This document provides an overview of instrumentation and measurement systems. It discusses the key elements of a generalised measurement system including the primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data transmission element, data processing element, and data presentation element. It also summarizes different types of measurement instruments such as deflection vs null type, analog vs digital, active vs passive, automatic vs manual, and contacting vs non-contacting. Important concepts in instrumentation like sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, errors, repeatability, reproducibility and corrections are also defined in brief.
The document summarizes key concepts from the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course. It defines a generalized measurement system as having three stages: a primary detector-transducer stage that senses the input signal, an intermediate modifying stage that conditions the signal, and an output or terminating stage that presents the measured value. It describes common static characteristics like accuracy, precision, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics discussed include system response, time delay, and types of errors in measurements. The document also summarizes electrical and mechanical transducers, intermediate modifying devices, and terminating devices used to present measurement outputs.
The document discusses different types of sensors, their characteristics and applications. It describes common sensors such as temperature, current and level sensors. Temperature sensors include thermistors and thermocouples. Current sensors consist of Hall sensors and magnetostriction sensors. The document also introduces smart sensors which integrate additional features like self-calibration. Finally, it outlines industrial applications of various sensors in areas like power plants, electrical machines and robotics.
This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It describes:
1. The three main functional elements of a generalized measurement system: the detector-transducer stage, an intermediate signal modification stage, and a final indicating, recording or controlling stage.
2. Examples of common measurement instruments like pressure gauges and thermometers.
3. The distinction between static and dynamic measurements.
4. Basic electrical measurements and common sensing devices used to convert physical variables to electrical signals.
Lect 1 Measurements and Measurement Systems.pptxVerenaAshraf
This document provides an overview of measurements and measurement systems for a first year electrical engineering course. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of measurements, importance of measurements, types of measurements including direct and indirect, and real-world applications of electrical and electronic measurements. The document also covers instruments and measurement systems, types of instruments including mechanical, electrical, electronic, classifications of instruments such as absolute vs secondary and deflection vs null types. It concludes with discussing the analog and digital modes of operation and functions of instruments including indicating, recording, and integrating instruments.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
This document discusses different types of electrical and electronic instruments used for measurement and instrumentation. It describes mechanical, electrical, and electronic instruments. Mechanical instruments measure physical quantities under static conditions, while electronic instruments have a quicker response time than mechanical and electrical instruments. Electrical instruments measure electrical quantities like current, voltage, and power. Instruments can also be categorized as absolute, secondary, digital, analog, indicating, integrating, and recording based on their measurement methodology and output display.
1. The document discusses measurement systems and instrumentation. It covers topics like order of instruments, instrument classification, units of measurement, standards of measurement, dimensions of measurement, and errors in measurement.
2. Instruments can be classified as mechanical, electrical, or electronic. They can also be categorized as absolute, secondary, digital, or analogue instruments.
3. The seven base SI units are meter, kilogram, second, Kelvin, mole, candela, and ampere. Derived units are formed by combining base units.
4. Standards provide defined relationships to measurement units and are used to calibrate other instruments. Primary standards define measurement units while secondary and working standards are calibrated against primary standards.
The document summarizes key concepts from the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course. It defines a generalized measurement system as having three stages: a primary detector-transducer stage that senses the input signal, an intermediate modifying stage that conditions the signal, and an output or terminating stage that presents the measured value. It describes common static characteristics like accuracy, precision, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics discussed include system response, time delay, and types of errors in measurements. The document also summarizes electrical and mechanical transducers, intermediate modifying devices, and terminating devices used to present measurement outputs.
The document discusses different types of sensors, their characteristics and applications. It describes common sensors such as temperature, current and level sensors. Temperature sensors include thermistors and thermocouples. Current sensors consist of Hall sensors and magnetostriction sensors. The document also introduces smart sensors which integrate additional features like self-calibration. Finally, it outlines industrial applications of various sensors in areas like power plants, electrical machines and robotics.
This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It describes:
1. The three main functional elements of a generalized measurement system: the detector-transducer stage, an intermediate signal modification stage, and a final indicating, recording or controlling stage.
2. Examples of common measurement instruments like pressure gauges and thermometers.
3. The distinction between static and dynamic measurements.
4. Basic electrical measurements and common sensing devices used to convert physical variables to electrical signals.
Lect 1 Measurements and Measurement Systems.pptxVerenaAshraf
This document provides an overview of measurements and measurement systems for a first year electrical engineering course. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of measurements, importance of measurements, types of measurements including direct and indirect, and real-world applications of electrical and electronic measurements. The document also covers instruments and measurement systems, types of instruments including mechanical, electrical, electronic, classifications of instruments such as absolute vs secondary and deflection vs null types. It concludes with discussing the analog and digital modes of operation and functions of instruments including indicating, recording, and integrating instruments.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
This document discusses different types of electrical and electronic instruments used for measurement and instrumentation. It describes mechanical, electrical, and electronic instruments. Mechanical instruments measure physical quantities under static conditions, while electronic instruments have a quicker response time than mechanical and electrical instruments. Electrical instruments measure electrical quantities like current, voltage, and power. Instruments can also be categorized as absolute, secondary, digital, analog, indicating, integrating, and recording based on their measurement methodology and output display.
1. The document discusses measurement systems and instrumentation. It covers topics like order of instruments, instrument classification, units of measurement, standards of measurement, dimensions of measurement, and errors in measurement.
2. Instruments can be classified as mechanical, electrical, or electronic. They can also be categorized as absolute, secondary, digital, or analogue instruments.
3. The seven base SI units are meter, kilogram, second, Kelvin, mole, candela, and ampere. Derived units are formed by combining base units.
4. Standards provide defined relationships to measurement units and are used to calibrate other instruments. Primary standards define measurement units while secondary and working standards are calibrated against primary standards.
This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining sensors as devices that convert physical phenomena into electrical signals, and transducers as the interface between the physical world and electrical devices. It then describes several key performance characteristics of sensors, including transfer function, sensitivity, dynamic range, accuracy, precision, nonlinearity, resolution, stability, and hysteresis. Different types of sensors are classified based on their signal characteristics, power supply needs, and subject of measurement. Examples of common sensors like position, velocity, light, flow, and proximity sensors are provided.
This document provides an introduction to measurement and metrology. It discusses the basics of measurement including defining standards of units such as length, time, current and temperature. There are four categories of standards based on accuracy from primary to working standards. Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity to a standard. There are direct and indirect methods of measurement. Metrology includes theoretical and practical problems related to measurement and establishes measurement standards. The three types of metrology are scientific, industrial, and legal.
These slides describes the deifintion of measurement, Classification of instruments and methods of measurement.
Read the full blog post here: https://bit.ly/32prjeT
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. It takes a non-electrical physical input like temperature, sound, or light and converts it into an electrical output signal. Transducers are made of three parts: an input interface, a sensor, and an output interface. Thermocouples are a common type of transducer that converts temperature differences into electrical signals using the Seebeck effect between two dissimilar metals. Accelerometers are another common transducer that converts acceleration forces into electrical signals. Transducers have a wide variety of applications from antennas and strain gauges to microphones, speakers, and Geiger counters.
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
This document provides information about a metrology and measurements course syllabus taught at Excel Engineering College. It includes:
1. A list of 5 course units that cover topics like the basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, advanced metrology techniques, form measurement, and measurement of properties like force, flow and temperature.
2. 5 intended learning outcomes of the course related to applying metrology concepts, using measurement tools, computer-aided inspection, form measurement techniques, and measuring industrial properties.
3. Details of the course objectives, introduction to metrology definitions, elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurement, types of errors, and general measurement methods.
Introduction to Instrumentation p point presentation.pptxDerejeGizaw2
This document provides an overview of an introduction to instrumentation course, including its objectives, contents, and key concepts. The course aims to discuss measurement systems, sensors, signal conditioning circuits, conversion elements, and output devices. It covers general principles like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and dynamic characteristics. Measurement systems have sensing elements, conditioning circuits, processing elements, and presentation outputs. Sensors convert non-electrical quantities into electrical signals based on physical principles like resistance, induction, thermoelectric effects, and more.
This document discusses transducers, which are devices that convert one form of energy to another. It describes different types of transducers, including:
- Resistive transducers, which change resistance based on a physical phenomenon. Examples given are potentiometers and strain gauges.
- Inductive transducers, which can change self-inductance, mutual inductance, or produce eddy currents. Inductive transducers are mainly used to measure displacement.
- Selection criteria for transducers such as range, accuracy, sensitivity, resolution, and response time are discussed. Primary types of transducers covered are resistive, inductive, and capacitive transduc
Principles and Practices of Traceability and CalibrationJasmin NUHIC
To learn and understand different types of measurements units, measurement constants, calibration and measurement standards as well as principles and practices of treaceability.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
The document discusses program education objectives (PEOs) for graduates and measurement concepts. The PEOs are for graduates to become professional engineers, start their own companies, be employed in high-ranking positions, and conduct research. The document then summarizes key concepts of measurement including comparing an unknown quantity to a standard, instrumentation transforming physical variables into measurable signals, and requirements for measuring instruments. It provides examples of measurement systems and discusses static and dynamic instrument characteristics.
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Measurements can be direct, comparing the quantity directly to a standard, or indirect, using transducers to convert the quantity to a measured signal like voltage that is then compared to a standard. Indirect measurements are preferred as they are more accurate and sensitive. Measurements are classified as primary, direct comparison to standards, secondary, one conversion of the quantity, or tertiary, two conversions. Examples of instruments that perform primary, secondary and tertiary measurements are provided.
This document discusses pyrometers, which are thermometers used to measure high temperatures without physical contact by measuring the electromagnetic radiation of an object. It describes the principle of pyrometers, which involves measuring the thermal radiation emitted by an object based on its temperature. Two main types of pyrometers are discussed: radiation pyrometers and optical pyrometers. Advantages of pyrometers include their ability to measure very high temperatures without contact and their high output and accuracy. Disadvantages include requiring a direct line of sight and potential for emissivity errors. Pyrometers are useful for applications where contact thermometers cannot be used or when measuring large surface areas.
1. The document discusses different types of measuring instruments including electrical, electronic, and mechanical instruments.
2. Measuring instruments are further classified based on their operating principles, including their deflecting, controlling, and damping systems.
3. Common examples of electrical measuring instruments are ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters which measure current, voltage, and power respectively. These instruments work using principles like magnetic, electromagnetic induction, and thermal effects.
This document provides an overview of electrical and electronic measurements. It discusses measurement systems and instruments, including various types of analog and digital meters, bridges for measuring resistance, inductance and capacitance, signal generators and oscilloscopes. Measurement methods can be direct or indirect, with indirect using a transducer and processing the signal. Key aspects covered include instrument components, types of instruments, and their functions such as indicating, recording and integrating measurements.
This document discusses IoT sensing and actuation. It defines transduction as the process of energy conversion from one form to another. Sensors convert various forms of energy into electrical signals, while actuators convert electrical signals into various forms of energy, typically mechanical energy. The document describes different types of sensors and their characteristics like resolution, accuracy, and precision. It also discusses sensor errors and deviations. Finally, it categorizes sensing into four types - scalar sensing, multimedia sensing, hybrid sensing, and virtual sensing - based on the nature of the environment being sensed.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three main tasks: defining measurement units, realizing measurement units through scientific methods, and establishing traceability in documenting measurement accuracy. Metrology is essential in scientific research and various industries. It covers establishing standards, developing measurement methods, analyzing errors, and ensuring instrument accuracy. Metrology helps plan lives and enable commercial exchanges with confidence as measurements can be seen everywhere.
The three phase digital energy meter works by sensing the voltages and currents of each phase using sensors. The sensed voltages and currents are converted to digital using an A/D converter. The processing and communication unit then calculates various derived quantities from the digital values and interfaces with other modules. It stores accumulated energy values in memory, which can be read even during power failures. Digital meters use communication protocols to allow for remote and automatic meter reading without needing a physical meter reader.
This document discusses sensors and transducers used in instrumentation systems. It provides an overview of the key components and functions of instrumentation systems, including measurement, control, simulation, testing, and quality control. It describes the generalized architecture of an instrumentation system and defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy to another. The document classifies transducers as either active or passive and provides examples of each. It also discusses various performance characteristics of transducers such as accuracy, precision, resolution, threshold, and sensitivity.
This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining sensors as devices that convert physical phenomena into electrical signals, and transducers as the interface between the physical world and electrical devices. It then describes several key performance characteristics of sensors, including transfer function, sensitivity, dynamic range, accuracy, precision, nonlinearity, resolution, stability, and hysteresis. Different types of sensors are classified based on their signal characteristics, power supply needs, and subject of measurement. Examples of common sensors like position, velocity, light, flow, and proximity sensors are provided.
This document provides an introduction to measurement and metrology. It discusses the basics of measurement including defining standards of units such as length, time, current and temperature. There are four categories of standards based on accuracy from primary to working standards. Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity to a standard. There are direct and indirect methods of measurement. Metrology includes theoretical and practical problems related to measurement and establishes measurement standards. The three types of metrology are scientific, industrial, and legal.
These slides describes the deifintion of measurement, Classification of instruments and methods of measurement.
Read the full blog post here: https://bit.ly/32prjeT
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. It takes a non-electrical physical input like temperature, sound, or light and converts it into an electrical output signal. Transducers are made of three parts: an input interface, a sensor, and an output interface. Thermocouples are a common type of transducer that converts temperature differences into electrical signals using the Seebeck effect between two dissimilar metals. Accelerometers are another common transducer that converts acceleration forces into electrical signals. Transducers have a wide variety of applications from antennas and strain gauges to microphones, speakers, and Geiger counters.
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
This document provides information about a metrology and measurements course syllabus taught at Excel Engineering College. It includes:
1. A list of 5 course units that cover topics like the basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, advanced metrology techniques, form measurement, and measurement of properties like force, flow and temperature.
2. 5 intended learning outcomes of the course related to applying metrology concepts, using measurement tools, computer-aided inspection, form measurement techniques, and measuring industrial properties.
3. Details of the course objectives, introduction to metrology definitions, elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurement, types of errors, and general measurement methods.
Introduction to Instrumentation p point presentation.pptxDerejeGizaw2
This document provides an overview of an introduction to instrumentation course, including its objectives, contents, and key concepts. The course aims to discuss measurement systems, sensors, signal conditioning circuits, conversion elements, and output devices. It covers general principles like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and dynamic characteristics. Measurement systems have sensing elements, conditioning circuits, processing elements, and presentation outputs. Sensors convert non-electrical quantities into electrical signals based on physical principles like resistance, induction, thermoelectric effects, and more.
This document discusses transducers, which are devices that convert one form of energy to another. It describes different types of transducers, including:
- Resistive transducers, which change resistance based on a physical phenomenon. Examples given are potentiometers and strain gauges.
- Inductive transducers, which can change self-inductance, mutual inductance, or produce eddy currents. Inductive transducers are mainly used to measure displacement.
- Selection criteria for transducers such as range, accuracy, sensitivity, resolution, and response time are discussed. Primary types of transducers covered are resistive, inductive, and capacitive transduc
Principles and Practices of Traceability and CalibrationJasmin NUHIC
To learn and understand different types of measurements units, measurement constants, calibration and measurement standards as well as principles and practices of treaceability.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
The document discusses program education objectives (PEOs) for graduates and measurement concepts. The PEOs are for graduates to become professional engineers, start their own companies, be employed in high-ranking positions, and conduct research. The document then summarizes key concepts of measurement including comparing an unknown quantity to a standard, instrumentation transforming physical variables into measurable signals, and requirements for measuring instruments. It provides examples of measurement systems and discusses static and dynamic instrument characteristics.
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Measurements can be direct, comparing the quantity directly to a standard, or indirect, using transducers to convert the quantity to a measured signal like voltage that is then compared to a standard. Indirect measurements are preferred as they are more accurate and sensitive. Measurements are classified as primary, direct comparison to standards, secondary, one conversion of the quantity, or tertiary, two conversions. Examples of instruments that perform primary, secondary and tertiary measurements are provided.
This document discusses pyrometers, which are thermometers used to measure high temperatures without physical contact by measuring the electromagnetic radiation of an object. It describes the principle of pyrometers, which involves measuring the thermal radiation emitted by an object based on its temperature. Two main types of pyrometers are discussed: radiation pyrometers and optical pyrometers. Advantages of pyrometers include their ability to measure very high temperatures without contact and their high output and accuracy. Disadvantages include requiring a direct line of sight and potential for emissivity errors. Pyrometers are useful for applications where contact thermometers cannot be used or when measuring large surface areas.
1. The document discusses different types of measuring instruments including electrical, electronic, and mechanical instruments.
2. Measuring instruments are further classified based on their operating principles, including their deflecting, controlling, and damping systems.
3. Common examples of electrical measuring instruments are ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters which measure current, voltage, and power respectively. These instruments work using principles like magnetic, electromagnetic induction, and thermal effects.
This document provides an overview of electrical and electronic measurements. It discusses measurement systems and instruments, including various types of analog and digital meters, bridges for measuring resistance, inductance and capacitance, signal generators and oscilloscopes. Measurement methods can be direct or indirect, with indirect using a transducer and processing the signal. Key aspects covered include instrument components, types of instruments, and their functions such as indicating, recording and integrating measurements.
This document discusses IoT sensing and actuation. It defines transduction as the process of energy conversion from one form to another. Sensors convert various forms of energy into electrical signals, while actuators convert electrical signals into various forms of energy, typically mechanical energy. The document describes different types of sensors and their characteristics like resolution, accuracy, and precision. It also discusses sensor errors and deviations. Finally, it categorizes sensing into four types - scalar sensing, multimedia sensing, hybrid sensing, and virtual sensing - based on the nature of the environment being sensed.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three main tasks: defining measurement units, realizing measurement units through scientific methods, and establishing traceability in documenting measurement accuracy. Metrology is essential in scientific research and various industries. It covers establishing standards, developing measurement methods, analyzing errors, and ensuring instrument accuracy. Metrology helps plan lives and enable commercial exchanges with confidence as measurements can be seen everywhere.
The three phase digital energy meter works by sensing the voltages and currents of each phase using sensors. The sensed voltages and currents are converted to digital using an A/D converter. The processing and communication unit then calculates various derived quantities from the digital values and interfaces with other modules. It stores accumulated energy values in memory, which can be read even during power failures. Digital meters use communication protocols to allow for remote and automatic meter reading without needing a physical meter reader.
This document discusses sensors and transducers used in instrumentation systems. It provides an overview of the key components and functions of instrumentation systems, including measurement, control, simulation, testing, and quality control. It describes the generalized architecture of an instrumentation system and defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy to another. The document classifies transducers as either active or passive and provides examples of each. It also discusses various performance characteristics of transducers such as accuracy, precision, resolution, threshold, and sensitivity.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
4. • Primary Sensing Element: first element to
receive energy from measurand and produces
an output which is converted into analogous
electrical signal by transducer.
• Variable Conversion Element: Converts output
of primary (may be V, Freq.,..) into suitable form
without changing information content. This is
optional.
• Variable manipulation Element: To manipulate
the signal, preserving its original nature.
Amplifies input signal to required magnification.
This element may also precede VCE.
5. • Data Transmission Element: Transmits data from one
element to other. Eg. shaft & gear.
• Data Processing Element: To modify the data before
displayed. Used for-
1. converting data into useful form.
2. separating the signal hidden in noise.
3. provides corrections to measurand.
• Data Presentation Element: Final element to
communicate with observer for monitoring, control,
analysis,.. Value of measured variable indicated by-
1. analog indicator
2. digital indicator
3. recorder
8. • Primary sensing element & VCE –
Temperature Bulb – senses the temperature (i/p)
and converts into pressure.
• Pressure is send to DTE (Data Transmission) –
Capillary tube.
• Bourdon gauge – VCE (converts pressure into
displacement).
• VME-linkage and gear – displacement is
manipulated to get larger pointer deflection.
• DPE (Data Presentation) – Pointer and scale –
to present the output to observer.
10. UNITS
• To specify and perform calculation with physical quantity,
the physical quantities must be defined both in kind and
magnitude.
• UNIT is the std. measuring of each kind of physical
quantity.
• Eg. CGS & MKS systems are different systems of units.
• SI - International System of units was established by
General Conference of Weights and Measures - CGPM
(Conference General des Poids et Measures)
• SI - System International Units- is the generally
accepted one – based on m,kg,s,A,K,Cd.
11. • SI is based on decimal Arithmetic.
• Hence this is of great advantage and is
simple.
• Three types are:
1. Fundamental units
2. Supplementary units
3. Derived Units
12. 1. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS (BASE UNIT):
• Independently chosen, not dependent on other units.
• Length (m), Mass (kg), Time (s), Temp. (K), Electric current (A),
Luminous intensity (Cd)
• metre – It is the length equal to 1 650 763 73 wavelength of light
emitted in vacuum by the atom of Krypton-86 on its transition
between the levels 2p10 and 5d5.
• In 1982, the definition of the meter was changed to the distance
light travels in 1/299,792,458ths of a second. For the
measurement, light from a helium-neon laser illuminates iodine
which fluoresences at a highly stable frequency.
• kilogram - The standard kilogram is defined in terms of platinum-
iridium mass maintained at very accurate conditions at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France.
13. • second - The second is the duration of 9 192
631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding
to the transition between the two hyperfine levels
of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
• ampere - The ampere is that constant current
which, if maintained in two straight parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible cross
section, and placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of
length.
14. • kelvin - The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16
of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
• candela - The candela is the luminous
intensity in the perpendicular direction, of
a surface 1/600 000m2 of a black body at
the temperature of freezing platinum under
a pressure of 101 325 N.
15. 2. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
• Plane angle – radian –rad
• Solid angle – steradian –sr
• radian - The radian is the plane angle
subtended at the centre of an arc of unit length
at unit radius.
• steradian - The steradian is the solid angle
subtended at the centre by unit area of spherical
surface at unit radius.
16. 3. DERIVED UNITS:
• Expressed in terms of fundamental and supplementary
units by defining units.
• There are 3 categories. They are:
1. Mechanical units – units for force, pressure, stress,
weight, torque, acceleration, velocity, density.
2. Electrical & Magnetic units- units for power, energy,
resistance, electric field strength, capacitance,
magnetic field strength, magnetic flux density.
3. Thermal Units- units for specific heat capacity, latent
heat, sensible heat.
17. STANDARDS
• Physical representation of unit of measurement.
• Known accurate measure of physical quantity.
• Standards are used to determine the values of
physical quantity by comparison method.
• Depending on functions and applications, different
types of standards are:
1. International
2. Primary
3. Secondary
4. Working
18. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
• Defined by international agreement.
• Periodically evaluated & checked.
• Represents units to closest possible accuracy.
• Not available for ordinary usage like measurement.
• PRIMARY STANDARDS
• Main function is calibration & verification of secondary standards.
• Primary standard is maintained at National Standard Laboratory.
• For India, National Physical Lab is at Delhi.
• This standard is ultimate reference standard with more accuracy.
19. • SECONDARY STANDARDS
• Basic reference standard maintained by particular
industry.
• Each lab sends its own secondary standards to national
lab for calibration & comparison against primary
standard.
• WORKING STANDARDS
• Main tools of a lab.
• Used to check & calibrate lab instruments for accuracy &
performance.
• Eg. plug gauge is used to check bore diameter of
bearings.
21. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
• There are a large no. of instruments.
• Eg. time constant measurement – weight measurement
• Time varying measurement – pressure measurement.
• Output of time varying variables cannot be read on scale
& pointer.
• Thus, there are many instruments with different
principles.
22. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
BASED ON APPLICATION AND MODE OF
OPERATION
1. Deflection & Null type instrument
2. Analog and Digital instrument
3. Active & passive type instrument
4. Automatic & Manually operated
instrument
5. Absolute & Secondary instrument
6. Contacting & Non-contacting instrument
7. Intelligent instrument
23. 1.DEFLECTION AND NULL TYPE
INSTRUMENT
• In deflection type, measured quantity generates the
effect and hence the deflection of pointer occurs. Eg.
weight measurement by Spring balance.
• In Null type, nullifying effect causes measurement of
weights. Eg. Beam balance.
• Null type is more accurate.
• In observer view, deflection type is more convenient.
• Sensitivity of null type is high as null pointer covers small
range around null point.
25. 2. ANALOG AND DIGITAL
INSTRUMENTS
• Analog instruments - output varies in continuous manner,
takes infinite values in a given range. Eg. pressure gauge
• Digital instruments - output varies in a discrete manner,
takes finite values in a given range.
• ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS:
Direct & precise readings
Digital signals are noise resistant during transmission.
Digital circuits operate on low voltage and suitable for digital
computer processing.
26. 3. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TYPE
INSTRUMENTS
• ACTIVE:
Quantity being measured activates the
magnitude of some external power input
source to produce measurement.
Apart from measuring quantity, external
energy input source is present.
Eg. liquid level indicator.
27. • PASSIVE
Output produced entirely by quantity being
measured. Eg. Pressure gauge.
Resolution is less and cannot be increased
easily.
In active, resolution is controlled by adjusting
magnitude of external energy input.
29. ACTIVE:
• Resolution controlled.
• Design is complicated, hence costlier.
PASSIVE:
• No control over resolution.
• Design is easy, hence cheaper.
30. 4. AUTOMATIC AND MANUALLY
OPERATED INSTRUMENT
• In manual, human service is required.
• In automatic, auxiliary devices are
incorporated in instrument to dispense
with human operator. Eg. electronic
weighing scale.
31. 5. ABSOLUTE AND SECONDARY
INSTRUMENTS
• ABSOLUTE
Gives value of measured quantity in terms of constant of
instrument and their deflections only. Eg. Tangent
Galvanometer.
This is rarely used.
• SECONDARY
Pre calibrated by comparison with absolute instruments.
Output is determined by deflection of instruments.
Without calibration of instrument, deflection is
meaningless. This is widely used.
32. 6.CONTACTING AND NON
CONTACTING INSTRUMENTS
• CONTACTING
Instrument is in contact with measuring medium. Eg.
Thermometer
Instruments are placed in electrical circuit.
• NON CONTACTING
Instrument is not in contact. Eg. pyrometer
Measurement at distance.
33. 7. INTELLIGENT INSTRUMENTS
• Incorporates a microprocessor.
• Microprocessor based instrument facilitates programmed
signal processing and application of data manipulation
algorithm to measured variables.
• FACILITIES:
Selection of time constants.
Linearising non-linear output.
Remote can be used to operate instruments
Final output is in desired form and units.
Programming is possible to correct the output.
35. SENSITIVITY
• Sensitivity is the ratio of Infinitesimal change of output
signal to Infinitesimal change of input signal.
• Static sensitivity is represented by the slope of the
calibration curve.
36. • LINEAR:
Sensitivity will be constant for all values of
input.
• NON LINEAR:
Sensitivity depends on value of input
quality.
37. • Sensitivity has no unique unit.
• It has wide range of units depending upon
instrument.
• Sensitivity should be as high as possible,
for this range instrument should not greatly
exceed value to be measured.
38. • When instrument consists of different elements
connected in series with static sensitivities K1, K2, K3,…
overall sensitivity (K) is given as:
40. READABILITY
• It is the closeness with which the scale of an analog
instrument can be read.
• Eg. 30 cm scale span has higher readability than 15cm
scale span in deflection type weighing scale.
• Term used frequently in analog measurements.
• Depends on instrument & observer.
• For better readability, pointer end should be sharp and
pointer should be larger.
• Parallax effect should be minimized.
42. RANGE OF ACCURACY
• Ability of an instrument to respond to a true value of a
measured variable under reference conditions.
• It shows how closely measured value agrees with a true
value.
• Accuracy of an instrument can be specified in the
following ways:
1. Accuracy As Percentage Of Full Scale Reading
2. Accuracy As Percentage Of True Value
3. Accuracy As Percentage Of Scale Span
47. PRECISION
• Degree of exactness for which instrument is designed
to perform.
• Refers to repeatability/consistency of measurement
when measurements are done in identical conditions at
short time.
• It is the ability of an instrument to reproduce a group of
measurements of same measured quantity under same
conditions
• The two characteristics of precision are:
1. Conformity
2. Significant Figures
48. 1. CONFORMITY
• Eg. resistance of resistor = 2834267 ohms,
which indicates 2.8 M ohms in scale.
• Though no deviations, error by limitation of
scale reading is Precision error.
• Thus conformity is necessary, but this is not
sufficient condition for precision.
• Similarly, precision necessary, but not sufficient
condition for accuracy.
49. 2. SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
• Conveys actual information regarding magnitude
and measurement precision of quantity.
• Precision depends on no. of significant figures in
which reading is expressed.
• Significant figure = no. of digits for measuring
output.
• Eg. 240V should be closer to 239V or 241V.
Thus there are three significant figures.
52. ACCURACY vs PRECISION
• Many times, accuracy & precision used
interchangeably.
• Eg. for known pressure value 100MPa, six
readings are 103,104,102,103,102,104 Mpa.
Average = 103 MPa.
• Maximum deviation = +/- 1Mpa in 100 Mpa.
• Thus scale calibrated to read +/- 1Mpa .
53. • Accuracy =
• Thus precision is +/- 1%, Accuracy = 4%.
• Thus there is high degree of precision, but does not
guarantee accuracy.
56. STATIC RESPONSE
• The static characteristics are used to measure
unvarying process conditions.
• Static characteristics are obtained by Calibration.
• The related definitions are: accuracy, precision,
repeatability, reproducibility, sensitivity, drift,…
1. Accuracy:
The degree of closeness of a measurement
compared to the expected value is known as
accuracy.
61. DYNAMIC RESPONSE
• Dynamic response is the behavior of an
instrument under such time varying input-
output conditions.
• Dynamic analysis is the analysis of
dynamic response.
62. Dynamic quantity
• The two types are:
1. Steady state periodic
2. Transient
Steady state periodic
• Output whose magnitude has definite repeating time
cycle.
Transient
• Output whose magnitude does not repeat with time.
• No. of parameters required to define the dynamic
behavior of any instrument is decided by the group to
which that system belongs.
• Systems may be Zero order, First order, Second order
or Higher order.
64. REPEATABILITY
• Closeness of agreement among number of
consecutive measurements of output for
same value of input under same operating
conditions.
• Specified in terms of units for a given
period of time.
66. REPRODUCIBILITY
• Closeness of agreement among the
repeated measurements of output for
same value of input under same operating
conditions over period of time.
• Both reproducibility & repeatability are
measure of closeness with which given
input may be measured again & again.
67. • Reproducibility is defined by stability and constancy.
• STABILITY
Reproducibility of mean reading of an instrument
repeated on different occasions separated by intervals
of time which are long enough as compared to the time
of taking readings.
• CONSTANCY
Reproducibility of mean reading of an instrument
when constant input is presented continuously and
the conditions of test are allowed to vary within
specified limits.
69. ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
• Error = Measured value - True value
• Errors are basically classified into two:
1. Bias or systematic errors
2. Precision or Random errors
70.
71.
72.
73.
74. TYPES OF ERROR
ERROR
STATIC LOADING DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTIC READING ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
CALIBRATION AMBIENT AVOIDABLE STYLUS PRESSURE
77. CORRECTION
• Value which is added algebraically to the
uncorrected result of measurement to
compensate for assumed systematic error.
• If numerical value is multiplied with
uncorrected result to compensate for error,
it is called Correction Factor.
79. INTERCHANGEABILITY
• Part substituted for manufactured component to
same shape & dimensions – Interchangeable
part.
• Operation of substituting part –
Interchangeability.
• Because of this Interchangeability, production is
increased.
• Nowadays Interchangeable parts are called
Spare parts.
80. ADVANTAGES OF INTERCHANGEABILITY
• Easy replacement of worn out parts
• Repair is easy
• Maintenance cost is less
• Machine shutdown is decreased.
81. TYPES OF INTERCHANGEABILITY
1. UNIVERSAL / FULL INTERCHANGEABILITY
– any component mat with other component
without any alteration.
2. SELECTIVE ASSEMBLY
– selective parts are interchanged.