. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
4.1 Urban Governance Index {UGI}
4.1.1 Index of Physical Infrastructure:
Sr.
No
Activities
Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Average
Poor
1
Availability of
Flyovers,
bridges,
subways
-
-
8
2
-
28/50*100
56
2
Condition of
Roads
1
-
-
6
3
18/50*100
40
3
Availability of
Parking
1
1
3
4
1
27/50*100
54
73/150*100
48.67
Total
Ranking
(%)
8
7
6
5
Excellent
4
Ver Good
3
Good
Average
2
Poor
1
0
Availability of
Flyovers, Bridges
& Subways
Condition of
Roads
Availibility of
Parking
Table: 4.1.1
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15. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.1.2 Index of Social Infrastructure:
Sr.
No
Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Average
Poor
7
1
1
1
-
44/50*100
88
7
1
-
2
-
43/50*100
86
-
-
-
6
4
16/50*100
32
7
Availability of
Super Specialty
Services in
Municipal Hospitals
-
-
-
6
4
16/50*100
32
8
Progress of Slum
redevelopment and
improvement
program
-
-
-
5
5
15/50*100
30
10
Maintenance of
Public Toilets
-
-
-
5
5
15/50*100
30
11
Availability of
Garbage Bins
-
-
7
3
27/50*100
54
12
Effectiveness of
Ghanta Gadis
-
-
1
2
14/50*100
28
190/400*100
47.50%
4
5
6
Activities
Availability of
Water
Supply of
Electricity
Quality of
Education in
Municipal Schools
Total
7
Ranking
(%)
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16. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Table: 4.1.2
4.1.3 Index of Environmental Infrastructure:
Sr.
No
Activities
Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Average
9
Availability &
maintenance of
green spaces
5
1
3
1
Total
Poo
r
%
40/50*100
80
40/50*100
80
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17. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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5
4.5
Excellent
4
3.5
Very Good
3
Good
2.5
2
Average
1.5
Poor
1
0.5
0
Availibility of
Green Space
Table: 4.1.3
4.2 Index of Awareness for some projects & services as listed below:
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ranking
I
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
8
II
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
9
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
9
IV
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
VI
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
VII
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
VIII
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Activities
IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII-
Separation of Dry & Wet garbage
Collection of garbage done by private consultants
Dumping Grounds in Municipal Corporation Area
Tree saplings provided to citizens & schools for plantation
Artificial ponds created for immersion of Ganpati idols
Environment status report for city
Attending complaints of the citizens personally every month
MC encourages private sector participation for projects like road building, improvement
of traffic islands, development of Nature Park, conservation of creeks.
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18. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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10- Very Good, 9- Good, 8- Average
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Very Good
Good
Average
Table: - 4.2
4.3 Index for the projects known & visited {Distribution as per data collected}
Garden/ Park
Respondents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ranking
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
4.4 Index for willingness to raise fund for extension
Yes
1
Contribution
Rs. 35 (For 10 people)
No
No of person
0
8
200+150/10
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19. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.5 Index for agency Preferred for Infrastructure extension
Agency
MC
I
NGO
MC & I
MC &
NGO
I & NGO
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
-
1
1
1
1
4
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ranking
MC- Municipal Corporation
I- Industry
NGO- Non Voluntary Organization
0-3: Poor, 4-5: Average, 6-8: Good, 9-10: Very Good
4.6 Index for Rating Municipal Corporation
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Avg/
Moderate
Poor
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
Ranking
0
1
4
3
2
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20. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.5
4
Very Good
3.5
Good
Average
3
Poor
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Municipal Corporation
Table: - 4.6
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21. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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Chapter No: 5 Interpretations
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22. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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5.1 Places Visited:
I visited the following places:
Shanti Campus
Shiv Darshan
Indira Nagar
Mulund Colony
5.2 Suggestions:
They should avoid corruption. The amount of money sanctioned by government & the
amount received through taxes should be utilized only in wellbeing of the citizens.
They should not fill their pockets by the money which they collect.
The raw materials used for building or constructing should be good there should not
be any type of mixing or use of poor quality of materials.
If poor quality of materials is used for building towers or apartments it can impact the
people staying in those houses.
The materials used to make roads should also be of good quality no mixing of any
unwanted substance or degraded quality of material.
The drainage system should be cleaned after a gap of 3 months & mostly before the
commencement of the monsoons which can avoid flooding and over flowing or
blockage.
The Municipal Corporation should undertake such programs which motivate people to
plant more and more trees and this should not only be on paper but should be
implemented also.
The quality of education provided in the Municipal Corporation is very poor so they
should employ highly qualified Teachers to teach them & also provide them with
different facilities which should be given them.
Proper & healthy meals should be given to them.
The services provided by the Municipal Hospital should also be improved. If they
work more properly then they can become more specialized.
Environmental and other essential report should be published not only on websites but
also in Newspaper as many of them are not aware of the Report published.
Water harvesting measures should be undertaken. This can help to use the rain water
properly rather than facing the problem of floods.
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23. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
They should also work hard for the remote areas.
If the Municipal Corporation is unable to know what exactly should be the
infrastructure which can help the citizens then they should do some research work like
they should do surveys in small areas and then they can make report and can work
with other Industry or any NGO or any other body to improve the infrastructure
(Physical, Social & Environmental)
5.3 Conclusions:
The UGI Indicates the following points:
1) The Physical Index has received the following ratings from the respondents after
survey:
The respondents are divided on the basis of different scale i.e. Low, Middle & High.
As per the distribution the ratings received is at an average level.
The satisfaction level for the respondents is not too high. They are not fully satisfied
by the Physical Infrastructure.
The overall rating is also not so good as compared to the standards set by the body.
2) The Social Index has received the following ratings from the respondents from the
survey:
Some of the Social infrastructure has received excellent rating.
The ratings of the respondents differs as per the area in which they stay.
Those staying in a below average area have rated average or poor but those staying in
middle or high level have given the rating of good or average.
The MC needs to improve the quality of education in the Municipal Schools & also
improvise the services in the hospitals.
3) The Environmental Index has received the following ratings from the respondents
from the survey:
Most of the residents are happy with the availability of the green spaces but some
have also rated this factor as average or poor.
Page 23