The document discusses fundamentals of electronic calculations. It defines a breadboard as a device used to connect electronic components with nodes, power rails, and terminal strips. It describes how to test continuity in a circuit using a multi-meter to check for low or high resistance. The document also explains how to calculate total resistance for resistors connected in series and parallel.

1. Fundamentals of Electronic
Section 3 :
Electronic Calculations
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2. Learning Objectives
1. Recognize what a breadboard is .
2. Test the continuity in electrical circuits .
3. Experiment using a multi-meter.
4. Compare ,and calculate the resistance .

3. Breadboard

4. Breadboard
Nodes:
connect the
electronic
components
Power Rail :
supply the
board with
power
Terminal
Strip
:connect the
wire

5. Continuity Test
A Continuity Test : Checking if there is a current continues to
flow from a starting point to a certain end point .
Resistance Current Continuity
HIGH LOW NO
LOW HIGH YES
* Test the Conductivity of materials

6. Multi-meters
Multi-meters : electronic devices that help us
measure electrical values and check the continuity in a circ
uit .
• Low resistance –Tone emitted
( 2 points connected )
• More than Ohm – No tone emitted
(2 points not connected )
Multi-meters measures
• Voltage (volt)
• Current (Amps)
• Resistance (ohms)

7. Resistors in Series
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

8. Resistors in Parallel
Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

9. Resistors in Parallel and Series
5 4
6 12