Effectiveness of various salinity on leaf growth of Gazania | IJAARInnspub Net
Salt stress is induced by Nacl and it minimizes the growth owing to variation in interior plant structure. The present work was designed in line to investigate the behavior of Gazania harlequin (L.) seedlings were raised with dissimilar salt combinations (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm & 100 ppm of NaCl solution). The CRD experiment with 4 repetitions was done. The NaCl treatments were repeated in 4 times with 20 days interval totally for 80 days after transplanting in pots. Anatomical observations were recorded by the microscope of in NaCl affected growth leaf. The results illustrated that salinity levels had a negative effect on anatomical characters as (xylem region, phloem region, cortex region, epidermis region and density of leaf lamina). So, it is concluded from the study that control treatment (without salinity effect) showed improved outcome comparatively others treatments which were under the saline situation. As the salinity increases ultimately it affects leaf anatomy of the plant.
Treatment of Sewage by Phytoremediation method using Izndian mustard Plantijtsrd
Increasing urbanization, industrialization and over population is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation and pollution. Aquatic bodies are the traditional recipients of sewage containing heavy contaminants, which are released in higher concentrations and cause deleterious effects on organisms. Phytoremediation, an ecofriendly technology which is both ecologically sound and economically viable is an attractive alternative to the current cleanup methods that are very expensive. Phytoremediation technology is a cost effective one as it utilizes plants natural ability to suck the pollutant present in the water. There are many plants having this natural ability to up take the heavy metals and organic pollutants from air, soil and water. In this project we have treated the sewage coming out after primary treatment using phytoremediation techniques. In this project, the sewage which is taken from the primary treatment unit is further treated using phytoremediation technique that is the mustard plant is used for treating the sewage and thereby reducing the contaminants in wastewater to meet the wastewater disposal standards. Among various phytoremediation techniques phytovolatilization found to be effective in removing the pollutant as BOD, COD, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen. The phytovolatilization showed the best removal of BOD up to 59.44 , COD up to 60.02 , Turbidity up to 97.83 , Total dissolved solids up to 31.35 , Kjeldahl nitrogen 97.46 . Karthika. V "Treatment of Sewage by Phytoremediation method using Izndian mustard Plant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31644.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/31644/treatment-of-sewage-by-phytoremediation-method-using-izndian-mustard-plant/karthika-v
Effectiveness of various salinity on leaf growth of Gazania | IJAARInnspub Net
Salt stress is induced by Nacl and it minimizes the growth owing to variation in interior plant structure. The present work was designed in line to investigate the behavior of Gazania harlequin (L.) seedlings were raised with dissimilar salt combinations (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm & 100 ppm of NaCl solution). The CRD experiment with 4 repetitions was done. The NaCl treatments were repeated in 4 times with 20 days interval totally for 80 days after transplanting in pots. Anatomical observations were recorded by the microscope of in NaCl affected growth leaf. The results illustrated that salinity levels had a negative effect on anatomical characters as (xylem region, phloem region, cortex region, epidermis region and density of leaf lamina). So, it is concluded from the study that control treatment (without salinity effect) showed improved outcome comparatively others treatments which were under the saline situation. As the salinity increases ultimately it affects leaf anatomy of the plant.
Treatment of Sewage by Phytoremediation method using Izndian mustard Plantijtsrd
Increasing urbanization, industrialization and over population is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation and pollution. Aquatic bodies are the traditional recipients of sewage containing heavy contaminants, which are released in higher concentrations and cause deleterious effects on organisms. Phytoremediation, an ecofriendly technology which is both ecologically sound and economically viable is an attractive alternative to the current cleanup methods that are very expensive. Phytoremediation technology is a cost effective one as it utilizes plants natural ability to suck the pollutant present in the water. There are many plants having this natural ability to up take the heavy metals and organic pollutants from air, soil and water. In this project we have treated the sewage coming out after primary treatment using phytoremediation techniques. In this project, the sewage which is taken from the primary treatment unit is further treated using phytoremediation technique that is the mustard plant is used for treating the sewage and thereby reducing the contaminants in wastewater to meet the wastewater disposal standards. Among various phytoremediation techniques phytovolatilization found to be effective in removing the pollutant as BOD, COD, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen. The phytovolatilization showed the best removal of BOD up to 59.44 , COD up to 60.02 , Turbidity up to 97.83 , Total dissolved solids up to 31.35 , Kjeldahl nitrogen 97.46 . Karthika. V "Treatment of Sewage by Phytoremediation method using Izndian mustard Plant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31644.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/31644/treatment-of-sewage-by-phytoremediation-method-using-izndian-mustard-plant/karthika-v
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Dissertation ppt biostimulation- a potential practice for wastewater treaat...Sumer Pankaj
Phycoremediation is a green technology that supports the direct use of living green microalgae for in situ, or in place removal, degradation, of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and ground waters by the mechanisms of bio-transformation, bio-accumulation, bio-concentration, bio-sparging.
It can be said by the current study that microalgae has a great potential for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters as compared to the chemical treatments available commercially. Biological systems are much more efficient in cleaning the excess nutrients from the waste water followed by generation of valuable biomass which can be applied in the food, fertilizer, energy production as use of inorganic chemicals like lime and ferrous sulphate generates huge amount of sludge in textile industries, but on the other hand static anaerobic treatment using acclimatized MLSS gives better colour reduction with zero sludge generation. Microalgal cells can be used in free form to treat waste waters containing high C.O.D., high ammonical nitrogen and high TDS. It not only provides a better reduction of chemicals from wastewaters but it also helps to reduce the operational cost of ETP. Microalgaes not only helps to remediate industrial waste waters but also to treat sweage water and to restore natural water bodies like lakes and ponds. As they are active in remediating the chemicals but also it shows an antagonistic effect against some pathogenic germs like total coliforms and fecal coliforms.
These microalgal cells can also be combined with bacterial biomass of activated sludge process to develop an Algal-Bacterial consortium (ALBA) for better enhancement in the reduction of chemicals from the wastewaters as this symbiotic relation of algae and bacteria provides high satiability of the microalgae along with MLSS and faceable in terms of price and economy for instance the bacterial biomass provides carbon dioxide to algal cells for photosynthesis and in return the bacteria acquires oxygen from algae. The harvested biomass from the ETP’s can be used as bio-fertilizers as it consists of appropriate ratio of vital macro and micro nutrients like N,P,K etc. which enhance the growth of plantlets. It can also be used as aqua feeds for shrimps, fishes and molluscs. Furthermore these microlgal cells are non-toxic in the environment as it becomes a part of food chain and do not cause eutrophication. Therefore, micro-algal based treatment is most suitable for the treating the waste waters and restoring the natural water bodies as compared to other chemical treatments.
Degradation of Herbicides Under Dry ConditionsDuPont Pioneer
In years following extended drought, several agronomic issues often arise, including that of potential herbicide carryover. This article discusses herbicide degradation in soils, how it is affected by droughty conditions, and the primary pathways by which some specific herbicide chemistries degrade. This information is helpful to growers who need to diagnose herbicide carryover issues.
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Dissertation ppt biostimulation- a potential practice for wastewater treaat...Sumer Pankaj
Phycoremediation is a green technology that supports the direct use of living green microalgae for in situ, or in place removal, degradation, of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and ground waters by the mechanisms of bio-transformation, bio-accumulation, bio-concentration, bio-sparging.
It can be said by the current study that microalgae has a great potential for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters as compared to the chemical treatments available commercially. Biological systems are much more efficient in cleaning the excess nutrients from the waste water followed by generation of valuable biomass which can be applied in the food, fertilizer, energy production as use of inorganic chemicals like lime and ferrous sulphate generates huge amount of sludge in textile industries, but on the other hand static anaerobic treatment using acclimatized MLSS gives better colour reduction with zero sludge generation. Microalgal cells can be used in free form to treat waste waters containing high C.O.D., high ammonical nitrogen and high TDS. It not only provides a better reduction of chemicals from wastewaters but it also helps to reduce the operational cost of ETP. Microalgaes not only helps to remediate industrial waste waters but also to treat sweage water and to restore natural water bodies like lakes and ponds. As they are active in remediating the chemicals but also it shows an antagonistic effect against some pathogenic germs like total coliforms and fecal coliforms.
These microalgal cells can also be combined with bacterial biomass of activated sludge process to develop an Algal-Bacterial consortium (ALBA) for better enhancement in the reduction of chemicals from the wastewaters as this symbiotic relation of algae and bacteria provides high satiability of the microalgae along with MLSS and faceable in terms of price and economy for instance the bacterial biomass provides carbon dioxide to algal cells for photosynthesis and in return the bacteria acquires oxygen from algae. The harvested biomass from the ETP’s can be used as bio-fertilizers as it consists of appropriate ratio of vital macro and micro nutrients like N,P,K etc. which enhance the growth of plantlets. It can also be used as aqua feeds for shrimps, fishes and molluscs. Furthermore these microlgal cells are non-toxic in the environment as it becomes a part of food chain and do not cause eutrophication. Therefore, micro-algal based treatment is most suitable for the treating the waste waters and restoring the natural water bodies as compared to other chemical treatments.
Degradation of Herbicides Under Dry ConditionsDuPont Pioneer
In years following extended drought, several agronomic issues often arise, including that of potential herbicide carryover. This article discusses herbicide degradation in soils, how it is affected by droughty conditions, and the primary pathways by which some specific herbicide chemistries degrade. This information is helpful to growers who need to diagnose herbicide carryover issues.
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...INNS PUBNET
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...Innspub Net
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
DocumThe effect of Amaranthus hybridus on fluoride removal by iron (III) salt...Hezron Mwakabona
The use of iron (Fe) (III) salts as fluoride coagulants in water is challenged by the requirement of high
pH for maximum efficiency. At their natural pH, these salts have low fluoride removal efficiency. This
study examines the effect of amaranth plants on enhancement of the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III)
salts as coagulants. Amaranthus hybridus plants were suspended in fluoride water treated with varying
concentrations of Fe (III) with its roots immersed completely in fluoride water for varying time from 720
to 1440 min. The study shows that fluoride coagulation by Fe (III) in the absence of plants is limited to
10%, whereas when plants were introduced, it increased from 10 to 40%. These results suggest that
amaranth plants enhance the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III). This enhanced removal may be
attributed to increased coagulation effected by exudates released by plant root which contain organic
compounds and CO2 or charged root surfaces by the formation of Fe (III) oxide film. The exact factor
that has a major contribution to enhanced removal observed remains to be subject of further studies.
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Alleviation of Salinity Effects by Poultry Manure and Gibberellin Application...IJEAB
Capsicum is one of the most widely consumed vegetables and is also used as a spice for its pungency. Many species of Capsicum are being cultivated worldwide. Capsicum is considered as a commercial crop for their economic value. However, the yield of the crop suffers severely due to salt stress, Soil salinity reduces water availability of plant roots via negative (low) osmosis potential, as well as decrease of germination dynamics of plant seeds by ionic toxicity of Na and Cl , Significant differences in fruit-set, yield, photo synthetic rates, stomata conductance, total chlorophyll content, proline, In general, salinity affects almost every aspect of the physiology and biochemistry of plants. The aim of this study was to determine the salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) under salinity stress by saline irrigation water, Poultry and gibberellins applications were used to alleviated the negative effects on growth parameters and yield of Pepper under salinity stress. The water salinity levels led to a significant elevation in the values of electrical conductivity of the soil with the peroxidase activity, and Sodium and proline contents in leaves, while resulting in decrease in growth parameters and leave contents of ( NPK),The poultry and gibberellins applications increased the growth parameters ( Dry weight of shoot and root &fruit weight) and (NPK) contents in leaves with slight dropping of peroxidase activity in leaves while a clear dropping of sodium and proline contents in leave. That possible to mitigation the negative affect of salt stress by some application like exogenous hormones and Decomposed organic matter to solve the disruption of endohormons and lack of available nutrients under salt stress, and elevation of osmotic stress in soil solution in roots area. The GA & poultry application improved the growth and it has increased the Pepper tolerance to the abiotic stress which was exerted by saline irrigation water.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Objectives: The present study aisms to determine the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition for two varieties of banana (Musa acuminata) viz., great dwarf and small dwarf variety. The presence of different concentrations viz.,. triglycerides and diglycerides did not influenced the increasing salt concentration in the medium. However, monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more affected by the effect of salinity.
Regarding the large dwarf variety, the absence of triglycerides noted, especially in the stressed plants and also in the control plants. In the light of our results we saw that the membrane lipids in the vast dwarf were less affected by salinity compared to the small dwarf
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
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Effect of mineral acids on rooting response of aging mung bean (phaseolus aureus roxb. ) cuttings via indole acetic acid level
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
40
Effect of Mineral Acids on Rooting Response of Aging Mung Bean
(Phaseolus aureus Roxb. ) Cuttings via Indole Acetic Acid Level
Abdullah O. Alwan Al-Delaimy
Department of Crop Field, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qasim Green, Hilla, Iraq
E- mail of the corresponding author : aaldelaimy@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The influence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a strong mineral acid on rooting response of fresh and aging mung
bean cuttings has been studied on the level of (IAA) . The data revealed significant increase in rooting response
of aged cuttings ( for 3 days in d/H2O ) with (0.001 and 0.01%) concentrations of H2SO4 solution and highly
significant increase in rooting response of aged cuttings (for 3 days in H2SO4 solution) with (0.0001 , 0.001 and
0.01%) concentration , While highly concentration (0.1 and 0.5 %) revealed highly significant decrease in
rooting response compared to control (d/H2O). Quantitative estimation of IAA by spectrophotometric method as
indicators for oxidative processes that occur during aging phenomenon verified a highly significant increase of
IAA content in hypocotyles of aged cuttings in optimal concentration of H2SO4 .
Key words: Aging, IAA biosynthesis, Rooting response, Mineral acids, Macronutrients, Stem cuttings.
1. Introduction
Acid precipitation has been identified as a major environmental concern in many countries (Galloway ,
et.al.,1978) . Formed following the oxidation and hydration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere ,
acid precipitation is defined as rain or snow having pH values less than approximately 5.6 (likens & Bormann ,
1974) . The major affect of acid rain is the result of the acidity of the soil in which the plant is located the lower
the pH , the more acidic the soil (Barnhart , 1986) . The effect of most pollutants are highly variable depending
on species sensitivity , the intensity and duration of exposure to the pollutants , wind , rainfull and other
meteorological factors (Hopkins , 1999) .
Sulfur element is present in soils in both inorganic and organic substances . Humus also contains sulfur as
constituents of various organic molecules from which they are released , mainly as sulfates , through the activity
of microorganisms . Most higher plants absorb sulfur from the soil solution mainly in the oxidized forms (SO4 ¯²)
. Sulfur is absorbed to some extent as the less highly oxidized sulfite (SO¯3) and thiosulfate (S2O3¯²) ions (James ,
1981) . Sulfur is immobile nutrient in the plant which not able to move from one plant part to another and
deficiency symptoms will initially occur in the younger or upper leaves and be localized (McCauley ,
et.al.,2009) .
Sulfur deficiency is not a common problem , since there are numerous microorganisms capable of oxidizing
sulfides or decomposing organic sulfur compounds . Indeed it is often difficult to demonstrate sulfur deficiencies
in greenhouses in industrial area because of the high concentrations of airborne sulfur (Hopkins , 1999) .
Soil pH has two major effects ; competition and injury . A low pH is believed to reduce cation uptake by
competition between hydrogen ions and the other cations for sites on a carrier . At high pH , hydroxyl or
bicarbonate ions might compete with other anions , thus reducing anion uptake . Acidity or alkalinity therefore
has a profound influence on the relative absorption of anions and cations . At high pH where the absorption of
cations is favoured the discrepancy between cation and anion absorption is balanced by greater accumulation of
organic anions within the tissues . The organic acid is synthesized by utilizing carbon dioxide or bicarbonate ions
taken up from the medium . At pH values outside the physiological range , the ion uptake mechanism is damaged
, probably by disruption of membranes (James , 1981) .
Aging in terms of adventitious root formation (ARF) means a decline in rooting response of aged compared to
fresh cuttings . This decline in rooting response occurred progressively with time when inductive auxin treatment
was delayed by holding cuttings in deionzed H2O particularly in mung bean cuttings (Jarvis , 1986) . In addition
, Leshem (1981) proposed a free radical theory to explain the damage of plant and animal cells with progressing
age . The latter illustrated that lipid oxidation was correlated with plant senescence , and the anti-oxidant agents
acts internally to suppress the free radicals , hence reducing the processes that occurs during aging in plants .
However , Ishii and his colloquies (2001) showed that free radicals and its derivatives in aged cell and organs (in
Nematodes) regenerated primarily in mitochonderia as undesirable products through oxidative phosphorylation .
(Davies , 1983) described aging as a phenomenon that fundamentally concerned with degenerative changes in
metabolism . The later author mentioned that alteration of hormonal balances was the only molecular event
leading to these changes .
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
41
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.1.1. Cultivation of Stock Plants
Seeds of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Var. local) were soaked overnight , sown in moistened (with
distilled H2O or tested solutions) sterilized sawdust in plastic trays . Seedlings were raised in growth chamber
provided with a continuous light (light intensity 3000-3500 Lux) , temperature25± 1o
C and relative humidity 60-
70% for ten days.
2.1.2. Preparation of Cuttings
Cuttings were prepared according to (Hess ,1961) from 10 days old light grown seedlings .These cuttings
described by having small terminal bud , pair of fully expanded primary leaves, a whole epicotyls and
hypocotyls (3 cm length) under cotyledonary nodes , after removal of root system.
2.1.3. Basal Treatment of Cuttings
Dipping of the whole hypocotyls (3 cm depth ) in glass vials required 15 ml of tested solutions. Fresh cuttings
were treated for 24 hr. with d/H2O or tested solutions (Twelve cuttings/treatment) , then transferred to boric acid
(10 µg/ml ) for 6 days , before counting the root numbers.
2.1.4. Aging Treatments
Cuttings were held immediately after taken from 10 days old seedlings in d/H2O for 3 days , if the purpose is
controlling of aging phenomenon . Physiologically , aged cuttings treated with tested solution for 24 hr. , then
transferred to boric acid (10 µg/ml ) for further 6 days before counting the root number per cutting . The area of
1st
true tri-foliated leaf in cuttings measured according to Stickler and his colloquies (Stickler , et.al., 1961) .
Completely randomized design (CRD) was conducted in all experiments for statistical analysis according to
(Spiegle , 1975) .
2.2. Preparation of Solutions
2.2.1. Boric Acid Solution : prepared at (10 µg/ml ) and employed as rooting medium (Middleton , et.al., 1978b)
.
2.2.2. Synthetic Auxin Solution : Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) was initially dissolved in small amount of absolute
alcohol to prepare (5x10-4
M) (Middleton , et.al., 1978a) .
2.2.3. Sulfuric Acid Solution : H2SO4 (98%) prepared as (%) percent solution (V/V) , by dissolving (1) ml of
H2SO4 in (99) ml of d/H2O to achieve 1% as stock solution , then diluted to the required concentrations .
2.3. Quantitative Determination of IAA
Naturally occurring auxin (IAA) was measured spectrophotometrically in hypocotyls of fresh and aged cuttings,
according to (Stoessl & Venis 1970) , (Plieninger , et.al.,1964) . The above procedure (were modified) include
the reaction of IAA with acetic anhydride to form 2-Methyl-Indole-α pyrone . Synthetic IAA was used for
standard curve.
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Part
3.1.1. Effect of (H2SO4) in rooting response of fresh and aged cuttings:
Table 1. shows the effects of H2SO4 in rooting response of fresh cuttings , when supplied to cuttings immediately
. The results revealed that the means of roots number , roots length (mm) and leaf area (cm2
) as the mean of one
cutting developed in fresh , untreated cuttings (general control d/H2O) are ( 16.3 root , 14.073 mm and 0.772
cm2
) respectively . These means in cuttings treated with auxin (special control IAA ) are (39.7 root , 1.686 mm ,
0.041 cm2
) respectively , while these in cuttings treated with H2SO4 are (17.2 , 14.3 , 12.6 , 1.1 and 0) root ,
(6.377 , 8.933 , 9.14 , 0.29 and 0 ) mm and (0 , 0.185 , 0.314 , 0 and 0) cm2
at pH (4.15 , 3.55 , 2.85 , 1.92 and
1.16) respectively . Statistically , cuttings treated with 0.0001 % concentration of H2SO4 at pH (4.15) have no
significant increase on rooting response , while cuttings treated with (0.001 and 0.01 %) concentration of H2SO4
have no significant decrease on rooting response . At the same time , cuttings treated with (IAA) pH (4.38) was
positively significant at (P ≥ 0.05) compared to control treatment (d/H2O) . Generally , high concentration of
H2SO4 (0.1 and 0.5%) have negative significant difference on (0.01) level , as compared to control (d/H2O) . On
the other hand , Table 1 revealed negative significant difference on (P ≥ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.05) in mean root length
and leaf area in all treatments compared to control treatment (d/H2O) .
The influence of H2SO4 on rooting response of aged mung bean cuttings has been shown in Table 2. The results
revealed that means of roots number , roots length (mm) and leaf area (cm2
) as the mean of one cutting
developed in cuttings aged in d/H2O for three days are (14.875 root , 9.259 mm and 0.313 cm2
) respectively .
These means in aged cuttings in (IAA) are (34.375 root , 2.583 mm and 0 cm2
) respectively . On the other hand
, these means in aged cuttings in (d/H2O) for 3 days and treated for 24 hr. with H2SO4 solutions are (15.375 ,
29.125 , 28.25 , 0 and 0) root , (9.584 , 6.171 , 1.382 , 0 and 0) mm and (0.401 , 0.097 , 0.069 , 0 and 0 ) cm2
respectively at pH (4.15 , 3.55 , 2.85 , 1.92 and 1.16) . Aged cuttings in (0.001 and 0.01%) concentration of
H2SO4 at pH (3.55 and 2.85) , were positively highly significant in rooting response (P ≥ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.05) ,
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
42
compared to control (d/H2O) . At the same time , Cuttings Aged in IAA solution at pH (4.38) was positively
significant (p ≥ 0.05) compared to control treatment (d/H2O) .
Generally, high concentration (0.1 and 0.5%) have no significant effect on rooting response in all treatments . On
the other hand , statistically , aged cutting in all concentration of H2SO4 as well as aged cuttings in IAA solution
revealed negative significant difference in mean root length and mean leaf area on (P ≥ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.05) except
(0.0001 %) concentration revealed no significant increase compared to control (d/H2O) .
The influence of H2SO4 on rooting response of aged mung bean cuttings in solution for 3 days has been shown in
Table 3. The results revealed that means of roots number , roots length (mm) , leaf area (cm2
) as the mean of one
cutting developed in aged cuttings in (d/H2O) for three days (General control d/H2O) are (17 root , 17.284 mm
and 1.016 cm2
) respectively . These means in aged cuttings in (IAA) for three days (special control IAA) are (8.3
root , 2.752 mm and 0 cm2
) respectively . The means in aged cuttings in H2SO4 solution for three days are (45.4 ,
40.2 , 65.7 , 0 and 0 ) root , ( 5.436 , 9.561 , 6.801 , 0 and 0) mm and (0.536 , 0.746 , 0.665 , 0 and 0) cm2
, at
pH (4.15 , 3.55 , 2.85 , 1.92 and 1.16) respectively . Aged cuttings for three days in (0.0001 , 0.001 and 0.01 %)
concentration of H2SO4 solution at pH (4.15 , 3.55 and 2.85) was positively highly significant in rooting
response (p ≥ 0.05) , compared to control (d/H2O) . The increase in rooting response of mung bean cuttings at
(0.01%) concentration has doubled the responsiveness to Adventitious Root Formation (ARF) in to (7.9) folds
compared to rooting response of auxin aged cuttings . Generally , high concentration (0.1 and 0.5%) have no
significant effect on rooting response in all treatments . Aged cuttings in all treatment were negatively significant
in mean root lengths and mean leaf areas (P ≥ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.05) compared to control treatment (d/H2O) .
3.2. Biochemical Part
3.2.1. Quantization determination of IAA
3.2.1.1. Effect of H2SO4 on IAA level in fresh cuttings
Fig. 2a. shows IAA level in hypocotyls of fresh mung bean cuttings treated in optimal concentration of H2SO4
and IAA . IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of fresh cuttings (General control d/H2O) is (11.316) m molar . whereas ,
IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of cuttings treated with synthetic IAA (special control treatment) is (16.022) m
molar . IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of cutting treated with H2SO4 solution (0.0001% pH= 4.15) is (12.04) m
molar . Treatment with IAA revealed positive highly significant (p ≥ 0.05) as compared to control treatment
(d/H2O) . On the other hand , treatment with H2SO4 solution revealed no significant increase in IAA level
compared to control treatment (d/H2O) and significant decrease (p ≥ 0.05) compared to control treatment IAA .
3.2.1.2. Effect of H2SO4 on IAA level in aged cuttings for 3 days in (d/H2O)
Fig. 2b. shows IAA level in hypocotyls of mung bean cuttings taken from seedlings grown in d/H2O for 10 days ,
aged for 3 days in (d/H2O) and treated with optimal concentrations of IAA and H2SO4 (for 24 hr.) . IAA level in
1g. hypocotyls of aged cuttings (general control d/H2O) is (11.09) m molar , IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of aged
cuttings in synthetic auxin (IAA) is (15.162) m molar , while , IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of cuttings aged in
H2SO4 solution (0.001% pH = 3.55) is (14.167) m molar . Aging treatments with IAA and H2SO4 revealed
positive highly significant (p ≥ 0.05) as compared to control treatment (d/H2O) . On the other hand , treatments
revealed significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in content of IAA in aged cuttings in H2SO4 compared to control
treatment of IAA.
3.2.1.3. Effect of H2SO4 on IAA level in aged cuttings for 3 days in solution
Fig. 2c. shows IAA level in hypocotyls of mung bean cuttings taken from seedlings grown in (d/H2O) for 10
days and aged for 3 days in IAA and H2SO4 solution (at optimal concentration) for rooting response . IAA level
in 1g. hypocotyls of aged cuttings for 3 days in d/H2O (general control d/H2O) is (11.09) m molar . whereas,
IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of aged cuttings in synthetic auxin (IAA) for 3 days (special control IAA) is (8.352)
m molar , while , IAA level in 1g. hypocotyls of cuttings aged for 3 days in H2SO4 solution (0.01% pH = 2.85) is
(15.683) m molar. Aging treatment with IAA revealed significant decrease (p ≥ 0.05) .On the other hand ,
treatments revealed positive highly significant (p ≥ 0.05) in content of IAA in aged cuttings in H2SO4 solutions
compared to special control of IAA and general control treatment (d/H2O).
4. Discussion
The processes that leads to diminish rooting response of mung bean cuttings during aging maybe attributed to
loss of co – factors (Wally , et.al., 1980) with age or decrease of auxin contents in cuttings or elsewhere in the
cuttings , for example leaves or epicotyls (Delaimy , 2004) or hypocotyl ( root initiation zone ) (Alwani , 1998) .
The nature of oxidative processes was studied, which presumably increased during aging, depending on the
availability of oxidative agents from one side and the decrease of agents that involved in antioxidant defense
mechanisms from the other side . So , our spectrophotometrical measurements of naturally occurring auxin (
IAA) in hypocotyls of cuttings taken from seedlings grown in d/H2O for 10 days was declined to 11.09 m molar
compared to that in fresh cuttings 11.316 m molar Figs. 2a and b . These results confirm the hypothesis that
explain processes that occur during aging , which shows the decline of naturally occurring IAA. The above
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
43
hypothesis has been verified by using the same kind of cuttings and IAA spectrophotometrical technique
(Delaimy , 2004) .
However , the decline in IAA content of aged mung bean cuttings , maybe attributed to : (A) Decrease in IAA
biosynthesis in primary leaves of aged cuttings , which is considered as central source for IAA biosynthesis .
Hartmann and his collegues (Hartmann , et.al., 1988) denoted decline in IAA content in leaves during
senescence . (B) Decline of basipetal transport of IAA (Shaheed , 1987) . (C) Conversion of free IAA to
conjugated IAA during rooting response (Norcini , et.al., 1985) . (D) Occurrence of high level of oxidative
processes in aged cuttings (Delaimy , 2004) .
Cuttings kept in different concentration of H2SO4 for three days ( aging period ) , developed significant rooting
response . In other words , some concentration stopped the processes that occurs during aging completely in
terms of (ARF) Table 3. Meanwhile , some other concentrations , stopped aging partially Table 2.
The role of (H2SO4) in offsetting , stopping , delaying or retarding the processes that leads to diminish rooting
response in aged cuttings is difficult to interpret . However , IAA content in hypocotyls of aged cuttings in these
solutions Figs. 2b and c developed significant increase compared to control treatment . However , the significant
rooting response of aged mung bean cuttings, the significant decrease in mean of root length and mean of leaf
area Table 2 and 3. maybe attributed to the following factors :
1) The effect of Sulfuric acid as a strong acid
The significant rooting response of mung bean cuttings maybe attributed to the capability of H2SO4 for trapping
free radicals , because of presence of high electronic conjugation in this compound . H2SO4 is considered as a
strong acid for giving semicompletely it's proton to water. In H2SO4 solution , H2SO4 molecule dissociate giving
proton to water forming positively charged cation, Hydronium ion ( H3O+
) and negatively charged anion , sulfate
ion (SO4
-2
) , Obviously , pH depend on Concentration of dissociated acid 100% .
H2SO4 + H2O H3O+
+ HSO4
-
HSO4
-
+ H2O H3O+
+ SO4
-2
However , to confirm that studies in inorganic chemistry space mentioned that a strong acid is the acid which has
a strong tendency to give the proton , and acids like ( HClO3 , H2SO4 , HCl, HNO3 ) are considered as a strong
acids because all these acids semi completely gives their protons to water . So , they appear as they having the
same power in their aqueous solutions because they ionized semi completely in their dilution aqueous solutions
giving hydronium ion ( H3O+
) and their salts (Burgess , 1974) .
2 ) The effect of Sulfur element
The significant rooting response maybe attributed to the capability of sulfur element as one of sixth group and
second cycle elements in periodic table . Sulfur atoms are characterized by presence of external envelope which
contain individual electrons act as internal suppressors of free radicals through formation covalent bonds and
lowering the effects of oxidative products that occurs during aging.
Studies mentioned that S is an essential constituent of certain amino acid and proteins , S deficiency results in
the inhibition of protein and chlorophyll synthesis . S deficiency symptoms can be difficult to diagnose as effects
can resemble symptoms of N and Mo deficiencies . In contrast to N , Mo deficiency , however , S deficiency
symptoms initially occur in younger leaves , causing them to turn light green to yellow (chlorosis) . In later
growth , the entire plant maybe pale green . Characteristic spots or stripes are generally not displayed .
Additionally , plants deficient in S tend to be spindle and small and stems are often thin (Stoessl & Venis 1970) .
3) The effect of pH
The significant rooting response of mung bean cuttings maybe attributed to the acidic pH . The data revealed that
( ARF ) in mung bean cuttings positively affected by acidic pH. This was confirmed by prior studies by using the
same kind of cuttings (Delaimy , 2004 and Delaimy , 2011) .
It has been found that roots affected by the low pH . So , Acidic Soil , like that found after acid rain has fallen ,
may limit plant growth simply because H+
, the acidic part of a molecule is toxic to roots . Plant can grow in soils
in a pH range of 3 to 9 . Some plant grow in more acidic soil while some grow in more alkaline soil (Salisbury &
Ross , 1978) . Studies mentioned that sulfuric acid treatments commonly promoted acidification of all soils ,
significantly elevating cation leaching and lowering solution pH . The protons generated were responsible for
more sustained acidification effects , which included elevated aluminum concentration . Short-term cation
leaching for the quartzite and granite soils was attributed to an ability of the cation NH4 and the anion SO4 to
desorbed exchangeable actions only , with little proton availability for mineral hydrolysis .
Along with the effects of pH on soil , pH also affects the plants semipermeable membrane , allowing particles to
travel through the cell membrane more easily . This affects how well plants are able to absorb nutrients and how
they can keep toxins out (Considine , 2002) .
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Vol.3, No.11, 2013
44
4 ) The effect of hormonal balance
Hormonal balance has great effect in rooting response of aged mung bean cuttings . This was confirmed by
Davies (1983) who deseribed aging as phenomenon that fundamentally concerned with degenerative changes in
metabolism . Obviously , he mentioned that alteration of hormonal balances were the only molecular events
leading to these changes . So , studies mentioned that sulfur is particularly important in the structure of proteins
where disulfide bonds between neighboring cysteine and methionine residues contribute to the tertiary structure .
Sulfur is also a constituent of the vitamins thiamine and biotin and of coenzyme A , an important in respiration
and fatty acid metabolism . In the form of iron-sulfur proteins it is important in electron transfer reactions of
photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation (Hopkins , 1999). Thereafter, explain the significant increase of IAA
content in hypocotyls of aged mung bean cuttings Figs. 2b and c. which reflected the significant increase of
rooting response . This was confirmed by prior studies by using the same kind of cuttings (Delaimy , 2004 ,
Delaimy , 2011and Al-Delaimy , 2013) .
5) Ionic balance :
In general, the rate of ion uptake affected by temperature , metabolic inhibitors , surface area , internal ionic
concentration , light , pH , and salt concentration . the presence of metabolically – important anions , often
stimulates the uptake of other ions , presumably through an effect on metabolism (James , 1981) . Studies
mentioned that biogeochemical impacts of S and N depend upon their mobility in the canopy and soils to which
they are deposited . If the anions (sulfate and nitrate) are leached , rather than being retained , they can strip the
foliage and soils of valuable nutrient cations such as Ca and Mg . The leaching of sulfate and nitrate can cause
acidification of soils and surface waters and mobilization of Al . Al is a natural component of soils , but in acid
conditions it becomes more soluble and thus more concentrated in soil water , where it can be toxic to roots
(Gough , et.al., 2000) .
As more S is deposited in wetlands , the activity of S-reducing bacteria is increased , such as those that occur in
wetland soils and sediments , Because these bacteria also methylate Hg , The increase in their activity increases
the potential for the formation of methylmercury . This interaction between the S and Hg cycles results in
increased toxicity of Hg in high-S wetlands (Heyes , et.al.,2000) . An example of interaction in the role of
ammonia in enhancing deposition of S . As SO2 gas is deposited to leaf surfaces , it acidifies those surfaces ,
which tends to slow down the SO2 deposition process . In the presence of ammonia however , the alkaline nature
of the ammonia gas counteracts the acidifying effect of the SO2 , leading to enhanced S deposition (Fowler ,
et.al., 2005) .
6) Level of solution concentration and treatment period
Level of solution concentration and treatment period have important effect on rooting response . This confirmed
by the significant increase in rooting response of aged cuttings (aged for three days in H2SO4 solution , then
transferred to boric acid for 6 days) which revealed ( 65.7 root ) at 0.01 % concentration Table 3. compared with
rooting response of aged cuttings (aged for three days in d/ H2O , then treated for 24 hr. in H2SO4 solution .
Thereafter transferred to boric acid for 6 days ) which revealed (28.25 roots ) at the same concentrationTable 2.
On the other hand , the significant increase in rooting response of aged cuttings (aged for 3 days in d/ H2O , then
treated for 24 hr. in IAA solution . Thereafter , transferred to boric acid for 6 days) which revealed (34.375 roots)
at 5×10¯4
M Table 2. compared with rooting response of aged cuttings (aged for 3 days in IAA solution , then
transferred to boric acid for 6 days ) which revealed (8.3 roots) Table 3 . This attributed to death the basal part of
aged cuttings hsypocotyl in auxin solution because of the treatment period length (3days) at this concentration .
Generally , aged cuttings ( for three days ) at 0.01% concentration in H2SO4 at pH (2.85) , have doubled the
responsiveness to ARF into relatively , 8 folds compared to IAA treatment .On the other hand , Fig. 2c revealed
significant decrease in IAA content in hypocotyls of aged cuttings for three days in IAA solution ( 8.352 ) m
molar compared with fresh and aged cuttings ( 16.022 , 15.162 ) m molar respectively Figs. 2a and b .
5. Conclusion
Generally and as a conclusion, aging phenomenon maybe considered as a result of oxidative processes that
occurs in plant body or cuttings during aging period , that causes diminishing rooting response in aged mung
bean cuttings . The role of H2SO4 in offsetting , stopping , delaying or retarding the processes that leads to
diminish rooting response in aged cuttings maybe attributed to capability of H2SO4 for trapping free radicals ,
because of high electronic conjugation in this compound .
However , sulfuric acid tested in the current study as a strong acid has a strong tendency to giving semi
completely , proton to water. In (H2SO4) solution, H2SO4 molecule ionized semi completely giving ( H3O+
) and
( SO4
-2
) . Obviously , pH depend on concentration of dissociated acid ( 100% ) . So , sulfur element as one of
the sixth group and the second cycle elements in periodic table , it's atoms are characterized by presence of
external envelope which contain individual electrons act as internal suppressors of free radicals through covalent
bonds formation and lowering the effects of oxidative products that occurs during aging . However , as well as
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.11, 2013
45
the above explanation (H2SO4 ) lowering the effects of oxidative products through the followings :a) Hormonal
factors and IAA content (Hormonal balance). b)pH . c) Ionic balance. d) Level of solution concentration . e)
Period of treatment.
Not with standing , the foregoing suitable factors may lead to decline the oxidative processes that occurs during
aging and hence , causing increase of rooting response in aged mung bean cuttings.
References
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Hopkins, W. G. (1999), "Introduction to plant physiology : 2nd
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Plieninger, H., Muller, W. & Weinerth, K. (1964), "Indole
Berichte ,97 : 667-81.
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Fig.1 : Standard carve of different concentration of auxin (IAA) and Absorbability with wave length
Fig.(2a): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of fresh mung bean cuttings treated with 0.0001%
concentration (pH=4.15) of H2SO
LSD(0.05)=1.237 LSD(0.01)=2.388
Control (d/H2O)
11.3166
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
093X (Online)
46
Plieninger, H., Muller, W. & Weinerth, K. (1964), "Indole-α-pyrone and indole-α-
Salisbury, F.B. & Ross, C.W. (1978), "Plant Physiology : Wadsworth Publishing Company", Inc ., Belmont ,
Shaheed, A.I. (1987), "The control of adventitious root development in cutting of Phaseolus aureus Roxb"
P.h.D. Thesis , University of Sheffield , U.K. .
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McGraw Hill Books Company , New York .
Stickler, F.C., Wearden, S.J. & Pauli, A.W. (1961), "Leaf area determination in grain sorghum", Agron J.53 :
Stoessl, A. & Venis, M.A. (1970), "Determination of submicrogram levels of indole - 3
highly specific method", Anal . Biochem . 34 : 344 – 51.
oulos, S.T. & salama, M.A. (1980), "Physiological and Anatomical studies on
Pecan hard wood cutting", Egypt . Hort., 8(1) : 89-100 .
Fig.1 : Standard carve of different concentration of auxin (IAA) and Absorbability with wave length
(449nanometer)
Fig.(2a): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of fresh mung bean cuttings treated with 0.0001%
SO4 solution and 5x10-4
M concentration (pH=4.38) of IAA solution .
LSD(0.05)=1.237 LSD(0.01)=2.388
H2SO4IAA
12.04
16.022**
www.iiste.org
pyridine", Chemissche
Salisbury, F.B. & Ross, C.W. (1978), "Plant Physiology : Wadsworth Publishing Company", Inc ., Belmont ,
Shaheed, A.I. (1987), "The control of adventitious root development in cutting of Phaseolus aureus Roxb",
Spiegle, M.R. (1975), "Theory and problems of probability statistic schaums outline series in mathematic",
rea determination in grain sorghum", Agron J.53 :
3 – acetic acid, A new,
oulos, S.T. & salama, M.A. (1980), "Physiological and Anatomical studies on
Fig.1 : Standard carve of different concentration of auxin (IAA) and Absorbability with wave length
Fig.(2a): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of fresh mung bean cuttings treated with 0.0001%
concentration (pH=4.38) of IAA solution .
8. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
Fig.(2b): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of aged mung bean cuttings for 3 days in d/H
treated for 24h. with 0.001% concentration of H
solution LSD(0.05)=0.752 LSD(0.01)=1.451
Fig.(2c): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of aged mung bean cuttings for
3 days in H2SO4 solution with0.01%concentration(pH=2.85) and 5x10
solution . LSD(0.05)=0.788 LSD(0.01)=1.522
Table 1:Influence of (H
Solution Concentration%
d/H2O 0
Indole
acetic acid
(IAA)
0.00876
(5x10-4
M)
H2SO4
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.5
Stem cuttings were taken from seedlings grown in d/H
concentration of (H2SO4). Thereafter , transferred to boric acid (10µg/ml) for 6days.
11.09
Control (d/H2O)
Control (d/H2O)
**8.352
11.09
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
093X (Online)
47
Fig.(2b): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of aged mung bean cuttings for 3 days in d/H
treated for 24h. with 0.001% concentration of H2SO4 (pH=3.55) and 5x10-4
M concentration (pH=4.38) of IAA
solution LSD(0.05)=0.752 LSD(0.01)=1.451
Fig.(2c): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of aged mung bean cuttings for
solution with0.01%concentration(pH=2.85) and 5x10-4
M concentration (pH=4.38) of IAA
LSD(0.01)=1.522
Table 1:Influence of (H2SO4) on rooting response of fresh mung been cuttings
Concentration%
Mean root
No./cutting
Mean root length
/cutting (mm)
Mean of 1
trifoliated leaf
area (cm
16.3 14.073 0.772
0.00876
M)
39.7** **1.686 **0.041
17.2 **6.377 **0
14.3 **8.933 **0.185
12.6 **9.14 **0.314
**1.1 **0.29 **0
**0 **0 **0
Stem cuttings were taken from seedlings grown in d/H2O for 10 days .Then treated for 24h. in the above
). Thereafter , transferred to boric acid (10µg/ml) for 6days.
14.167**
15.162**
H2SO4IAA
H2SO4IAA
15.683**
**8.352
www.iiste.org
Fig.(2b): IAA content (m molar/g. hypocotyls wt.) of aged mung bean cuttings for 3 days in d/H2O there after
M concentration (pH=4.38) of IAA
M concentration (pH=4.38) of IAA
on rooting response of fresh mung been cuttings
Mean of 1st
true
trifoliated leaf
area (cm2
)
pH
0.772 6.71
**0.041 4.38
**0 4.15
**0.185 3.55
**0.314 2.85
**0 1.92
**0 1.16
treated for 24h. in the above
9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.11, 2013
48
Mean of root number LSD(0.01)= 8.79 LSD (0.05) = 6.145 , mean of root length LSD(0.01)= 1.928
LSD(0.05)= 1.348
mean of leaf area , LSD(0.01)= 0.328 LSD (0.05) = 0.229 .
Table 2:Influence of (H2SO4) on rooting response of aged mung bean cuttings for 3 days in d/H2O
Solution
Concentration
%
Mean root
No./cutting
Mean root
length/cutting(
mm)
Mean of 1st
true
trifoliated leaf area
(cm2
)
pH
d/H2O 0 14.875 9.259 0.313 6.71
Indole
acetic acid
(IAA)
0.00876
(5x10-4
M)
34.375 ** **2.583 **0 4.38
H2SO4
0.0001 15.375 9.584 0.401 4.15
0.001 29.125 ** **6.171 **0.097 3.55
0.01 28.25 ** **1.382 **0.069 2.85
0.1 **0 **0 **0 1.92
0.5 **0 **0 **0 1.16
Stem cuttings were taken from seedlings grown in d/H2O for 10 days .Then aged for 3 days in d/H2O and treated
for 24h. in the above concentration of (H2SO4). Thereafter , transferred to boric acid (10µg/ml) for 6days
Mean of root number LSD(0.01)= 7.749 LSD (0.05) = 5.386 , mean of root length LSD(0.01)= 1.578
LSD(0.05)= 1.097
mean of leaf area , LSD(0.01)= 0.159 LSD (0.05) = 0.11 .
Table 3:Influence of (H2SO4) on rooting response of aged mung bean cuttings for 3days in H2SO4 solution
Solution
Concentration
%
Mean root
No./cutting
Mean root
length/cutting(
mm)
Mean of 1st
true
trifoliated leaf area
(cm2
)
pH
d/H2O 0 17 17.284 1.016 6.71
Indole actic
acid (IAA)
0.00876
(5x10-4
M)
8.3 **2.752 **0 4.36
H2SO4
0.0001 45.4** **5.436 **0.536 4.15
0.001 40.2** **9.561 0.746 3.55
0.01 65.7** **6.801 *0.665 2.85
0.1 **0 **0 **0 1.92
0.5 **0 **0 **0 1.16
Stem cuttings were taken from seedlings grown in d/H2O for 10 days .Then aged for 3 days in the above
concentration of (H2SO4). Thereafter , transferred to boric acid (10µg/ml) for 6days.
Mean of root number LSD(0.01)= 13.638 LSD (0.05) = 9.535 , mean of root length LSD(0.01)= 2.04
LSD(0.05)= 1.426
mean of leaf area , LSD(0.01)= 0.409 LSD (0.05) = 0.286 .
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