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Unix Programming Lab

The document provides information about the UNIX operating system and basic UNIX commands. It discusses that the UNIX kernel interacts with hardware and manages tasks like memory management and file management. The shell is a program that interprets commands from the user and executes them via the kernel. It then explains some basic UNIX commands like pwd, date, cal, touch, cat, mv, cp, rm, head, tail and sort. It also provides details about the vi text editor and shell scripting in UNIX.

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UN NEIL M NIX MATHEW PRO W - A23 OGR 3247100 RAM 002 - 3C MMIN CS4 – Y3 NG L 305 LABB
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 1 INDEX UNIX LAB FILE 1. WHAT IS UNIX? 2 2. UNIX STRUCTURE 3 3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIX AND WINDOWS 4 4. BASIC UNIX COMMANDS 5 5. VI EDITOR 12 6. SHELL SCRIPTING 13 7. LOOPING SYNTAX 14 8. DESCISION MAKING SYNTAX 15
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 2 WHAT IS UNIX? The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user. The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel. Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel. • Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. • There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, UP Unix and BSD are few examples. Linux is also a flavour of Unix which is freely available. • Several people can use a UNIX computer at the same time; hence UNIX is called a multiuser system. • A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence UNIX is called multitasking.
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NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIX & WINDOWS NO: UNIX WINDOWS 1 It is a Free Source OS. It is a licensed OS. 2 Less administration and maintenance is needed in maintaining a UNIX system More administration and maintenance is needed in maintaining a Windows system 3 UNIX uses daemons. Windows has service processes. 4 UNIX is more secure. Windows is more vulnerable. 5 Unix is much better at handling multiple tasks for a single user or for multiple users than windows. Windows is inferior in this regard. 6 UNIX preferred by programmers for its more flexible nature. Windows preferred by less sophisticated users. 7 When a new process is created by a UNIX application, it becomes a child of the process that created it. Windows processes on the other hand do not share a hierarchical relationship 8 It uses the Unix file system (UFS) also known as Fast File System (FFS) Windows uses the FAT32 and NTFS File system.
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 5 BASIC UNIX COMMANDS The various commands are: who who : Shows other nodes connected to same server. who am I : Shows your node. $ who am i aib ttyp1 Jul 20 02:19 $ who aib ttyp0 Jul 20 00:58 aib ttyp1 Jul 20 02:19 aib ttyp2 Jul 20 02:19 aib ttyp3 Jul 20 02:22 aib ttyp4 Jul 20 02:22 aib ttyp5 Jul 20 02:14 aib ttyp6 Jul 20 02:05 aib ttyp7 Jul 20 02:06 aib ttyp8 Jul 20 02:18 aib ttyp9 Jul 20 02:06 aib ttyp10 Jul 20 02:15 pwd pwd : Present Working Directory $ pwd /usr/aib Banner banner <name> : display <name> in a banner-like format $ banner SCIENCE ##### ##### ### ####### # # ##### ####### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # ##### # # # # ##### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ##### ##### ### ####### # # ##### #######
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 6 cal cal : Calender $ cal 2011 2011 Jan Feb Mar Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 27 28 29 30 31 30 31 Apr May Jun Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 Jul Aug Sep Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Oct Nov Dec Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 30 31
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 7 date date +% _ : Shows date, with specified formats $date Wed Jul 20 02:26:01 IST 2011 $ date +%H <-- Hours (Time Capital) 02 $ date +%M <-- Minutes 26 $ date +%S <-- Seconds 19 $ date Wed Jul 20 02:26:31 IST 2011 $ date +%d <-- Day (Date LowerCase) 20 $ date +%m <-- Month 07 $ date +%y <-- Year (two digits) 11 $ date +%Y <-- Year (all four digits) 2011 $date +%T <-- Time 02:27:14 touch touch <filename> : Creates files without data cat cat > (existing/new filename) : Write data to file (also creates) cat < (existing filename) : Read data from file $ touch FOLM1 FOLM2 FOLM3 $ cat > FOLM2 Yosh. $ cat > FOLM1 DOOM DOT. $ cat < FOLM2 Yosh. $ cat < FOLM1 DOOM DOT.
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 8 mv mv <filename1> <filename2> : Renames file from 1 to 2 cp cp <filename1> <filename2> : Copies from one to another rm rm <filename1> : deletes file $ touch Olaf $ cat > Olaf Boom Box Reloaded. $ cat < Olaf Boom Box Reloaded. $ mv Olaf Heimer <-- Renamed $ cat < Olaf <-- Therefore Olaf no longer exists Olaf: cannot open $ cat < Heimer Boom Box Reloaded. $ rm Heimer <-- Deleted $ cat < Heimer Heimer: cannot open $ touch dwarf $ cat > dwarf Ain't I small? $ cat <dwarf Ain't I small? $ cp dwarf Elf <-- Copy $ cat <Elf Ain't I small? -i <command> -i <files> : With Permission $ rm -i mini miniME remove mini ? y remove miniME ? n
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 9 wc wc <filename> : Word Count ( lines, words, characters) -l : only lines -w : only words -c : only characters -wl : words & lines -wc : words & characters -lc : lines & characters $ cat < PUMA2 Jump & move it. Jump & move it.. Jump & move it... Yo! $ wc PUMA2 4 13 55 PUMA2 $ wc -w PUMA2 13 PUMA2 $ wc -c PUMA2 55 PUMA2 $ wc -l PUMA2 4 PUMA2 Head head -n <filename> : displays the first n lines of a file Tail tail -n <filename> : displays the last n lines of a file $ cat < PUMA2 Jump & move it. Jump & move it.. Jump & move it... Yo! $ head -1 PUMA2 Jump & move it. $ tail -2 PUMA2 Jump & move it... Yo!
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 10 Sort sort <filename> : Sorts files taking each line as separate entity sort -r <filename> : reverse order (descending) sort -o<to_filename> <from_filename> : save sorted file sort <filename> <filename2> : Combines both and sorts it all. sort -o<TO_file> <FROM_file1> <FROM_file2> : Saves the combined and sorted. -m : treats each file as an entity instead of the lines within it -u : avoids repetition when common entities from 2 files repeat $ cat > JLA Clark Kent Bruce Wayne Diana Barry Allen Hal Jordan Arthur Curry J'onn J'onzz $ sort JLA Arthur Curry Barry Allen Bruce Wayne Clark Kent Diana Hal Jordan J'onn J'onzz
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 11
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 12 VI EDITOR Vi editor, is a widely-used and popular UNIX-based text editor. Like most UNIX system interfaces and other text editors, it lets you control the system by using the keyboard rather than a combination of mouse selections and keystrokes. The succinctness of the interface makes it highly useful for people who work at a computer all day, especially programmers entering or manipulating language statements. There are two modes in the Vi Editor. 1. Command Mode 2. Insertion Mode The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode. Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for "colon" commands which execute when you press the return key. ENTERING THE INSERT MODE a append text, after the cursor; i insert text, before the cursor; R enter Overtype Mode; A append text, after end of line; I insert text, before first non-whitespace character; o open new line below cursor in Insert Mode; O open new line above cursor in Insert Mode; EXITING THE INSERT MODE ESC Exit insertion mode and return to command mode
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 13 SHELL SCRIPTING A shell script is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a UNIX-based operating system. It's called a shell script because it combines into a single file (script) a sequence of commands that would otherwise have to be presented to the system from a keyboard one at a time. A shell script is usually created for command sequences for which a user has a repeated need. You initiate the sequence of commands in the shell script by simply entering the name of the shell script on a command line. Often, writing a shell script is much quicker than writing the equivalent code in other programming languages. The many advantages include easy program or file selection, quick start, and interactive debugging. A shell script can be used to provide a sequencing and decision-making linkage around existing programs, and for moderately-sized scripts the absence of a compilation step is an advantage. On the other hand, shell scripting is prone to costly errors. Inadvertent typing errors such as rm -rf * / are folklore in the Unix community; a single extra space converts the command from one that deletes everything in the sub- directories to one which deletes everything - and also tries to delete everything in the root directory. Similar problems can transform cp and mv into dangerous weapons, and misuse of the > redirect can delete the contents of a file. This is made more problematic by the fact that many UNIX commands differ in name by only one letter: cp, cd, dd, df, etc. Another significant disadvantage is the slow execution speed and the need to launch a new process for almost every shell command executed. When a script's job can be accomplished by setting up a pipeline in which efficient filter commands perform most of the work, the slowdown is mitigated, but a complex script is typically several orders of magnitude slower than a conventional compiled program that performs an equivalent task.
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 14 LOOPING SYNTAX FOR LOOP Syntax: for { <variable_name> } in { <list of variable> } do <commands> done WHILE LOOP Syntax: while [ <condition> ] do <command1> <command2> done UNTIL LOOP Syntax: until cond do Statement(s) to be executed until command is true done
NEIL MATHEW – A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 15 DECISION MAKING SYNTAX SWITCH CASE It is a control statement used for decision making. Syntax: case $<variable> in <option1>) <statement> ;; <option2>) <statement> ;; esac IF CONDITION It is a control statement used for decision making. Syntax: if [ $<variable> <logical operator> $<variable> then <statement> fi ( IF - ELSE IF ) if [ $<variable> <logical operator> $<variable> ] then <statement> elif [$<variable> <logical operator> $<variable> ] then <statement> else <statement> fi
INDEX SHELL PROGRAMMING 3/8/2011 1. FIND SUM OF 5 NATURAL NUMBERS P2 10/8/2011 2. FIND THE AREA OF CIRCLE P3 10/8/2011 3. CALCULATE THE SIMPLE INTEREST P4 17/8/2011 4. SWAP TWO NUMBERS P5 24/8/2011 5. FIND THE LARGEST NUMBER P6 24/8/2011 6. CHECK IF THE YEAR IS LEAP YEAR OR NOT P7 31/8/2011 7. MAKE A CALCULATOR USING SWITCH CASE P8 7/9/2011 8. INPUT STUDENT RESULT MARKS AND CATEGORIZE WHETHER IN FAIL, 1ST OR 2ND DIVISION P9 14/9/2011 9. FIND FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER P10 21/9/2011 10.FIND FIBONACCI SERIES P11 21/9/2011 11.FIND REVERSE OF A NUMBER P12 28/9/2011 12.ENTER A FIVE DIGIT NUMBER AND CALCULATE THE SUM OF ITS DIGITS P13 5/10/2011 13.CHECK IF NUMBER IS A PRIME NO P14
P2 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q1. FIND SUM OF 5 NATURAL NUMBERS metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question1 echo "Enter 5 numbers: " read a read b read c read d read e sum=` expr $a + $b + $c + $d + $e ` echo "Sum of 5 numbers = $sum" "Question1" 12L, 109C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question1 Enter 5 numbers: 10 12 14 16 18 The Sum is: 70
P3 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q2. FIND THE AREA OF CIRCLE metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question2 echo "Enter the radius of the Circle: " read r area=` expr 22 / 7 * $r * $r` echo "Ans is $area" "Question2" 7L, 104C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question2 Enter the radius of the Circle: 2 Ans is 12
P4 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q3. CALCULATE THE SIMPLE INTEREST metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question3 echo "Enter the Principal: " read P echo "Enter the Rate per year: " read R echo "Enter the Time in years: " read T SI=`expr $P * $R * $T / 100` echo "The Simple Interest is " $SI "Question3" 14L, 179C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question3 Enter the Principal: 1000 Enter the Rate per year: 2 Enter the Time in years: 3 The Simple Interest is 60
P5 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q4. SWAP TWO NUMBERS metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question4 echo "Enter the First Number: " read a echo "Enter the Second Number: " read b temp=$a a=$b b=$temp echo "First Number is now: $a" echo "Second Number is now: $b" "Question4" 13L, 167C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question4 Enter the First Number: 7 Enter the Second Number: 3 First Number is now: 3 Second Number is now: 7
P6 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q5. FIND THE LARGEST NUMBER metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question5 echo "Enter the First Number: " read a echo "Enter the Second Number: " read b echo "Enter the Third Number: " read c if [ $a -gt $b ] && [ $a -gt $c ] then echo "$a is the greatest!" elif [ $b -gt $a ] && [ $b -gt $c ]; then echo "$b is the greatest!" else echo "$c is the greatest!" fi "Question5" 18L, 294C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question5 Enter the First Number: 0 Enter the Second Number: 9 Enter the Third Number: 5 9 is the greatest!
P7 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q6. CHECK IF THE YEAR IS A LEAP YEAR OR NOT metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question6 echo "Enter the Year: " read y rem=`expr $y % 4` if [ $rem -eq 0 ] then echo "$y is a leap year!" else echo "$y is NOT a leap year!" fi "Question6" 12L, 139C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question6 Enter the Year: 2008 2008 is a leap year!
P8 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q7. MAKE A CALCULATOR USING SWITCH CASE metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question7 echo "Enter the First Number:" read a echo "Enter the Second Number:" read b echo echo "Options:" echo "To Add, Enter +" echo "To Subtract, Enter -" echo "To Multiply, Enter *" echo "To Divide, Enter /" echo -n "Your Choice: " read ch case $ch in +) res=`expr $a + $b` echo "Sum is: $res" ;; -) res=`expr $a - $b` echo "Remainder is: $res" ;; *) res=`expr $a * $b` echo "Product is: $res" ;; /) res=`expr $a / $b` echo "Quotient is: $res" ;; esac "Question7" 40L, 458C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question7 Enter the First Number: 4 Enter the Second Number: 6 Options: To Add, Enter + To Subtract, Enter - To Multiply, Enter * To Divide, Enter / Your Choice: * Product is: 24
P9 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q8.INPUT STUDENT RESULT MARKS AND CATEGORIZE WHETHER IN FAIL, 1ST DIVISION OR 2ND DIVISION metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question8 echo "Enter Final Marks: " read res if [ $res -ge 85 ]; then echo "You are in First Division!" elif [ $res -ge 70 ]; then echo "You are in Second Division!" elif [ $res -lt 40 ]; then echo "You have FAILED!" else echo "No Division. AVERAGE" fi "Question8" 14L, 247C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question8 Enter Final Marks: 84 You are in Second Division! metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question8 Enter Final Marks: 56 No Division. AVERAGE
P10 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q9. FIND FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question9 echo "Enter Number:" read n f=1 while [ $n -gt 0 ] do f=`expr $f * $n` n=`expr $n - 1` done echo "Factorial is: $f" "Question9" 16L, 124C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question9 Enter Number: 5 Factorial is: 120
P11 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q10. FIND FIBONACCI SERIES metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question10 echo "Enter limiting number:" read n num1=0 num2=1 echo -n "Fibonacci Series:" echo -n " $num1" while [ $n -gt 1 ] do temp=$num2 num2=`expr $num2 + $num1` num1=$temp echo -n " + $num2" n=`expr $n - 1` done echo "Question10" 23L, 220C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question10 Enter limiting number: 6 Fibonacci Series: 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8
P12 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q11. FIND REVERSE OF A NUMBER metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question11 echo "Enter the number:" read n num=$n rev=0 while [ $num -gt 0 ] do digit=`expr $num % 10` rev=`expr $rev * 10 + $digit` num=`expr $num / 10` done echo "Reverse of $n is $rev" "Question11" 17L, 184C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question11 Enter the number: 345 Reverse of 345 is 543
P13 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q12. ENTER A FIVE DIGIT NUMBER AND CALCULATE THE SUM OF ITS DIGITS metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question12 echo "Enter the Number:" read num sum=0 while [ $num -gt 0 ] do digit=`expr $num % 10` sum=`expr $sum + $digit` num=`expr $num / 10` done echo "Sum of digits: $sum" "Question12" [New] 16L, 171C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question12 Enter the Number: 12345 Sum of digits: 15
P14 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q13. CHECK IF NUMBER IS A PRIME NO metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question12 echo "Enter the number:" read n flag=1 i=2 while [ $i -lt $n ] do rem=`expr $n % $i` if [ $rem -eq 0 ] then flag=0 fi i=`expr $i + 1` done if [ $flag -eq 0 ] then echo "Number is NOT Prime." else echo "Number is Prime." fi "Question13" 30L, 236C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question13 Enter the number: 5 Number is Prime. metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question13 Enter the number: 6 Number is NOT Prime.

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Unix Programming Lab

  • 1.
    UN NEIL M NIX MATHEW PRO W -A23 OGR 3247100 RAM 002 - 3C MMIN CS4 – Y3 NG L 305 LABB
  • 2.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 1 INDEX UNIX LAB FILE 1. WHAT IS UNIX? 2 2. UNIX STRUCTURE 3 3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIX AND WINDOWS 4 4. BASIC UNIX COMMANDS 5 5. VI EDITOR 12 6. SHELL SCRIPTING 13 7. LOOPING SYNTAX 14 8. DESCISION MAKING SYNTAX 15
  • 3.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 2 WHAT IS UNIX? The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user. The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel. Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel. • Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. • There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, UP Unix and BSD are few examples. Linux is also a flavour of Unix which is freely available. • Several people can use a UNIX computer at the same time; hence UNIX is called a multiuser system. • A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence UNIX is called multitasking.
  • 4.
    The ma Kernel: most oft Shell: T your term shell use famous s Comma your day utilities. 3rd party Files an directorie ain concept The kernel the tasks lik he shell is t minal, the s es standard shells which nds and Ut y to day ac There are y software. nd Director es. These d NEIL M UN t that unit is the hea ke memory the utility th shell interpr syntax for a h are availab tilities: The ctivities. cp, over 250 s All the com ries: All dat irectories ar MATHEW – A2 NIX S tes all ver art of the o managemen hat processe rets the com all comman ble with mos ere are vario mv, cat an standard com mands com ta in UNIX re organized 2324710002 – STRUC rsions of operating sy nt, task sch es your requ mmand and ds. C Shell, st of the Un ous comma nd grep etc. mmands plu me along wit is organized d into a tree – 3CS4 – Y33 CTURE UNIX is t ystem. It in heduling and uests. When calls the p , Bourne Sh ix variants. nd and utili are few ex us numerou h various op d into files. e-like struct 305 E he followin nteracts wit d file manag n you type i program tha hell and Kor ties which y xamples of us others p ptional optio All files are ure called t ng four ba h hardware gement. n a comma at you want n Shell are you would u commands provided thr ons. e organized he file syste 3 asics: e and nd at . The most use in s and rough d into em.
  • 5.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIX & WINDOWS NO: UNIX WINDOWS 1 It is a Free Source OS. It is a licensed OS. 2 Less administration and maintenance is needed in maintaining a UNIX system More administration and maintenance is needed in maintaining a Windows system 3 UNIX uses daemons. Windows has service processes. 4 UNIX is more secure. Windows is more vulnerable. 5 Unix is much better at handling multiple tasks for a single user or for multiple users than windows. Windows is inferior in this regard. 6 UNIX preferred by programmers for its more flexible nature. Windows preferred by less sophisticated users. 7 When a new process is created by a UNIX application, it becomes a child of the process that created it. Windows processes on the other hand do not share a hierarchical relationship 8 It uses the Unix file system (UFS) also known as Fast File System (FFS) Windows uses the FAT32 and NTFS File system.
  • 6.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 5 BASIC UNIX COMMANDS The various commands are: who who : Shows other nodes connected to same server. who am I : Shows your node. $ who am i aib ttyp1 Jul 20 02:19 $ who aib ttyp0 Jul 20 00:58 aib ttyp1 Jul 20 02:19 aib ttyp2 Jul 20 02:19 aib ttyp3 Jul 20 02:22 aib ttyp4 Jul 20 02:22 aib ttyp5 Jul 20 02:14 aib ttyp6 Jul 20 02:05 aib ttyp7 Jul 20 02:06 aib ttyp8 Jul 20 02:18 aib ttyp9 Jul 20 02:06 aib ttyp10 Jul 20 02:15 pwd pwd : Present Working Directory $ pwd /usr/aib Banner banner <name> : display <name> in a banner-like format $ banner SCIENCE ##### ##### ### ####### # # ##### ####### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # ##### # # # # ##### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ##### ##### ### ####### # # ##### #######
  • 7.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 6 cal cal : Calender $ cal 2011 2011 Jan Feb Mar Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 27 28 29 30 31 30 31 Apr May Jun Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 Jul Aug Sep Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Oct Nov Dec Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 30 31
  • 8.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 7 date date +% _ : Shows date, with specified formats $date Wed Jul 20 02:26:01 IST 2011 $ date +%H <-- Hours (Time Capital) 02 $ date +%M <-- Minutes 26 $ date +%S <-- Seconds 19 $ date Wed Jul 20 02:26:31 IST 2011 $ date +%d <-- Day (Date LowerCase) 20 $ date +%m <-- Month 07 $ date +%y <-- Year (two digits) 11 $ date +%Y <-- Year (all four digits) 2011 $date +%T <-- Time 02:27:14 touch touch <filename> : Creates files without data cat cat > (existing/new filename) : Write data to file (also creates) cat < (existing filename) : Read data from file $ touch FOLM1 FOLM2 FOLM3 $ cat > FOLM2 Yosh. $ cat > FOLM1 DOOM DOT. $ cat < FOLM2 Yosh. $ cat < FOLM1 DOOM DOT.
  • 9.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 8 mv mv <filename1> <filename2> : Renames file from 1 to 2 cp cp <filename1> <filename2> : Copies from one to another rm rm <filename1> : deletes file $ touch Olaf $ cat > Olaf Boom Box Reloaded. $ cat < Olaf Boom Box Reloaded. $ mv Olaf Heimer <-- Renamed $ cat < Olaf <-- Therefore Olaf no longer exists Olaf: cannot open $ cat < Heimer Boom Box Reloaded. $ rm Heimer <-- Deleted $ cat < Heimer Heimer: cannot open $ touch dwarf $ cat > dwarf Ain't I small? $ cat <dwarf Ain't I small? $ cp dwarf Elf <-- Copy $ cat <Elf Ain't I small? -i <command> -i <files> : With Permission $ rm -i mini miniME remove mini ? y remove miniME ? n
  • 10.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 9 wc wc <filename> : Word Count ( lines, words, characters) -l : only lines -w : only words -c : only characters -wl : words & lines -wc : words & characters -lc : lines & characters $ cat < PUMA2 Jump & move it. Jump & move it.. Jump & move it... Yo! $ wc PUMA2 4 13 55 PUMA2 $ wc -w PUMA2 13 PUMA2 $ wc -c PUMA2 55 PUMA2 $ wc -l PUMA2 4 PUMA2 Head head -n <filename> : displays the first n lines of a file Tail tail -n <filename> : displays the last n lines of a file $ cat < PUMA2 Jump & move it. Jump & move it.. Jump & move it... Yo! $ head -1 PUMA2 Jump & move it. $ tail -2 PUMA2 Jump & move it... Yo!
  • 11.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 10 Sort sort <filename> : Sorts files taking each line as separate entity sort -r <filename> : reverse order (descending) sort -o<to_filename> <from_filename> : save sorted file sort <filename> <filename2> : Combines both and sorts it all. sort -o<TO_file> <FROM_file1> <FROM_file2> : Saves the combined and sorted. -m : treats each file as an entity instead of the lines within it -u : avoids repetition when common entities from 2 files repeat $ cat > JLA Clark Kent Bruce Wayne Diana Barry Allen Hal Jordan Arthur Curry J'onn J'onzz $ sort JLA Arthur Curry Barry Allen Bruce Wayne Clark Kent Diana Hal Jordan J'onn J'onzz
  • 12.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 11
  • 13.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 12 VI EDITOR Vi editor, is a widely-used and popular UNIX-based text editor. Like most UNIX system interfaces and other text editors, it lets you control the system by using the keyboard rather than a combination of mouse selections and keystrokes. The succinctness of the interface makes it highly useful for people who work at a computer all day, especially programmers entering or manipulating language statements. There are two modes in the Vi Editor. 1. Command Mode 2. Insertion Mode The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode. Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for "colon" commands which execute when you press the return key. ENTERING THE INSERT MODE a append text, after the cursor; i insert text, before the cursor; R enter Overtype Mode; A append text, after end of line; I insert text, before first non-whitespace character; o open new line below cursor in Insert Mode; O open new line above cursor in Insert Mode; EXITING THE INSERT MODE ESC Exit insertion mode and return to command mode
  • 14.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 13 SHELL SCRIPTING A shell script is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a UNIX-based operating system. It's called a shell script because it combines into a single file (script) a sequence of commands that would otherwise have to be presented to the system from a keyboard one at a time. A shell script is usually created for command sequences for which a user has a repeated need. You initiate the sequence of commands in the shell script by simply entering the name of the shell script on a command line. Often, writing a shell script is much quicker than writing the equivalent code in other programming languages. The many advantages include easy program or file selection, quick start, and interactive debugging. A shell script can be used to provide a sequencing and decision-making linkage around existing programs, and for moderately-sized scripts the absence of a compilation step is an advantage. On the other hand, shell scripting is prone to costly errors. Inadvertent typing errors such as rm -rf * / are folklore in the Unix community; a single extra space converts the command from one that deletes everything in the sub- directories to one which deletes everything - and also tries to delete everything in the root directory. Similar problems can transform cp and mv into dangerous weapons, and misuse of the > redirect can delete the contents of a file. This is made more problematic by the fact that many UNIX commands differ in name by only one letter: cp, cd, dd, df, etc. Another significant disadvantage is the slow execution speed and the need to launch a new process for almost every shell command executed. When a script's job can be accomplished by setting up a pipeline in which efficient filter commands perform most of the work, the slowdown is mitigated, but a complex script is typically several orders of magnitude slower than a conventional compiled program that performs an equivalent task.
  • 15.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 14 LOOPING SYNTAX FOR LOOP Syntax: for { <variable_name> } in { <list of variable> } do <commands> done WHILE LOOP Syntax: while [ <condition> ] do <command1> <command2> done UNTIL LOOP Syntax: until cond do Statement(s) to be executed until command is true done
  • 16.
    NEIL MATHEW –A2324710002 – 3CS4 – Y3305 15 DECISION MAKING SYNTAX SWITCH CASE It is a control statement used for decision making. Syntax: case $<variable> in <option1>) <statement> ;; <option2>) <statement> ;; esac IF CONDITION It is a control statement used for decision making. Syntax: if [ $<variable> <logical operator> $<variable> then <statement> fi ( IF - ELSE IF ) if [ $<variable> <logical operator> $<variable> ] then <statement> elif [$<variable> <logical operator> $<variable> ] then <statement> else <statement> fi
  • 17.
    INDEX SHELL PROGRAMMING 3/8/2011 1.FIND SUM OF 5 NATURAL NUMBERS P2 10/8/2011 2. FIND THE AREA OF CIRCLE P3 10/8/2011 3. CALCULATE THE SIMPLE INTEREST P4 17/8/2011 4. SWAP TWO NUMBERS P5 24/8/2011 5. FIND THE LARGEST NUMBER P6 24/8/2011 6. CHECK IF THE YEAR IS LEAP YEAR OR NOT P7 31/8/2011 7. MAKE A CALCULATOR USING SWITCH CASE P8 7/9/2011 8. INPUT STUDENT RESULT MARKS AND CATEGORIZE WHETHER IN FAIL, 1ST OR 2ND DIVISION P9 14/9/2011 9. FIND FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER P10 21/9/2011 10.FIND FIBONACCI SERIES P11 21/9/2011 11.FIND REVERSE OF A NUMBER P12 28/9/2011 12.ENTER A FIVE DIGIT NUMBER AND CALCULATE THE SUM OF ITS DIGITS P13 5/10/2011 13.CHECK IF NUMBER IS A PRIME NO P14
  • 18.
    P2 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q1.FIND SUM OF 5 NATURAL NUMBERS metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question1 echo "Enter 5 numbers: " read a read b read c read d read e sum=` expr $a + $b + $c + $d + $e ` echo "Sum of 5 numbers = $sum" "Question1" 12L, 109C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question1 Enter 5 numbers: 10 12 14 16 18 The Sum is: 70
  • 19.
    P3 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q2.FIND THE AREA OF CIRCLE metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question2 echo "Enter the radius of the Circle: " read r area=` expr 22 / 7 * $r * $r` echo "Ans is $area" "Question2" 7L, 104C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question2 Enter the radius of the Circle: 2 Ans is 12
  • 20.
    P4 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q3.CALCULATE THE SIMPLE INTEREST metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question3 echo "Enter the Principal: " read P echo "Enter the Rate per year: " read R echo "Enter the Time in years: " read T SI=`expr $P * $R * $T / 100` echo "The Simple Interest is " $SI "Question3" 14L, 179C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question3 Enter the Principal: 1000 Enter the Rate per year: 2 Enter the Time in years: 3 The Simple Interest is 60
  • 21.
    P5 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q4.SWAP TWO NUMBERS metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question4 echo "Enter the First Number: " read a echo "Enter the Second Number: " read b temp=$a a=$b b=$temp echo "First Number is now: $a" echo "Second Number is now: $b" "Question4" 13L, 167C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question4 Enter the First Number: 7 Enter the Second Number: 3 First Number is now: 3 Second Number is now: 7
  • 22.
    P6 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q5.FIND THE LARGEST NUMBER metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question5 echo "Enter the First Number: " read a echo "Enter the Second Number: " read b echo "Enter the Third Number: " read c if [ $a -gt $b ] && [ $a -gt $c ] then echo "$a is the greatest!" elif [ $b -gt $a ] && [ $b -gt $c ]; then echo "$b is the greatest!" else echo "$c is the greatest!" fi "Question5" 18L, 294C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question5 Enter the First Number: 0 Enter the Second Number: 9 Enter the Third Number: 5 9 is the greatest!
  • 23.
    P7 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q6.CHECK IF THE YEAR IS A LEAP YEAR OR NOT metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question6 echo "Enter the Year: " read y rem=`expr $y % 4` if [ $rem -eq 0 ] then echo "$y is a leap year!" else echo "$y is NOT a leap year!" fi "Question6" 12L, 139C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question6 Enter the Year: 2008 2008 is a leap year!
  • 24.
    P8 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q7.MAKE A CALCULATOR USING SWITCH CASE metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question7 echo "Enter the First Number:" read a echo "Enter the Second Number:" read b echo echo "Options:" echo "To Add, Enter +" echo "To Subtract, Enter -" echo "To Multiply, Enter *" echo "To Divide, Enter /" echo -n "Your Choice: " read ch case $ch in +) res=`expr $a + $b` echo "Sum is: $res" ;; -) res=`expr $a - $b` echo "Remainder is: $res" ;; *) res=`expr $a * $b` echo "Product is: $res" ;; /) res=`expr $a / $b` echo "Quotient is: $res" ;; esac "Question7" 40L, 458C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question7 Enter the First Number: 4 Enter the Second Number: 6 Options: To Add, Enter + To Subtract, Enter - To Multiply, Enter * To Divide, Enter / Your Choice: * Product is: 24
  • 25.
    P9 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q8.INPUTSTUDENT RESULT MARKS AND CATEGORIZE WHETHER IN FAIL, 1ST DIVISION OR 2ND DIVISION metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question8 echo "Enter Final Marks: " read res if [ $res -ge 85 ]; then echo "You are in First Division!" elif [ $res -ge 70 ]; then echo "You are in Second Division!" elif [ $res -lt 40 ]; then echo "You have FAILED!" else echo "No Division. AVERAGE" fi "Question8" 14L, 247C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question8 Enter Final Marks: 84 You are in Second Division! metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question8 Enter Final Marks: 56 No Division. AVERAGE
  • 26.
    P10 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q9.FIND FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question9 echo "Enter Number:" read n f=1 while [ $n -gt 0 ] do f=`expr $f * $n` n=`expr $n - 1` done echo "Factorial is: $f" "Question9" 16L, 124C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question9 Enter Number: 5 Factorial is: 120
  • 27.
    P11 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q10.FIND FIBONACCI SERIES metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question10 echo "Enter limiting number:" read n num1=0 num2=1 echo -n "Fibonacci Series:" echo -n " $num1" while [ $n -gt 1 ] do temp=$num2 num2=`expr $num2 + $num1` num1=$temp echo -n " + $num2" n=`expr $n - 1` done echo "Question10" 23L, 220C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question10 Enter limiting number: 6 Fibonacci Series: 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8
  • 28.
    P12 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q11.FIND REVERSE OF A NUMBER metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question11 echo "Enter the number:" read n num=$n rev=0 while [ $num -gt 0 ] do digit=`expr $num % 10` rev=`expr $rev * 10 + $digit` num=`expr $num / 10` done echo "Reverse of $n is $rev" "Question11" 17L, 184C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question11 Enter the number: 345 Reverse of 345 is 543
  • 29.
    P13 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q12.ENTER A FIVE DIGIT NUMBER AND CALCULATE THE SUM OF ITS DIGITS metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question12 echo "Enter the Number:" read num sum=0 while [ $num -gt 0 ] do digit=`expr $num % 10` sum=`expr $sum + $digit` num=`expr $num / 10` done echo "Sum of digits: $sum" "Question12" [New] 16L, 171C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question12 Enter the Number: 12345 Sum of digits: 15
  • 30.
    P14 SHELL PROGRAMMING > Q13.CHECK IF NUMBER IS A PRIME NO metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ vi Question12 echo "Enter the number:" read n flag=1 i=2 while [ $i -lt $n ] do rem=`expr $n % $i` if [ $rem -eq 0 ] then flag=0 fi i=`expr $i + 1` done if [ $flag -eq 0 ] then echo "Number is NOT Prime." else echo "Number is Prime." fi "Question13" 30L, 236C written metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question13 Enter the number: 5 Number is Prime. metalwihen@metalwihen:~$ sh Question13 Enter the number: 6 Number is NOT Prime.