Human Resource Development in Rural Sector

Unit-4: Human Resource
Development in Rural Sector
Prepared by:
Ankur Sachdeva
Assistant Professor, ME

What is Human Resource Development
• The term 'Human resource' is inter-changeably used with manpower, labour force and human
capital.
• Human resource is defined as the total knowledge - skills, creative abilities, talents and aptitudes of
an organization's work force as well as the values, attitudes and beliefs of the individuals involved.
• Human Resource Development is the complete physical and mental growth of individuals.
• Human resources development (HRD) refers to the vast field of training and development
provided by organizations to increase the knowledge, skills, education, and abilities of their
employees.
• Human Resource Development is defined as a planned continuous effort by management to
improve employee capacity levels and organizational performance through training, education and
development programmes.
• Human Resource Development is defined as an approach to facilitate the development of an
individual’s competence, environment and organization.
• Human resource development is designed for improving the human performance by increasing
human capacity and productivity for ensuring a better quality of life to the individuals in and
outside the organization
Ankur Sachdeva, Assistant Professor, ME

Problems in Rural Areas related to HRD
• Rural India, consisting of 72 per cent of the Indian population, is different
from the urban segment of the country.
• The Indian village plays a very significant role in the progress of the whole
nation; it is a source of art, culture, literature, religion, human values,
philosophy, economic wealth and agricultural produce.
• It is also a storehouse of abundant human resources, though the majority of
these resources are underdeveloped, undeveloped, unused, underused and
overused, as well as inefficient and poor in quality.
• Rural India is also characterized by the presence of high birth, death, and
infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, malnutrition, hunger, illiteracy,
ignorance, unemployment, poverty, poor sanitation and housing conditions,
water scarcity and many such stubborn problems of human resource
development.

Need of Human Resource Development
1. Enhance cultural quality, moral quality, professional skills and management skills
of rural human resource, meet rural construction need and drive economic
development through strengthening technical education, adult education and
basic education.
2. Control the population size through enhancing family planning. This contributes
to sustainable development of human resource.
3. Achieve optimal allocation and fully employment of human resources through
adjusting irrational distribution of human resources in regions, employment and
knowledge structure.
4. More effectively carry out human resource development without any worry
through establishing rural guarantee system.

Elements of Human Resource Development
1.Recruitment & selection
2.Performance management
3.Learning & development
4.Succession planning
5.Compensation and benefits
6.Human Resources Information
Systems
7.HR data and analytics

Outcomes of Human Resource Development
1.People in the' organization become more competent because on the one hand they become better
aware of the skills required for job performance and on the other hand there is greater clarity of
norms and standards.
2.People understand their roles better because through increased communication they become aware
of the expectations which other members of their role set have from them.
3.People become more committed to their jobs because now there are greater objective ideas.
4.People develop greater trust and respect for each other. They become more open and authentic in
their behaviour. Thus new values come to be generated.
5.There is greater collaboration and team work which produces synergy effect.
6.People find themselves better equipped with problem-solving capabilities. They become more
prone to risk-taking and pro- active in their orientation. There is greater readiness on their part to
accept change.
7.Lot of useful and objective data on employees are generated which facilitate better human resource
planning.
8.The top management becomes more sensitive to employees' problem and human processes due to
increased openness in communication.

Dimensions of HRD
• Dimension refers to the constituent elements or characteristics of human
resources.
• It stands for size or number, nature, extent, component, aspect or characteristics of
human or population resource.
• Human Development Report (1998, p. 20) has considered health, knowledge,
participation and human security as the dimensions of population and stressed
that the assessment of all these is essential in the progress of human development
or human resource development.
• Management experts include performance appraisal, potential appraisal, career
planning, training, performance coaching, counselling, career advancement,
organization development, employee welfare, rewards, qualities of work life,
human resource information system, etc. in the dimensions of HRD

Dimensions of HRD
• Knowledge, skills, talents, creative abilities or any other mental (intellectual)
and physical (manual) energies or capacities inherent (in actual or potential
form) in each and every person of an area are called as human resources and an
increase, enhancement, expansion in as such human resource ingredients over
certain period of time is termed as HRD.
• Human resource development is the process or an strategy of increasing or
enlarging or enhancing knowledge, skills, talents, creative abilities or any other
intellectual and physical capacities or capabilities of each and every individual of
an area or organization or a productive sector for use in socially, culturally,
economically or politically productive spheres to serve the needs of the people in a
society at large.

Dimensions of HRD
• Human resource development dimension becomes
• Quantitative and qualitative (on the basis of nature of components or
attributes.
• Human resource formation or human capital formation (on the basis of
continuing or on going process),
• Physical and Mental (on the basis of change in the physical stamina and brain
power), and
• Positive (+) and Negative (-) dimension based on physiological characteristics
and functions

Quantitative Dimensions of HRD
• Quantitative Aspects: size, magnitudes, dimension, amount, sum
composition and distribution of population and labour force, the
number of hours worked, the output and earning per head etc. that can
be measured directly in number and weight and lend to statistical
treatment.
• Quantitative Dimensions
• Distribution, density, growth, age-sex composition, marital status, workers,
number of persons employed in different economic activities, non working
persons, income categories

Qualitative Dimensions of HRD
• Qualitative Aspects: nature, capacity, ability, knowledge, skill, mental
or physical attribute, trait, aptitude, value, motivation and other
characteristics of man that can not be measured in terms of number or
weight.
• Qualitative dimensions
• literacy and education, skills, disease, health, physical conditions, quality of
labour, life expectancy, technical training, etc.

Importance of Quantitative and Qualitative
Dimensions of HRD
• Human resources development largely depends on the quantitative and
qualitative dimensions of population.
• Quantitative and qualitative dimensions are the broader category and
include various components of human resources of an area.
• They are also called the aspects of populations and play a very vital
role in the development of human resources in them and in turn a
region.
• The scale of utilization of human and other resources primarily
depends on the constituent parts of these two aspects of population.

Importance of Quantitative and Qualitative
Dimensions of HRD
• These two dimensions also influence the reproductive behaviour of population
(population dynamics), social, cultural, economic and political activities.
• Any kind of development plans and policies are related to the component parts of
human resources.
• They also have its bearing on employment, population growth, mobility of
persons, human resources development, prosperity, peace and comfort etc.
• Human or population resource particularly working persons of an area include
both the quality and quantity and the rate of employment or the rate of utilization
of work force depends mainly on the characteristics of human resources and
amenities available in the area

Significance of Rural Human Resource Development
• Firstly, quality and quantity of human resources should be united.
• Quantity is the foundation of human resource development, while quality is the core.
• Secondly, human resource development owns certain plasticity and reproducibility.
• The quality of human resources can improve through education.
• Rural human resources are the sum of mental and physical strength of rural population
within certain range, and the sum of labor force able to give play to intelligence and
physical strength through education.
• The quantity of rural human resources refers to the population quantity consisting of labor
force.
• The quality refers to technology, knowledge and intelligence level of rural human
resources.
• The quality is generally reflected in physique and cultural level.

Background of rural regional economic development
• The purpose of comprehensive rural reform can be achieved through building a new socialist
countryside and boosting rural economic development
• Dual structure restricts economic development.
• Dual structure means two types of living conditions, life styles and life ideas exist in a country.
• Urban and rural consumption, income and education level have a huge gap.
• It is imperative to speed up rural economic construction.
• The life transforms to development type from subsistence type.
• Personal consumption expenditures grow rapidly.
• To change current situation of low-quality human resources in rural areas, it is required to carry out
effective and rational human resource development.
• With continuous development of economic construction, the price of industrial and agricultural
products is narrowing.
• The conditions of supporting rural construction by urban areas have basically owned.

Significance of Rural Economic Development
• Development of rural regional economy is the requirement of constructing a well-to-do society.
• Rural areas should speed up economic construction on the basis of solving basic living needs, increase
peasants income and promote economic development.
• During economic construction, the problems of rural areas, agriculture and peasants should be solved.
• For a long time, the main problems hindering rural economic development are the problems of rural areas,
agriculture and peasants.
• Rural education and living level is lower than that of cities.
• Modernization course is slow.
• The contradictions and problems can be solved through strengthening economic construction.
• Rural development lag situation can be altered through increasing peasants income.
• It is also required to coordinate interests of each party, perfect management system and build an orderly and
stable society through breaking dual structure of urban and rural economies.
• Improving peasants living standard has extraordinary practical significance for narrowing urban-rural gap and
accelerating rural economic development.

Education In India
• The unsatisfactory gain of the economic growth results due to alleged misappropriation of
funds meant for the scheme, mismanagement, lack of seriousness among the
implementing authorities, diversion of funds, lack of awareness among the parents of poor
children, etc.
• The food served under mid-day meal scheme in rural schools is also of inferior quality.
• Besides that, the recent Public Report on Basic Education [PROBE] report reflects that
physical infrastructure of rural schools is far behind the satisfactory-level, with 82 percent
of the schools are in need of renovation.
• Books are often unavailable, and teacher absenteeism tends to be high.
• But the seemerging issues which are jeopardizing the progress of rural education, are
being addressed and there are positive signs that the emphasis in major government
programmes such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is shifting focus from universal
enrolment to universal retention and quality.

Education In India
• Attention is also being given to the governance of schools with the formation and
functioning of Village Education Committees and more transparent processes for managing
school resources.
• In recent years, it has also been noticed that the Panchayati Raj, or village council has been
playing an increasingly significant role in the progress of education in rural areas across the
country.
• On the other hand, in last few years, the number of qualified teachers in rural schools has
increased because of the increased efforts by the government and private groups towards
improving the country’s overall educational status as well as towards upgrading and
ensuring professional training of schoolteachers.
• The next most challenging situation is to boost the access in rural areas to secondary
education, particularly for girls, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes, and minorities as well
as to ensure availability of technical and vocational education and skills.

Role of Education in Rural HRD
• Education is the mirror of the society and is the seed as well as flower of the
socio-economic development.
• It transforms human beings from ignorance to enlightenment, from shades
of social backwardness to light of social amelioration and a nation from
underdevelopment to faster social and economic development.
• The general conference of UNSCEO in 1964 recognized that “illiteracy is a
grave obstacle to social and economic development .
• Education is the true alchemy that can bring India its next golden age
• The motto is unambiguous: All for knowledge, and knowledge for all.

• Education, economic development, physical and social infrastructure play an important role in
rural development.
• Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic
development strategies.
• In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities, rural areas are highly distinctive
from one another. For this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used
globally. Rural development actions mostly aim for the social and economic development of the
rural areas.
• The main aim of the rural government policy is to develop the undeveloped villages.
• Education contributing to rural development must be locally controlled, practical, applied,
problem posing, and focused on functional specialization

• Education diagnoses rural people needs, assert their rights, and take greater control
of decisions affecting their lives, providing trained manpower in rural areas,
linking rural and urban sectors, providing employment and income opportunities,
increasing labor force productivity, and developing leadership.
• Rural development aims at finding the ways to improve the rural lives with
participation of the rural people themselves so as to meet the required need of the
rural area.
• The outsider may not understand the setting, culture, language and other things
prevalent in the local area. As such, general people themselves have to participate
in their sustainable rural development.
• Relevant, locally-controlled educational programs play key roles in rural
development in developing nations.

• Education has a desirable controlling influence over development of the rural individual, family,
community, and society, leading to reduced poverty, income equity, and controlled unemployment.
• Education has a key role in rural systems of supply, production, marketing, personnel maintenance,
education, health care, and governance.
• Functions of education include imparting social change, improving individual social position
and standard of living, activating participation in rural and cultural development, increasing
critical abilities of rural people to diagnose their needs, assert their rights, and take greater
control of decisions affecting their lives, providing trained manpower in rural areas, linking
rural and urban sectors, providing employment and income opportunities, increasing labor
force productivity, and developing leadership.
• Education oriented to urban rather than rural needs may do more harm than good by accelerating
rural to urban migration, generating youth unemployment, and leaving students ill-equipped to
succeed in a rural environment.

What is Skill Development
Skill Development:
• It is the process of identification of the skills gap in youth and providing skilling training &
employment benefits to them.
• Skill development programs aim to acknowledge the ability of the youth and extend their support
by serving them with the proper guidance, infrastructure, opportunities, and encouragement that
help them achieve their ambitions.
• Education and skills are essential for everyone, and they both walk hand in hand in everyone's
career journey. They are the roots behind the economic growth and community development of a
country. Therefore, both central & state governments are continuously making efforts to provide
skill development to the youth with their skilling partners around the country.
• Skills are central to improve employability and livelihood opportunities, reduce poverty, enhance
productivity, and promote environmentally sustainable development.
• Coordinated efforts are needed to develop an integrated approach that improves access to relevant,
good quality education and training to all rural women and men.

Why Skill Development is Required??
• Rural people’s access to education and training is often limited by financial
barriers (e.g. training and transportation costs) and non-financial barriers (e.g.
scarce education and training infrastructure, inflexible training schedules).
• Especially for poor rural children and adults, the opportunity costs for education
and training may be too high to give up their income-generating activities and
unpaid duties that help sustain their families.
• Many rural people do not have basic education. This also hampers their access to
technical and vocational training or other skills development.
• Unequal gender relations and traditional gender roles entail specific difficulties
for rural girls and women in accessing education and training.

Why Skill Development is Required??
• Education and training is often of inadequate quality. Teachers and trainers may be
unqualified, equipment and technology outdated, and teaching and training
methods ill-suited to rural contexts.
• In many developing countries, training systems tend to operate in isolation from
the labour market and employers’ needs, so training does not always match skills
demand.
• Environmental degradation and climate change present risks to rural livelihoods
that need to be managed and mitigated. This requires developing new, innovative
strategies and skills to be able to learn about and use new environmentally friendly
technologies.
• The severity and persistence of the food crisis makes it crucial to increase
productivity in agriculture, agribusiness and other relevant rural industries, for
which appropriate skills are indispensable.

Role of Health in Rural HRD
Health plays an important role in human capital formation for the following reasons:
(i) Only a healthy person can perform to his full potential.
(ii) A healthy person can do the work in a more effective manner.
(iii) A healthy person can contribute to the growth and development of the economy
by doing productive work.
(iv) An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organization.
• Indeed health is an indispensable basis for realizing one's well being.
• Realizing the importance of health, improvement in the health status of the
population has been the priority of the government.

India’s Rural Health Scenario
• India is the second most populous country of the world and has changing socio-political-
demographic and morbidity patterns that have been drawing global attention in recent
years.
• Despite several growth-orientated policies adopted by the government, the widening
economic, regional and gender disparities are posing challenges for the health sector.
• About 75% of health infrastructure, medical man power and other health resources are
concentrated in urban areas where 27% of the population live.
• Contagious, infectious and waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, amoebiasis, typhoid,
infectious hepatitis, worm infestations, measles, malaria, tuberculosis, whooping cough,
respiratory infections, pneumonia and reproductive tract infections dominate the
morbidity pattern, especially in rural areas.
• However, non-communicable diseases such as cancer, blindness, mental illness,
hypertension, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, accidents and injuries are also on the rise.

India’s Rural Health Scenario
• The health status of Indians, is still a cause for grave concern, especially that of
the rural population.
• This is reflected in the life expectancy (63 years), infant mortality rate (80/1000
live births), maternal mortality rate (438/100 000 live births); however, over a
period of time some progress has been made.
• To improve the prevailing situation, the problem of rural health is to be addressed
both at macro (national and state) and micro (district and regional) levels.
• This is to be done in an holistic way, with a genuine effort to bring the poorest of
the population to the centre of the fiscal policies.
• A paradigm shift from the current 'biomedical model' to a 'sociocultural model',
which should bridge the gaps and improve quality of rural life, is the current need.
• A revised National Health Policy addressing the prevailing inequalities, and
working towards promoting a long-term perspective plan, mainly for rural health,
is imperative.

Nutritional Status
• Nutrition is an important component of preventive health care.
• An optimum level of nutrition is the amount of intake that promotes to the highest
level of health.
• Individual nutritional levels are closely related to the status of health and disease.
• However, an excess calorie intake leads to obesity, whereas a deficit intake of
calorie results into a depletion of essential nutrients.
• These alterations can lead to biochemical changes and eventually to clinical signs
and symptoms.
• Nutritional requirements are influenced by many factors such as gender, age,
physical activity, physiological status" drugs and alcohol intake.
• Nutritional status is now recognized as one of the prime indicators of the health of
an individual.
• Nutritional assessment may be defined as a judgement of the quality and quantity
of the intake and the subsequent utilization of nutrients

Causes of Malnutrition
Causes of Malnutrition
• Decrease in the availability of food resources due to population explosion
• Low production
• Low purchasing power
• Poor personal hygiene and sanitation
• High susceptibility to diseases and infections
• Lack of awareness
Effects of Malnutrition
• Reduces work capacity and productivity amongst adults
• Enhances mortality and morbidity amongst children.
• Reduced productivity translates into reduced earning capacity, leading to further poverty.

Nutritional Status in India
• The report states 189.2 million people are undernourished in India and 34.7 per
cent of the children aged under five in India are stunted.
• It further reports that 20 per cent of India’s children under the age of 5 suffer from
wasting, me
• As per National Family Health Survey 2015-2016, the percentage of children who
are anaemic has come down from 69.4 per cent in the country, but it still stands at
58.6 per cent.
• The level of children under 5 years who are severely wasted has increased from
6.4 per cent to 7.5 per cent, and child stunting which was previously marked as 48
per cent stands at a soaring 38.4 per cent.

Rural Energy in India
• Energy is a critical input for economic growth and sustaining development processes.
• Over one-third of the world's population, largely consisting of the poor in rural areas of
developing countries does not have access to electricity.
• It is estimated that a new power plant would need to be added every two days to meet the
increasing global energy demand.
• This, however, is clearly an unsustainable proposition, and only emphasizes the urgent
necessity for developing energy technologies that are environmentally sound, socially
acceptable, and economically viable.
• Lack of access to affordable energy is an important factor contributing to the relatively
poor quality of life in rural areas of developing countries.
• The potential markets of the rural poor are characterized by a high demand for energy for
purposes such as lighting, cooking, space heating in the domestic sector; water lifting and
transportation in agriculture; and small and medium enterprises.

Access to Basic Amenities
• Rural Education
• Quality and access to education is the major concern in rural schools as there
are fewer committed teachers, lack of proper text books and learning material
in the schools.
• Though Government schools exist, but when compared to private schools then
quality is a major issue.
• Majority of people living in villages have understood the importance of
education and know that it is the only way to get rid of poverty.
• But due to lack of money they are not able to send their children to private
schools and hence depend upon government schools for education.

• Rural Health
• The health picture of our country is far from satisfactory.
• The vision of “Health for all by 2000” has not materialized.
• The situation in rural areas of India, where over two-thirds of our population
lives is worse with only rudimentary health care services being available to the
masses.
• All the recent advances in medical science and technology have not reached
the majority of the disadvantaged people living in rural India.
• Poor socio-economic status and poor health status together make a vicious
cycle wherein poverty brings inadequate nutrition, unhealthy environment,
sickness causing low productivity and hence poverty.

• Use of technology in rural education
• Lack of easy access,
• lack of teachers,
• lack of interest,
• poverty,
• gender differentiation,
• lack of infrastructure,
• common curricula
are few of the reasons which are holding back the progress in rural education

Population Composition
• Population composition is the description of the characteristics of a group of
people in terms of factors such as their age, sex, marital status, education,
occupation, and relationship to the head of household.
• Of these, the age and sex composition of any population are most widely used.
• The number and proportion of males and females in each age group have
considerable impact on the population’s current and future social and economic
situation.

Population Pyramid
• A population pyramid is a way to visualize two variables: age
and sex.
• A population pyramid is a graph that shows the distribution
of ages across a population divided down the center
between male and female members of the population.
• The graphic starts from youngest at the bottom to oldest at
the top.
• It is called a population pyramid because when a
population is growing (there are more babies being born
than there are people dying), the graphic forms the shape of
a triangle.
• A population pyramid can be used to compare differences
between male and female populations of an area.
• They also show the number of dependents (children and,
sometimes, elderly people) and general structure of the
population at any given moment.

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