This document summarizes Dr. Cable Green's presentation on open education and the case for open educational resources (OER). Some key points from the presentation include: - Rising costs of higher education and student debt are putting pressure on the traditional education system and accessibility of education. OER can help address these issues by reducing costs. - Technological advances have reduced the cost of copying and distributing digital content to nearly zero, challenging traditional business models of content industries like textbooks. OER take advantage of these new affordances. - Many successful open projects exist like Wikipedia, open educational resources, and open access policies that maximize public access to publicly funded research. These examples demonstrate the potential of open approaches.

1. Dr. Cable Green
Director of
Global Learning
cable@creativecommons.org
twitter: @cgreen

2. Open Education:
The Moral, Business
& Policy Case for OER
Dr. Cable Green
Director of Global Learning
cable@creativecommons.org
@cgreen

3. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

4. Why are we educators?

5. Children Reading Pratham Books and Akshara By Ryan Lobo http://www.flickr.com/photos/prathambooks/3291CC BY

6. What are the trends?

7. (1) Demand for Higher
Education

8. “Nearly one-third of the world’s
population (29.3%) is under
15. Today there are 158 million
people enrolled in tertiary
education1. Projections
suggest that that participation
will peak at 263 million2 in
2025. Accommodating the
additional 105 million students
would require more than four
major universities (30,000
students) to open every week
for the next fifteen years.1 ISCED levels 5 & 6 UNESCO Institute of Statistics figures
2 British Council and IDP Australia projections
By: COL
http://www.col.org/SiteCollectio
s/JohnDaniel_2008_3x5.jpg

9. (2) Student Debt  / Perceived Value


12. (3) Affordances of Digital Things

13. Cost of “Copy”
For one 250 page book:
• Copy by hand - $1,000
• Copy by print on demand - $4.90
• Copy by computer - $0.00084
CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

14. Cost of “Distribute”
For one 250 page book:
• Distribute by mail - $5.20
• $0 with print-on-demand (2000+ copies)
• Distribute by internet - $0.00072
CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

15. Copy and Distribute (and storage)
are “Free”
This changes everything
CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

16. Movies, TV Shows, Songs, and
Textbooks
Movies and TV Shows:
• Amazon Prime – $6.59/month
($79/year) for access to 10,000 movies
and TV shows
• Netflix – $7.99/month for access to
20,000 movies and TV shows
• Hulu Plus – $7.99/month for access to
45,000 movies and TV shows
CC BY: David Wiley: http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2348

17. Movies, TV Shows, Songs, and
Textbooks
Music:
• Spotify – $9.99/month for access to 15
million songs
• Rhapsody – $14.99/month for access
to 14 million songs
CC BY: David Wiley: http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2348

18. CC BY ND / Delta Initiative / http://tinyurl.com/bw3ztnt

19. (4) Open Educational Resources
including:
open textbooks

21. Nonprofit organization
Free copyright licenses
Founded in 2001
Operates worldwide

24. Step 1: Choose Conditions
Attribution
ShareAlike
NonCommercial
NoDerivatives

25. Step 2: Receive a License

26. most free
least free
Not OER
OER

28. Wikipedia: Over 77,000 contributors working
on over 22 million articles in 285 languages

29. 175+ Million CC Licensed Photos on Flickr
2

30. 3
CERN releases photos under a Creative Commons License CC-

34. Europeana: 30M metadata items under CC0,
5 million digital object with PDM and 2.8
million digital objects under one of the CC
licenses

35. http://www.flickr.com/photos/22240293@N05/3735172478/in/set-72157621681117648 By: Francisco Diez

36. Higher Ed

37. Primary

38. Open Educational Resources (OER)

39. OER are teaching, learning,
and research materials in any
medium that reside in the
public domain or have been
released under an open
license that permits their free
use and re-purposing by
others.

40. FREE
+
LEGAL RIGHTS:
REUSE
REVISE
REMIX
REDISTRIBUTE
RETAIN

41. Credit: Nicole Allen, SPARC / See www.opencontent.org for full definition
• Make and own copiesRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The$5Rs$

42. Image © from http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/28/showbiz/heat-director-buddy-
cop

43. Translations & Accessibility

44. Customization & Affordability

45. / Open Textbooks

46. (Article): University Business: College textbook forecast: Radical change
ahead

47. Source http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-368
Figure 1: Estimated Increases in New College Textbook Prices, College Tuition and
Fees, and Overall Consumer Price Inflation, 2002 to 2012
prices grew by 28 percent.

48. Expand availability
and discoverability
of OER
Expand adoption,
adaptation and building
of OER
Nicole Allen, SPARC: CC BY

49. A Growing Library
CC BY: OpenStax College

50. $30 MILLION+
SAVED!
CC BY: OpenStax College

51. There is a direct relationship between
textbook costs and student success






60%+ do not purchase textbooks
at some point due to cost
50% take fewer courses due
to textbook cost
31% choose not to register for
a course due to textbook cost
23% regularly go without
textbooks due to cost
14% have dropped a
course due to textbook cost
10% have withdrawn from a
course due to textbook cost
Source: 2012 student survey
by Florida Virtual Campus
www.projectkaleidoscope.org

52. The Vision

100% of students have
100% free, digital access to all materials on day
1
Drive student success by
designing, adopting, measuring and
improving OER-based courses
www.projectkaleidoscope.org

53. How are your students
supposed to learn with
materials they can’t
afford and are not
buying?

54. Received funding to provide faculty
development on your campus:
- The impacts of high textbook
costs
- Open textbooks as a solution
- Stipends for faculty reviews of
open textbooks
What can you do?
The Open Textbook Initiative
University of Minnesota
For more information: http://z.umn.edu/opentextbooks

55. Typical Results with Lumen
$ Cut total spend
on textbooks by
90%
Measurable
increase (5-10%)
in student success
Open licensing
of all new content
Data-driven
course
updates
Smooth
faculty
transition to
open content
Student
access to
materials
from day 1

57. Adapted from slides by David Wiley available under CC BY at http://
www.slideshare.net/opencontent

58. CC-BY licensed textbooks
for 110 university courses

59. • We must get rid of our “not invented
here” attitude regarding others’ content
–move to: "proudly borrowed from there"
• Content is not a strategic advantage
• Nor can we (or our students) afford it
WA Community Colleges:

60. English Composition I
• 60,000+ enrollments / year
• x $175 textbook
• = $10.5 Million every year

61. English Composition I
• 55,000+ enrollments / year
• x $175 textbook
• = $9.6+ Million every year

62. http://opencourselibrary.org

63. Does it make any sense WA State and
K-12 Districts together spend
$130M/year
on textbooks and the results are:
• Books are (on average) 7-10 years out of
date
• Paper only / no digital versions.
• Students can’t write / highlight in books
• Students can’t keep books at end of
year
• All rights reserved… teachers can’t

64. (5) Open Policy

65. Current research funding cycle does not maximize
dissemination, economic efficiency, social impact
Government RFPs
announced,
research grants
awarded
Scientific research
conducted and
papers written
Articles
submitted to
journals and
peer review
occurs
Acceptance in
journals; authors
transfer copyright
to publishers
Articles published
in mainly closed
access journals
Libraries subscribe
or public pays per
article fee to view
on publisher's
website
Public granted little
or no reuse rights
beyond access to
read articles
Slow scientific
progress, poor
return on public
investment

66. Optimized research funding cycle maximizes
public access, economic efficiency, social impact
Government RFPs
announced, open
license
requirements
included, research
grants awarded
Scientific research
conducted and
papers written
Acceptance in
journals; public
access policy
ensures deposit in
open repository
Articles published
in traditional
journals under
embargo
Public can
download articles
from open access
repository
Public granted full
reuse rights under
open licenses
Accelerated
scientific progress,
optimal return on
public investment
Articles
submitted to
journals and
peer review
occurs

67. When the Marginal Cost of Sharing is $0…
- educators have an ethical obligation to share
- governments need to get maximum ROI by
requiring publicly funded resources be openly
licensed resources
- governments and educators need openly
licensed content: (a) so you can revise & remix
(b) buying and maintaining is cheaper than
leasing (w/time bombs)

68. White House issues directive supporting
public access to publicly funded research

69. $450 million – Round 4
($2 billion over four years)

70. California Community Colleges require
Creative Commons Attribution for
Chancellor’s Office Grants & Contracts

71. Publicly funded
resources should be
openly licensed
resources.

72. openpolicynetwork.org

73. Institute for Open Leadership
1st Institute: January, 2015

74. massive change By: sookieCC BY

75. U.S. House Appropriations Committee draft FY2012
Labor, Health and Human Services funding bill
SEC. 124. None of the funds made available by this Act
for the Department of Labor may be used to develop
new courses, modules, learning materials, or projects in
carrying out education or career job training grant
programs unless the Secretary of Labor certifies,
after a comprehensive market-based analysis, that
such courses, modules, learning materials, or projects
are not otherwise available for purchase or licensing
in the marketplace or under development for
students who require them to participate in such
education or career job training grant programs.
http://appropriations.house.gov/UploadedFiles/FY_2012_Final_LHHSE.pdf

76. U.S. House Appropriations Committee draft FY2012
Labor, Health and Human Services funding bill
SEC. 124. None of the funds made available by this Act
for the Department of Labor may be used to develop
new courses, modules, learning materials, or projects in
carrying out education or career job training grant
programs unless the Secretary of Labor certifies,
after a comprehensive market-based analysis, that
such courses, modules, learning materials, or projects
are not otherwise available for purchase or licensing
in the marketplace or under development for
students who require them to participate in such
education or career job training grant programs.
http://appropriations.house.gov/UploadedFiles/FY_2012_Final_LHHSE.pdf

77. Faculty: My asks of you:
(1) Before you order your textbook(s
for next semester… please look
at Open Textbooks (e.g., OpenStax)
and other OER.
(2) What OER can you reuse, revise
remix from others?
(3) License your works with CC!

78. College Leadership: My ask of you:
• Add OER / OA to strategic plans
• Open Policy on discretionary gran
• Support faculty: time/money/PD
• Make this a Univ-wide conversatio
• Make heroes out of open leaders
• Track & report cost savings, KPIs
• CC licenses on your MOOCs

79. KPIs
• $ saved when a course section / course / department
moves to open textbooks
• faculty time saved when sharing OER across the
college / system
• tuition $ gained if fewer students drop during the
add/drop period (in courses with open textbooks /
open curriculum)
• course completion rates
• reduced time to degree
• course outcomes / proficiency
• other metrics / KPIs important to the system / college

80. College Leadership: My ask of you:
• Add OER / OA to strategic plans
• Open Policy on discretionary gran
• Support faculty: time/money/PD
• Make this a Univ-wide conversatio
• Make heroes out of open leaders
• Track & report cost savings, KPIs
• CC licenses on your MOOCs

81. November 19-21 | Washington, D.C.
www.openedconference.org

83. the opposite of open isn’t “closed”

84. the opposite of open is “broken”
Attribution: John Wilbanks

86. Get Creative Commons
Updates
bit.ly/commonsnews

87. Dr. Cable Green
Director of
Global Learning
cable@creativecommons.org
twitter: @cgreen

88. Credits
● Open Policy Network slides – from Tim Vollmer @ Creative Commons
● Big idea Icon - from the Noun Project, Public Domain
● Blueprint Icon - by Dimitry Sokolov, from The Noun Project - CC BY
● Check List Icon - by fabrice dubuy, from The Noun Project - CC BY
● Hackathon - by Iconathon 2012 - CC0
● Question Icon - by Rémy Médard, from The Noun Project - CC BY

89. 5 Challenges of OER (for this afternoon):
(1) Faculty Doesn't Know what To Do with OER
(2) Not Everyone Trusts Free Resources
(3) Expectations Around OER Quality are High
(4) Institutional Processes Aren't Always Flexible
(5) No Effective Discovery and Assessment OER
Tool
http://campustechnology.com/Articles/2013/04/24/5-Hurdles-to-OER-

91. Principles
• Policy is a solution to a problem,
not an end in itself
• Passing policy is only half of the
battle, implementation is what
makes it work
• Policy is not the equivalent of
changing culture CC BY: Nicole Allen: SPARC

92. Making the Case
• Know where stakeholders stand
(faculty, bookstore, college,
publishers), and partner with
students – your best ally
• Focus on the local impacts of OER
and have data to back it up
• Keep explanations of OER simple
CC BY: Nicole Allen: SPARC

93. What You Can Do
• Educate legislators (federal and state)
on the public policy case for OER
• Consider how OER can fit into YOUR
legislative agenda
• Watch for OER legislation and
opportunities (both good and bad)
CC BY: Nicole Allen: SPARC

94. Policy
• Ensure publicly funded resources are
openly licensed
• Create programs that directly advance
OER
• Induce or call for action on OER
• Create or change policy frameworks that
enable advancement on OER
CC BY: Nicole Allen: SPARC

95. OER Enhances Academic Freedom
• OER provides faculty with more choices for their courses
• OER allows for permission free editing and adaptation
• OER prevents faculty from being locked into a particular
platform or system
At the course level:
In the market place:
• OER should not be legislated or mandated
• OER needs to stand on it’s own vis a vis publisher
material
CC BY: OpenStax College

96. X Limits access
Digital Rights Management:
Open Licenses:
 Unlimited Access (never expires)
 Unlimited printing/use across devices
 Encourages sharing on informal learning networks
Digital Rights Management
CC BY: OpenStax College

97. Neelie Kroes
Vice-President of the
European Commission
responsible for the Digital
Agenda
WCIT'10 - Press-conference of Neelie Kroes by: WCIT2010 is licensed CC BY 2.0: https://www.flickr.com/photos/centralasian/4644968977/
Notes from speech at OKFN 2014: Embracing the open opportunity: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-14-556_en.htm

98. CC BY-NC-ND
046: Rule #2: See Rule #1 By: William Couch
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wcouch/226861055

99. ByMichaelGwyther-Jones
http://www.flickr.com/photos/12587661@N06/
7906811250/
CC BY

100. • Efficient use of public funds to
increase student success and
access to quality educational
materials.
• Everything else (including all
existing business models) is
secondary.
Only ONE thing Matters:

101. • Expand access to high-
quality materials
• Support faculty choice
and development
• Improve student success
Community College Consortium for OER
(CCCOER)
http://oerconsortium.org
Come In, We're Open gary simmons
cc-by-nc-sa flickr

102. Join our Community of OER Experts
• Collaborate on OER
• Monthly webinars
NOV 12: OPEN PEDAGOGY
DEC 10: OER RESEARCH
• Finding open textbooks workshops
• Ensuring online accessibility
• Gathering faculty and student feedback
http://oerconsortium.org
250+ colleges in 18
states/provinces