Unit xiv
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The document summarizes changes in European population, culture, technology, and unification from 1960-2000. Population growth declined among indigenous Europeans as immigration increased from former colonies. Consumerism rose due to mass production while religion attendance declined. New technologies like computers and the Internet spread information globally. Medical advances increased life expectancy. After the Cold War ended, Eastern European states transitioned to capitalism. To promote trade and prevent future wars, European nations increasingly unified politically and economically into the European Union.
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Britain and The World
Britain's primary overseas interests lay in three areas: Europe, the former British Empire or Commonwealth, and its special relationship with the United States. The British Empire encompassed many countries that gained independence starting in the late 1940s. The modern Commonwealth is now a voluntary association of 54 independent states. Britain has close historical, cultural, economic and personal ties to many former colonies. Britain's relationship with Europe has also been influential, and over half of its trade is now with European Union countries, of which Britain has been a member since 1973. The European Union aims to promote integration between member states. Britain maintains a special relationship with the United States based on shared language, culture, history and security interests.
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Dr. Adam Bronstone presented a comprehensive, insightful brief on Brexit and the historical background and context to a TNWAC Global Town Hall in January 2019. This detailed examination of British-European relations through history up to the current Brexit troubles provided an excellent grounding in understanding this complex issue.
***
Brexit. A clever portmanteau that crept into the language of European politics around 2012, following the example of “Grexit,” when observers thought Greece was slipping out of the Eurozone. It has since evolved from a political football of the “remainers” and “exiters” to a political nightmare for the British government and their European Union colleagues.
The “exit” is a result of a referendum in the United Kingdom on June 23, 2016 in which 71.8%f eligible voters turned out to render a 51.9% to 48.1% result, calling for the UK to separate from the EU. Britain which had been in the EU since 1973 when the bloc was called the European Economic Community, invoked Article 50 of the treaty starting the countdown to the divorce — set for March 29, 2019.
In the interim the UK and the EU have talked about their respective futures after Brexit but much is left to be decided with little time left to negotiate the thorny issues that remain. And in the case of Brexit if not everything is decided then nothing is decided.
How did the UK and the EU get to this point? Where are they now? Where are they going? What does it mean for the United States? To get to the nut of the problem we asked Dr. Adam Bronstone to join us for our January 17th Global Town Hall at Belmont University. He is an expert on European politics and as a UK university doctorate holder has focused much of his attention on the Brexit issue — not many others stayed up to 4 a.m. to follow the referendum results.
***
About Dr. Adam Bronstone
Dr. Adam Bronstone is the Director of Planning for the Jewish Federation of Nashville. Dr. Bronstone holds a doctorate from the University of Hull (UK), where he specialized in European Union/European politics. He has published on a variety of related issues included security and political economic matters and is currently finishing a book for Routledge which examines the changing nature of political affiliation in the wake of the 2016 US election and the Brexit referendum. He stays in touch with his British colleagues on a regular basis and stayed up until 4am watching the Brexit vote.
Reasons for the Liberal Social Reforms - national efficiency
Britain was losing its economic dominance in the late 19th century as other nations like Germany and the United States industrialized more rapidly. Germany in particular had introduced social reforms like pensions in the 1880s, giving it a stronger workforce that could outcompete Britain's. If Britain wanted to maintain its position as the world's leading economic power, it needed to enact its own social reforms to improve public health and reduce poverty, creating a larger and healthier workforce that could compete globally. However, the initial reforms in Britain had a limited impact as working conditions remained difficult for most, requiring even bigger changes that faced opposition from employers and politicians.
Reasons for the Liberal Social Reforms - other countries' influence
Britain avoided political revolutions that occurred in other countries in the late 18th century. However, there was growing political and social unrest in Britain in the early 20th century, including violent protests over issues like voting rights and workers' strikes demanding better conditions. Facing unrest and the threat of revolution, Britain's ruling classes began sharing some power and wealth through political reforms to avoid a forced transfer of power to the working classes. Germany had also introduced social reforms under Bismarck to improve workers' lives and maintain a strong workforce, increasing pressure on Britain to follow suit.
Chapter 29 ppt notes
The document summarizes postwar America from 1945-1960. It describes the rapid economic growth and increased consumerism during this period. However, lingering problems remained such as agricultural overproduction and declining older industrial areas. Suburbia grew rapidly and was inhabited by the middle class, though critics argued suburban culture promoted conformity. The civil rights movement also gained momentum during this time, challenging racial segregation laws through protests and court cases. By 1960, Americans were more optimistic economically but continued to grapple with issues of racial injustice.
Public Opinion On Eu V3
The document discusses public opinion on EU membership and the democratic deficit in the EU. It notes that while citizens have some representation through the European Parliament, EU institutions like the Commission and Court of Justice are not very accountable to citizens. National leaders do not always act in line with public opinion on issues. There is also a lack of clear explanation around EU structure and costs/benefits of integration, contributing to citizen confusion.
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London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, located in southeast England. It has a population of over 7.6 million people and a GDP of $2.2 trillion, with key economic sectors being secondary, primary, and tertiary industries. London is governed by the British government and has a parliamentary democracy with Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state. The city is very multicultural and the major religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. London imports and exports a variety of goods to and from countries like the United States.
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Britain and The World
Britain's primary overseas interests lay in three areas: Europe, the former British Empire or Commonwealth, and its special relationship with the United States. The British Empire encompassed many countries that gained independence starting in the late 1940s. The modern Commonwealth is now a voluntary association of 54 independent states. Britain has close historical, cultural, economic and personal ties to many former colonies. Britain's relationship with Europe has also been influential, and over half of its trade is now with European Union countries, of which Britain has been a member since 1973. The European Union aims to promote integration between member states. Britain maintains a special relationship with the United States based on shared language, culture, history and security interests.
Britain and Brexit
Dr. Adam Bronstone presented a comprehensive, insightful brief on Brexit and the historical background and context to a TNWAC Global Town Hall in January 2019. This detailed examination of British-European relations through history up to the current Brexit troubles provided an excellent grounding in understanding this complex issue.
***
Brexit. A clever portmanteau that crept into the language of European politics around 2012, following the example of “Grexit,” when observers thought Greece was slipping out of the Eurozone. It has since evolved from a political football of the “remainers” and “exiters” to a political nightmare for the British government and their European Union colleagues.
The “exit” is a result of a referendum in the United Kingdom on June 23, 2016 in which 71.8%f eligible voters turned out to render a 51.9% to 48.1% result, calling for the UK to separate from the EU. Britain which had been in the EU since 1973 when the bloc was called the European Economic Community, invoked Article 50 of the treaty starting the countdown to the divorce — set for March 29, 2019.
In the interim the UK and the EU have talked about their respective futures after Brexit but much is left to be decided with little time left to negotiate the thorny issues that remain. And in the case of Brexit if not everything is decided then nothing is decided.
How did the UK and the EU get to this point? Where are they now? Where are they going? What does it mean for the United States? To get to the nut of the problem we asked Dr. Adam Bronstone to join us for our January 17th Global Town Hall at Belmont University. He is an expert on European politics and as a UK university doctorate holder has focused much of his attention on the Brexit issue — not many others stayed up to 4 a.m. to follow the referendum results.
***
About Dr. Adam Bronstone
Dr. Adam Bronstone is the Director of Planning for the Jewish Federation of Nashville. Dr. Bronstone holds a doctorate from the University of Hull (UK), where he specialized in European Union/European politics. He has published on a variety of related issues included security and political economic matters and is currently finishing a book for Routledge which examines the changing nature of political affiliation in the wake of the 2016 US election and the Brexit referendum. He stays in touch with his British colleagues on a regular basis and stayed up until 4am watching the Brexit vote.
Reasons for the Liberal Social Reforms - national efficiency
Britain was losing its economic dominance in the late 19th century as other nations like Germany and the United States industrialized more rapidly. Germany in particular had introduced social reforms like pensions in the 1880s, giving it a stronger workforce that could outcompete Britain's. If Britain wanted to maintain its position as the world's leading economic power, it needed to enact its own social reforms to improve public health and reduce poverty, creating a larger and healthier workforce that could compete globally. However, the initial reforms in Britain had a limited impact as working conditions remained difficult for most, requiring even bigger changes that faced opposition from employers and politicians.
Reasons for the Liberal Social Reforms - other countries' influence
Britain avoided political revolutions that occurred in other countries in the late 18th century. However, there was growing political and social unrest in Britain in the early 20th century, including violent protests over issues like voting rights and workers' strikes demanding better conditions. Facing unrest and the threat of revolution, Britain's ruling classes began sharing some power and wealth through political reforms to avoid a forced transfer of power to the working classes. Germany had also introduced social reforms under Bismarck to improve workers' lives and maintain a strong workforce, increasing pressure on Britain to follow suit.
Chapter 29 ppt notes
The document summarizes postwar America from 1945-1960. It describes the rapid economic growth and increased consumerism during this period. However, lingering problems remained such as agricultural overproduction and declining older industrial areas. Suburbia grew rapidly and was inhabited by the middle class, though critics argued suburban culture promoted conformity. The civil rights movement also gained momentum during this time, challenging racial segregation laws through protests and court cases. By 1960, Americans were more optimistic economically but continued to grapple with issues of racial injustice.
Public Opinion On Eu V3
The document discusses public opinion on EU membership and the democratic deficit in the EU. It notes that while citizens have some representation through the European Parliament, EU institutions like the Commission and Court of Justice are not very accountable to citizens. National leaders do not always act in line with public opinion on issues. There is also a lack of clear explanation around EU structure and costs/benefits of integration, contributing to citizen confusion.
Poverty in vietnam - conflicts and challenges case study
case study for A2 geography alevel for poverty and helping to combat poverty in Vietnam. Includes; reasons why, actions and successes.
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Ch 19.2
(1) In the aftermath of World War I, many nations struggled economically and remained vulnerable. (2) During the 1920s, overproduction, falling crop prices, and mechanization hurt small farmers. (3) Rising stock prices fueled speculative investing until the 1929 stock market crash triggered widespread panic selling and bank runs, leading to the Great Depression. (3) The Depression had devastating global impacts as international trade declined and unemployment rose sharply.
Economic and social changes after WWI
This document summarizes key economic and social developments in Western Europe and the US following World War 2. It discusses the Marshall Plan's role in stabilizing Western Europe and supporting economic development. It also notes the rise of the welfare state in Western nations, bringing rising living standards through benefits, higher wages, and reduced work hours. The 1960s saw a counterculture movement among baby boomers rejecting traditions and pushing for social reforms. New technology and information industries replaced heavy industry as drivers of economic growth. Ultimately, these changes led to the end of traditional social classes and ideologies, with consumer society taking hold based on constant economic development.
Chapt02 Lecture
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Continents Now
The document summarizes key events and trends in Western Europe, North America, and the Soviet Union from 1945 to the present. It discusses how Western European countries recovered after World War II and moved toward greater economic and political integration. It also examines the rise and fall of the Soviet Union and the subsequent challenges faced by Russia and other former Soviet republics after the Cold War ended.
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1) The Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization through 5-year plans focusing on heavy industry and military production, building new industrial cities with Western engineering techniques.
2) Collectivization in 1928 seized privately owned farms and established government-owned collectives, reducing food production as grains were taken to feed cities and for export.
3) Brutal techniques against workers and farmers, and a massive famine in the 1930s, killed between 5-10 million people as the wealthy class was removed and small landowners were destroyed.
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After WWI, Germany faced significant economic and political problems. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh reparations on Germany that caused inflation and unrest. Meanwhile, the League of Nations proved too weak to effectively address international issues. Several authoritarian regimes rose in Europe during this unstable time period, including fascism in Italy led by Mussolini and Stalin's communist dictatorship in the Soviet Union. In Germany, Hitler capitalized on economic struggles and nationalist sentiment to transform the Nazi party into a dominant force and establish a totalitarian fascist state.
HY Ch 1 (Summary)
World War I involved many major countries divided between the Allied Powers including Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States, and the Central Powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The war was caused by competition for colonies, military buildups, and a tangled system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The war had massive political, economic, and social impacts including the breakup of old empires, the creation of new nations and borders that caused ethnic tensions, destroyed infrastructure and farmland disrupting trade, massive debts and unemployment, and changes to social hierarchies and the emergence of new ideologies.
2 the adams family
John Adams faced many challenges in his presidency, including lack of prestige after George Washington, powerful political parties, and the threat of war with France. The XYZ Affair damaged relations with France further when American delegates were bribed. In response, the Federalist party cracked down with the Alien and Sedition Acts, angering Republicans and leading to their loss of power in the 1800 election, where Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams in a bitter campaign. Adams established important precedents like a peaceful transfer of power despite political divisions.
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Thomas Jefferson outlined his agenda as president which included reducing the role of government by cutting taxes and the size of the military and federal bureaucracy. As the first president inaugurated in Washington D.C., Jefferson faced early controversies over judicial appointments and established judicial review in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case. His land purchases, like the Louisiana Purchase, expanded U.S. territory and opened the west for exploration and settlement.
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The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argues in its amicus brief that: (1) the case concerns protected free speech rather than conduct, as the jury ruled based on the content of the signs rather than Respondents' presence; (2) the case does not implicate the constitutionality of funeral protest statutes; and (3) the signs addressed matters of public concern and could not reasonably be interpreted as stating facts, so are protected even if found highly offensive, as the First Amendment does not allow limiting speech just because some find it disagreeable.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover in 1932 by campaigning on a Keynesian economic philosophy that argued the government should stimulate the economy by investing in public works and programs that benefited average citizens. This "pump priming" approach sought to increase spending and demand by putting money in the hands of workers, which would then circulate through the economy and spur business growth and hiring. This contrasted with Hoover's "trickle down" philosophy of aiding businesses first on the assumption the benefits would eventually reach others.
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The ACLU, also as an amicus curiae, argues that the case involves pure speech, not conduct, and that most of the signs addressed matters of public concern. It asserts the First Amendment protects expressing personal views on public issues regardless of the audience. The Fourth Circuit correctly found the speech was entitled to constitutional protection when
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Ch 19.2
(1) In the aftermath of World War I, many nations struggled economically and remained vulnerable. (2) During the 1920s, overproduction, falling crop prices, and mechanization hurt small farmers. (3) Rising stock prices fueled speculative investing until the 1929 stock market crash triggered widespread panic selling and bank runs, leading to the Great Depression. (3) The Depression had devastating global impacts as international trade declined and unemployment rose sharply.
Economic and social changes after WWI
This document summarizes key economic and social developments in Western Europe and the US following World War 2. It discusses the Marshall Plan's role in stabilizing Western Europe and supporting economic development. It also notes the rise of the welfare state in Western nations, bringing rising living standards through benefits, higher wages, and reduced work hours. The 1960s saw a counterculture movement among baby boomers rejecting traditions and pushing for social reforms. New technology and information industries replaced heavy industry as drivers of economic growth. Ultimately, these changes led to the end of traditional social classes and ideologies, with consumer society taking hold based on constant economic development.
Chapt02 Lecture
Europe has had a significant influence on other regions through colonization and the spread of language, religion, political ideas, and scientific discoveries. It is located in the heart of the northern hemisphere, allowing for maximum contact with other parts of the world. The continent has a variety of physical geographies, climates, and natural resources that have impacted human settlement patterns and economic activities over time. Major issues facing Europe today include an aging population, urbanization pressures, evolving political structures such as the European Union, and adapting to a multicultural society.
Reagan and bush
Reaganomics focused on cutting federal spending, reducing taxes, and increasing defense spending. Federal budget cuts targeted programs like food stamps, welfare, Medicaid, and student loans. Tax cuts relied on supply-side economics to stimulate the economy by cutting taxes and increasing business investment and job creation. Defense spending increased substantially through initiatives like the Strategic Defense Initiative. Deregulation of industries like airlines and trucking aimed to lower business and consumer costs. Foreign policy saw the collapse of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War, as well as US interventions in Central America and the Caribbean.
Continents Now
The document summarizes key events and trends in Western Europe, North America, and the Soviet Union from 1945 to the present. It discusses how Western European countries recovered after World War II and moved toward greater economic and political integration. It also examines the rise and fall of the Soviet Union and the subsequent challenges faced by Russia and other former Soviet republics after the Cold War ended.
Economy & social class comm russia and china
The document summarizes key aspects of industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and social changes in the early Soviet Union:
1) The Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization through 5-year plans focusing on heavy industry and military production, building new industrial cities with Western engineering techniques.
2) Collectivization in 1928 seized privately owned farms and established government-owned collectives, reducing food production as grains were taken to feed cities and for export.
3) Brutal techniques against workers and farmers, and a massive famine in the 1930s, killed between 5-10 million people as the wealthy class was removed and small landowners were destroyed.
Problems After The War
After WWI, Germany faced significant economic and political problems. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh reparations on Germany that caused inflation and unrest. Meanwhile, the League of Nations proved too weak to effectively address international issues. Several authoritarian regimes rose in Europe during this unstable time period, including fascism in Italy led by Mussolini and Stalin's communist dictatorship in the Soviet Union. In Germany, Hitler capitalized on economic struggles and nationalist sentiment to transform the Nazi party into a dominant force and establish a totalitarian fascist state.
HY Ch 1 (Summary)
World War I involved many major countries divided between the Allied Powers including Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States, and the Central Powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The war was caused by competition for colonies, military buildups, and a tangled system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The war had massive political, economic, and social impacts including the breakup of old empires, the creation of new nations and borders that caused ethnic tensions, destroyed infrastructure and farmland disrupting trade, massive debts and unemployment, and changes to social hierarchies and the emergence of new ideologies.
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2 the adams family
John Adams faced many challenges in his presidency, including lack of prestige after George Washington, powerful political parties, and the threat of war with France. The XYZ Affair damaged relations with France further when American delegates were bribed. In response, the Federalist party cracked down with the Alien and Sedition Acts, angering Republicans and leading to their loss of power in the 1800 election, where Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams in a bitter campaign. Adams established important precedents like a peaceful transfer of power despite political divisions.
Study guide
This study guide contains 37 questions about the structure and functions of the United States Congress. It asks about topics like the number of members in the House and Senate, the terms of office for each chamber, important historical events and figures, the role of committees, the legislative process of passing bills, congressional powers and duties, and contemporary issues like the national debt. The guide is intended to help students prepare for an assessment on the US Congress.
3 jefferson starship
Thomas Jefferson outlined his agenda as president which included reducing the role of government by cutting taxes and the size of the military and federal bureaucracy. As the first president inaugurated in Washington D.C., Jefferson faced early controversies over judicial appointments and established judicial review in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case. His land purchases, like the Louisiana Purchase, expanded U.S. territory and opened the west for exploration and settlement.
Snyder v phelps honors
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argues in its amicus brief that: (1) the case concerns protected free speech rather than conduct, as the jury ruled based on the content of the signs rather than Respondents' presence; (2) the case does not implicate the constitutionality of funeral protest statutes; and (3) the signs addressed matters of public concern and could not reasonably be interpreted as stating facts, so are protected even if found highly offensive, as the First Amendment does not allow limiting speech just because some find it disagreeable.
The civil rights_movement-photo_file
The Civil Rights Movement was a struggle for equal treatment and opportunity for African Americans that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s. Nonviolent protests and demonstrations called attention to racial discrimination and segregation laws that denied equal access to public facilities, housing, education, employment, and the right to vote. Over time, the movement achieved notable legal and social victories that helped establish legal equality and protections for African Americans and other minorities.
China
This document provides a historical overview of China from early dynasties to modern times. It discusses the development of Chinese philosophy and empires expanding through fighting neighbors. The Mongols eventually dominated before the Qing Dynasty rose to power in 1644. European powers interfered and forced trade, leading to the Opium Wars. Communism emerged in the 20th century under Mao Zedong, whose Great Leap Forward policy led to millions starving. Economic reforms since 1978 have spurred rapid growth, though corruption and environmental issues persist. Trade with the US has increased but political and military tensions remain over Taiwan and military spending.
Carter intro domestic
Carter struggled as president due to weaknesses like lacking a strong base in Washington and flip-flopping on issues. The economy faced high inflation reaching 13% in 1980 and a gas price increase due to events in Iran. Carter promoted nuclear energy but the Three Mile Island incident in 1979 tarnished its reputation when a mechanical failure almost caused a radioactive fallout. He attempted to resolve domestic energy issues through conservation measures like a national speed limit and thermostat settings.
Great society
Lyndon Johnson had extensive political experience that prepared him well to become president after John F. Kennedy's assassination. As president, Johnson pursued Kennedy's agenda while also launching his own vision of the Great Society, which aimed to use government programs to eliminate poverty and racial injustice. Johnson was able to pass many landmark laws due to his mastery of politics and relationships in Congress, but growing opposition to the Vietnam War and a shift in Congress slowed his agenda by 1966.
G. depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover in 1932 by campaigning on a Keynesian economic philosophy that argued the government should stimulate the economy by investing in public works and programs that benefited average citizens. This "pump priming" approach sought to increase spending and demand by putting money in the hands of workers, which would then circulate through the economy and spur business growth and hiring. This contrasted with Hoover's "trickle down" philosophy of aiding businesses first on the assumption the benefits would eventually reach others.
The constitution of the united states academic
The document contains excerpts from the United States Constitution. It establishes the structure of the U.S. federal government and divides power into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch is Congress, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. The executive branch is led by the President. The judicial branch is the federal court system. It also outlines citizen rights and states' powers. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and the states.
Pest control
The document discusses sovereignty over the American colonies as tensions rose between Great Britain and the colonies. It explains that Britain maintained legal sovereignty but its actual control was weakening as the colonies grew more autonomous. As Britain tried to reassert control through taxes and laws, the colonies began to unite in opposition to taxation without representation. This growing conflict came to a head with events like the Boston Massacre, increasing tensions and pushing the colonies closer to revolution for independence from British rule.
200
Spain sought to strengthen its control over North America by promoting Catholicism and prohibiting American settlement in Texas. However, Americans increasingly outnumbered Mexicans in Texas in the early 1830s. In 1835, Americans ignored new Mexican laws banning slavery and further immigration. This led to the Texas War for Independence, culminating in the famous stand at the Alamo in 1836 where William Travis, Davy Crockett, James Bowie and others fought to the death against Santa Anna's forces. Texas eventually declared independence after Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, leading to Texas joining the United States as a state in 1845.
No trespassing
By the 1750s, English and French colonies in North America were expanding due to increasing birth rates, longer lifespans, and immigration. Both sides sought to settle and claim the fertile Ohio River Valley region for its resources. The French sent expeditions to mark their claim by nailing copper plates to trees at river confluences. In response to English settlement in the region, the French allied with Native American tribes and built forts, while many Native Americans were pushed out of the area. Tensions rose between the French and English over control of the Ohio River Valley and its important role in water transportation.
Snyder v phelps academic
The American Legion, as an amicus curiae, argues that the Fourth Circuit erred in ruling that the Westboro Baptist Church's speech was automatically protected simply because it was opinion. Even opinion can be regulated in limited contexts like when combined with offensive conduct. The tort laws against invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress address important interests in allowing mourners to honor the deceased without harassment.
The ACLU, also as an amicus curiae, argues that the case involves pure speech, not conduct, and that most of the signs addressed matters of public concern. It asserts the First Amendment protects expressing personal views on public issues regardless of the audience. The Fourth Circuit correctly found the speech was entitled to constitutional protection when
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Down in the_valley
During the winter of 1777-78, the British Army was stationed comfortably in Philadelphia while Washington's Continental Army suffered through the harsh winter at Valley Forge. Over 2,000 soldiers died from disease and exposure, but General Von Steuben helped transform the untrained army. Though no battle occurred at Valley Forge, it was considered an American victory because the Continental Army emerged better trained and prepared under Washington's leadership.
Rev war timeline and maps
The American Revolution timeline document summarizes important events from 1775 to 1783. It describes early battles such as Lexington and Concord in 1775 where the Revolutionary War began, the Battle of Bunker Hill where Americans surrounded Boston, and Washington's Christmas Day surprise attack on Hessian mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey in 1776. It also discusses the pivotal American victory at Saratoga in 1777 that convinced France to ally with the rebels, and the eventual siege of Yorktown in 1781 that forced British General Cornwallis to surrender, effectively ending major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
Academic government reading
In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review by ruling that a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. This allowed the Court to determine the constitutionality of laws and assert its role as an equal branch of government. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Court upheld the constitutionality of the national bank and established Congress's implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause, expanding federal power. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court endorsed the doctrine of "separate but equal" and allowed states to require racial segregation as long as facilities were equal, legalizing racial discrimination for over 50 years.
Political propaganda
This document provides instructions for students to create a political propaganda poster. It defines propaganda and outlines four common propaganda techniques: assertion, bandwagon, transfer, and name calling. Students are tasked with choosing one of these techniques to incorporate into a poster that promotes or criticizes a political party or politician. The poster must include an eye-catching image and direct wording revealing its purpose and propaganda approach. Additionally, students must explain the poster's meaning and identified technique in a written paragraph.
Batir sa strategie editoriale pour seduire ses clients et google - CCI Bordea...
Ateliers du Pôle Numérique de la CCI de Bordeaux sur la problématique de "Bâtir sa stratégie éditoriale pour séduire ses clients et Google" des 3 et 5 décembre 2013
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Apush exam
The document provides an overview of key concepts and events in American history from colonization through the early 19th century. It begins by outlining seven key concepts for the APUSH exam and then discusses various topics related to colonization, the New World conflicts between European powers, the American Revolution, the early American republic, and the expansion of the United States leading up to the Civil War in a series of multiple choice questions and explanations.
Chapter 20 section 3 power point
The document summarizes post-World War II economic and social developments in Western Europe and North America. It discusses how the Marshall Plan aided recovery in Western Europe. Countries like France, West Germany, and the UK saw periods of economic growth and the establishment of welfare states. Western European countries also moved toward greater economic integration through organizations like the European Economic Community. Meanwhile, Canada increased industrialization while establishing social programs and alliances like NATO and the UN. Socially, Western societies experienced shifts like rising consumerism, the women's movement, and student protests of the 1960s.
Unit xiii
This document provides an overview of the Cold War and changes in Europe since World War II. It discusses how the Cold War began due to agreements at Yalta and Potsdam that divided Europe into Western and Eastern spheres of influence led by the US and USSR respectively. This led to the formation of opposing military alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Decolonization in the post-war period changed European demographics. The Cold War tensions eased in later decades due to détente policies and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Europe experienced economic growth and integration, culminating in the establishment of the European Union.
Social science class_x
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America and the EU
This document provides an overview of the Cold War in Europe and the changes that occurred afterward. It discusses how the Cold War began due to tensions between the US and USSR at conferences like Yalta and Potsdam. NATO and the Warsaw Pact formed opposing military alliances. Decolonization weakened European powers like France and Britain. The Cold War decreased under leaders like Khrushchev, Kennedy and Nixon. Europe experienced economic growth and cultural changes in the postwar period. New technologies also impacted the continent. Finally, the end of the Cold War and fall of the USSR allowed for European unification in institutions like the European Union.
Question 1 During what year did the growth of a European youth mo.docx
Question 1 During what year did the growth of a European youth movement find its most well-publicized expression?
1948
1958
1968
1978
Question 2 The American policy to offer aid to democratic nations resisting subjugation is known as:
containment policy.
the Truman Doctrine.
the Marshall Plan.
Stalinization.
Question 3 Each of the following east European countries had peaceful transitions away from communist dictatorship ships EXCEPT:
Bulgaria.
Rumania.
Czechslovakia.
Poland.
Question 4 Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Gorbachev’s Soviet leadership?
Openness of public affairs
Domestic reforms
Increased illegal vodka brewing
Higher levels of labor productivity
Question 5 Baltic citizens formed a human chain along their borders as a protest gesture for ____.
free elections
independence
social services
freedom from corruption
Question 6 The post-1973 economic crisis led to all of the following European developments EXCEPT:
significantly increased unemployment.
a significantly decrease in the rate of growth.
a significant increase in inflation.
a halt in the expansion of the European Economic Community.
Question 7 Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Khrushchev’s leadership?
An easing of the police state
An increasing focus on technology
An increasing focus on the needs of ordinary citizens
An easing of Communist ideology
Question 8 The term “iron curtain” was used by Churchill to illustrate:
growing Soviet dominance in Europe.
growing U.S. dominance in Europe.
growing British dominance in Europe.
growing German dominance in Europe.
Question 9 What happened to divorce rates between 1965 and 1985?
They stayed more or less stable.
They declined.
They doubled.
They quadrupled.
Question 10 The Red Army Faction was a terrorist group in what country?
France
Spain
Germany
Austria
.
Practice SOL
This document contains the text and questions from the 2012 Virginia Standards of Learning test for World History II. The test covers topics such as the Renaissance, the Reformation, European exploration and colonization, and major historical figures. It provides multiple choice questions to assess student knowledge of events, ideas, and people from world history.
Chapter 31
The document summarizes key events and policies related to modern China, including its early contacts with Western powers in the 19th century, the struggle for power between Nationalists and Communists in the early 20th century, and major economic and social policies and reforms under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping from the 1950s-1980s. It discusses the emergence of China as a communist nation after the Communists took control in 1949, and covers Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as well as Deng's Four Modernizations program and economic reforms.
Latin American Development
During the period of 1750-1914, Latin America transitioned from Spanish colonial rule to independent nations. There was political instability during the early consolidation period from 1825-1850 as countries debated forms of government and liberals clashed with conservatives. From 1850 onward, Latin America established institutions like legal codes and infrastructure. Caudillo rule by strongman dictators from the 1870s-1900s brought economic development but also repression. Foreign investment increased, especially from the US and Europe, influencing exports of cash crops and minerals.
Final Exam Study Guide II This study guide is designed .docx
Final Exam Study Guide II
This study guide is designed to help you revise for our final exam. It should be
used as a guide. Not everything on this sheet will be on the exam, and conversely
there will be questions on the exam not covered on the sheet.
Please revise our previous study guides and homework assignments.
1. What kinds of deictic expressions are used in this utterance (e.g. I = person
deixis)?
a. I am coming home in a while.
b. They will be here in 5 minutes.
c. This box is full of my old textbooks.
2. What are the anaphoric expressions in this sentence?
Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headache and she advised him to
take the pills three times a day until the pain went away.
3. What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says:
a. Your clock isn’t working.
b. Where did he find the money?
c. She lost her keys again.
d. We regret going to France.
e. The king of France is bald.
4. Someone is talking loudly on the phone while you are trying to concentrate, so you
decide to say one the following. Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts.
a. Could you please step outside?
b. Please lower your voice.
c. I am trying to concentrate.
d. Stop it!
5. In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face?
a) If you’re free, there’s going to be a party at Yuri’s place on Saturday.
b) Let’s go to the party at Yuri’s place on Saturday. Everyone’s invited.
6. What is the cooperative principle? Identify and describe its four maxims.
7. Identify the cooperative maxims that are flouted in the following examples and
explain why this is the case:
a. Recommendation letter for a linguistics student:
Ms. X attended class regularly, and her husband is an excellent cook. Yours, etc.
b. Family is family.
c. A: Isn’t Mary a very good friend?
B: She always wants to meet up for coffee.
d. A: A lot of people are depending on you.
B: Thanks, that really takes the pressure off.
8. Can you describe four typical features of caregiver speech?
9. During which stage do children typically first produce syllable sequences similar to
“mama” and “dada” and how old are they?
10. Which of these two utterances was produced by the older child and why?
a. Where kitty?
b. Why you smiling?
11. What are the three components of communicative competence?
12. Which are the four areas of the brain that are connected to our ability to use
language?
13. What is the difference between language acquisition and language learning?
14. What is the difference between positive and negative transfer?
15. What is the Great Vowel Shift?
ENG/LIN230 Introduction to Linguistics Eirini Panagiotidou
16. Provide the definition of interlanguage and explain what happens when it fossilizes.
17. What is the difference between syllabic and alphabetic writing?
...
Industrial revolution.ppt
1. The document discusses the industrialization of Europe, Britain, Latin America, the United States, and Russia in the 19th century.
2. It explains that Britain industrialized first due to factors like colonies, urbanization, entrepreneurial aristocrats, and natural resources like water power from coal and iron deposits.
3. Industrialization led to new social classes and problems in Britain like poor working conditions, urban poverty, and social protest movements including trade unions and socialism.
4. While Latin America exported resources, it did not fully industrialize and remained dependent on foreign capital and imports. The U.S. industrialized rapidly due to business support and a culture of mass consumption.
5.
LP M
The Liberal government introduced social reforms between 1906-1914 for several key reasons:
1) Social surveys by Booth and Rowntree in the late 19th century revealed that around 30% of the urban population lived in poverty, challenging the idea that poverty was self-inflicted and showing that government intervention was needed.
2) Britain's poor performance in the Boer War from 1899-1902, where a large portion of potential volunteers were rejected due to ill health, raised concerns about national efficiency and security. Comparisons were drawn to healthier nations like Germany.
3) The rise of the Labour Party threatened the Liberals' traditional support among the working classes, providing an incentive to introduce reforms to appeal to these voters
1. Dvt Economics Chap 1 2 students.ppt.pptx
The document discusses the evolution of development economics from classical economics to modern times. It provides context on factors that shaped development thinking and assistance, including the Marshall Plan, decolonization, and Cold War geopolitics. It also examines definitions of development economics and economic development over time, from a production function approach in the 1950s to a broader conceptualization of quality of life in the 1990s. Challenges facing developing nations and shortcomings of growth-focused neoclassical perspectives are also reviewed.
Chapter 11 section 2 power point
The document discusses several aspects of the emergence of mass society in Europe between 1800-1914, including:
1) Rapid urbanization as people migrated to cities for work, straining housing and sanitation. City governments created health boards to regulate improvements.
2) The social structure consisted of a small wealthy elite, a middle class of various professions, and a large working class making up 80% of the population.
3) The industrial revolution created new white-collar jobs for women as clerks and secretaries, and in government services. Most women still centered their lives around marriage and family.
4) Universal primary education was established to create better informed voters and instill patriotism, creating many jobs
Development theories
Modernization theory posits that countries must undergo scientific and technological advancement to become modernized and increase living standards, with the West's role being to invest in developing countries' factories, education, and media to disseminate modern ideas. It has been criticized for being ethnocentric and for ignoring inequality. Dependency theory argues that the rich world's development was achieved through exploiting the developing world, making them dependent on imports and aid. World systems theory asserts that a global capitalist economy has existed since the 16th century, with some countries forging ahead to form the wealthy core region and the periphery specializing in raw materials.
30.2 i ndustrialized democracies
The United States experienced strong economic growth during the Cold War years, with business expanding globally and an economic boom supported by postwar peace. Western Europe rebuilt after World War II with help from programs like the Marshall Plan and built social welfare states and economic cooperation. West Germany democratized under Konrad Adenauer and rebuilt its industry. Japan transitioned to democracy with land reform and education after the American occupation and saw rapid economic growth based on exports.
Chapters 18 22 nb
The document provides an overview of major global trends and events since 1945 across three sections:
1. The Changing Political Climate - Decolonization led to the emergence of over 50 new nations by 1980 amidst the Cold War. Most new nations struggled with stability and democracy while international organizations expanded.
2. Global Economic Trends - The world divided into a relatively wealthy Global North and poorer Global South. Nations grew interdependent yet obstacles hindered development in the South. Environmental damage increased with modernization.
3. Changing Patterns of Life - Urbanization, women's rights advances, and new technologies transformed daily life while a new global culture emerged through modern communication. Traditional ways weakened as Western influences spread globally.
Chapter 7 Final Review
This document provides an overview of the cultural differences between European elites and popular masses in the 18th century. It describes how elites had more access to education, fine goods, and leisure activities, while the popular classes faced food shortages, poor housing, and relied on local traditions and oral culture. It also discusses the rise of capitalism and global trade networks dominated by European powers, the development of joint-stock companies, and increasing conflicts between the aristocracy and newly wealthy merchant class.
What were the two goals of maternalist reformers for womena.g.docx
What were the two goals of maternalist reformers for women?a.gaining more factory jobs and having children after the age of 40b.having good marriages and suffragec.being able to divorce and put children up for adoptiond.achieving motherhood and economic independencee.being married and having healthy children
1 points
QUESTION 2
Progressive-era immigration formed part of a larger process of worldwide migration that was set in motion by industrial expansion and the decline of traditional agriculture. True
False
1 points
QUESTION 3
Pragmatics intended to do which of the following?a.promote a religious revivalb.test institutions on their longevityc.focus on doctrinesd.continue focusing on idealse.scientifically evaluate public policy
1 points
QUESTION 4
Which of the following statements about urban Progressives is true?a.They worked with political machines.b.They sought to improve public transportation.c.They sought to establish private ownership of gasworks and waterworks.d.They worked to shrink the size of government.e.They cut taxes to increase revenue for schools and parks.
1 points
QUESTION 5
A typical Mexican immigrant in the early twentieth century might hold what occupation?a.a garment worker in a sweatshopb.store clerk in a retail shopc.a bankerd.a railroad laborere.a supervisor in a factory
1 points
QUESTION 6
During the Progressive era,a.corporations were considered the engine of progress.b.the United States stopped receiving immigrants.c.agricultural production stagnated.d.the United States received a large number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.e.the gap between economic classes got smaller.
1 points
QUESTION 7
In the South, why did reformers argue for the end of child labor in textile mills?a.The conditions were dangerous.b.To support white supremacy, these children needed to be in schools.c.Black children were being severely mistreated.d.Factories were an evil northern institution.e.Children needed to be working on farms instead.
1 points
QUESTION 8
Why did Progressive reformers think they had much to learn from the Old World?a.Russian bureaucrats had innovated ecumenical churches that offered welfare programs.b.Germans had pioneered several measures of social legislation.c.The Italians had introduced a series of laws securing equal rights for women.d.British legislators were far more advanced in their thoughts on racial diversity.e.The French had built a strong reputation in the field of rehabilitative prison programs.
1 points
QUESTION 9
What in Margaret Sanger’s early life likely motivated her activism as an adult?a.Her parents often visited Greenwich Village.b.Her first stop upon arriving in America was Ellis Island.c.Her family lived near silver mines.d.Her parents were feminists.e.Her mother gave birth to eleven children.
1 points
QUESTION 10
The Progressive era was a period of explosive growth. Which of the following fueled this process?.
Chapter 19
The document provides information about several Central and Eastern European countries. It discusses how Poland maintained its national identity after WWII and communism through attachment to the land and Catholicism. It describes Czechoslovakia emerging as a democracy after the Velvet Revolution and its division into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It also summarizes economic challenges in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Albania, and the tensions between groups in the Balkan region.
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More from Fredrick Smith
Abraham lincoln
Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln had a son, Abraham Lincoln, in 1809 in Kentucky. Abraham worked various jobs as a young man and became a lawyer in Illinois. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846 and advocated for the abolition of slavery. Elected as the first Republican president in 1860, Lincoln led the country during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, freeing slaves in rebel states. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington D.C., dying the next morning.
Prohibition
The document provides information about key events and aspects of the 1920s in the United States, with a focus on Prohibition. It discusses how the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol nationwide from 1920 to 1933, which was very unpopular. It also notes that people found ways to circumvent the law by purchasing illegal liquor or making their own alcohol. The monument depicted appears to memorialize resistance to Prohibition, referencing John Barleycorn and dates relevant to the enactment and repeal of Prohibition.
Rise of big business 1860 1900
From 1860-1900, the United States became an economic superpower due to its vast natural resources, booming population from immigration, a pro-business government, and American ingenuity. Innovations like the Bessemer process and widespread use of steel facilitated the construction of skyscrapers and bridges. Industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and others consolidated their industries vertically and horizontally, forming trusts and monopolies to maximize profits despite facing criticism for harsh treatment of workers. This period of rapid industrialization and economic growth also saw the rise of big cities, labor issues, and concerns over the power of large corporations.
Shays rebellion reading
1) Daniel Shays, a former soldier, struggled financially after the Revolutionary War due to high taxes imposed by the Massachusetts government to pay war debts. He led a rebellion called Shays' Rebellion to protest these taxes.
2) In 1786, Shays and thousands of armed rebels known as "Regulators" marched on courthouses to try and stop debt collections and tax enforcement. They were able to shut down courts but were later defeated by government forces.
3) In January 1787, Shays led over 1,000 rebels in an attack on the federal arsenal in Springfield to seize weapons, but they were repelled by cannon and musket fire, with several rebels killed or wounded. This
Delegates
George Washington will serve as President of the Convention to keep order and direct debate. James Madison will serve as Secretary to take notes. Their duties are outlined. Delegates are assigned roles that represent different states and positions on issues like federal power and slavery. The document outlines beliefs held by each delegate that will guide their participation in the debates.
Articles of confetti
The Articles of Confederation had several severe problems:
- The national government had no ability to tax states, collect revenue, or engage in war. Each state acted independently.
- There was no unified currency, trade was restricted between states, and the judicial system varied between states.
- Congress had one equal vote for each state regardless of population size, and there was no executive branch to enforce laws.
- Amendments required approval of all 13 states, so the Articles were difficult to change. Overall, the Articles created a weak national government and the United States operated more as a confederation of independent states.
Patriot games
The document summarizes key events and people in the American Revolutionary War from 1775-1783, including the battles of Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton and Saratoga, and Valley Forge. It discusses the British shifting their focus to the South in 1778 due to loyalist support. General Nathaniel Greene used hit-and-run tactics against the British in the South. The document also summarizes the decisive American victory at Yorktown in 1781 and the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which granted independence to the United States. It analyzes the impacts of the war on loyalists, slaves, and women's roles.
The hill has_eyes
The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775 on Breed's Hill, where 1500 colonial militia had constructed an earthwork fortification overnight. The British, led by General Howe and with 2400 troops, made three assaults on the colonial position. Though the colonists were eventually forced to retreat due to running low on ammunition and lacking experience in hand-to-hand combat, they inflicted heavy casualties on the British troops during their frontal assaults. While the British maintained control of the battlefield, the victory came at such a high cost that it bolstered the confidence of the colonists and showed that colonial militia could stand up to the superior British forces.
Indepence day
The document discusses the events surrounding the signing and adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It summarizes that the Second Continental Congress organized in Philadelphia to debate independence from Britain, with delegates deeply divided on pursuing peace or independence. Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" rallied colonists to accept independence. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th, 1776, declaring American sovereignty and notifying the King that the colonies considered themselves independent.
Desperate continentals
Washington attacks the Hessians in Trenton, New Jersey on December 26th, 1776 in a surprise victory. He then crosses the Delaware River again and attacks Princeton, New Jersey, winning another battle. These victories boost American morale and support for the colonial cause. Meanwhile, Burgoyne's British forces are stopped at Saratoga, New York in 1777, forcing his entire army to surrender in a major defeat for the British.
Cowpens sand table
The Battle of Cowpens took place in South Carolina in 1778. The slightly undulating battlefield was open with spaced out trees. The American general placed approximately 1,000 militia and Continental soldiers on a crest with the militia in front. Around 150 yards ahead was a thinner militia line as scouts. The British had around 1,100 infantry and cavalry lined up in two lines facing the Americans, with cannons in the center. The Broad River was about 3 inches wide on the map grid, while smaller rivers were 1-2 inches wide. The hills were flat topped with gradual slopes and some rocky areas.
Leaders of the revolution (2)
This document provides a guide to important people, events, and battles of the Revolutionary War. It includes notes on British generals William Howe and Charles Cornwallis, King George III, and the traitor Benedict Arnold. American heroes discussed are Thomas Jefferson, Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Nathaniel Greene. Minutemen, the colonial militia who were ready to fight in a minute's notice, are also mentioned. Maps, a timeline, and materials for a Revolutionary War game are included to aid understanding of this pivotal time period.
Anger management
The document summarizes Britain's changing policies towards its American colonies from the mid-17th century to the 1770s. It begins with a policy of "salutary neglect", where Britain left the colonies alone as long as they were profitable. However, after the French and Indian War, Britain adopted a more controlling "hands on" approach to try to pay off war debts and manage its lands. This included passing new taxes like the Stamp Act to directly tax the colonies, leading to protests by colonists who argued they were being taxed without representation.
Iced tea
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party and its aftermath. In response to previous tax acts, the Townshend Acts imposed new taxes on goods and allowed smugglers to be tried without juries in Britain. In response, colonists organized boycotts which led to the repeal of most taxes except the Tea Act. This allowed the British East India Company to sell tea cheaper in the colonies, angering colonial merchants. In protest, the Sons of Liberty disguised as Native Americans dumped crates of tea into Boston harbor. In retaliation, the British passed the Intolerable Acts closing Boston harbor and changing colonial government. This led the colonies to organize the First Continental Congress to petition the king and consider
Growing tensions (1)
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "America: Pathways to the Present". It covers four main sections: 1) An Empire and Its Colonies, discussing how the English Civil War and mercantilism impacted colonial development. 2) Life in Colonial America, describing colonial society, occupations, education, and women's roles. 3) African Americans in the Colonies, focusing on slavery, the Middle Passage, and laws controlling slaves. 4) Emerging Tensions, covering western expansion, reactions from Native Americans and the French, and religious tensions in the colonies. Assessment questions are included at the end of each section.
Age of empires (1)
Mercantilism was an economic theory where countries sought to accumulate gold and silver by collecting resources from colonies in order to become more powerful. Colonies provided resources to their mother country, which manufactured goods and sold them back to the colonies for a profit. This triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involved the exchange of slaves, rum, sugar cane, timber, and guns. Countries that successfully practiced mercantilism through colonial trade became economically strong and developed powerful militaries.
French and Indian War
The document summarizes key events of the French and Indian War in North America between 1754 and 1763. It discusses how the Ohio River Valley was desirable for settlement due to its fertile land and location at the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. The French responded to British settlements in the Ohio River Valley by attacking a militia led by George Washington in 1754, starting the French and Indian War. Ultimately, the British were able to defeat the French through better preparation of troops under William Pitt and capturing the French capital of Quebec City in 1759 after a three month siege. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, giving much of New France to the British.
George washington
1. George Washington was the first president of the United States who led the country through its early years and established important precedents for future presidents.
2. He commanded the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolutionary War and presided over the Constitutional Convention that established the US government.
3. After two terms as president, he declined to run for a third term and retired to his plantation at Mount Vernon, where he died at the age of 67.
Civil war 1861-1865
The Civil War began in 1861 due to longstanding tensions between the northern and southern states over issues such as states' rights and slavery. Major battles included Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg. Though the Union army struggled with leadership problems under generals like McClellan, Grant adopted a strategy of relentless attacks that wore down Confederate forces. The war ended in 1865 with Lee's surrender at Appomattox and Lincoln calling for reconciliation in his second inaugural address and Gettysburg Address.
Civil war
The document provides an overview of the American Civil War in several sections:
1. It describes the events leading up to the war, including John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 which prompted several Southern states to secede.
2. Key battles and campaigns in both the Eastern and Western theaters are outlined, including Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg.
3. The document also summarizes the Union's strategies under generals like Grant and Sherman, Confederate resistance, and Lee's eventual surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.
4. The final stages of the war and Reconstruction efforts afterwards are covered, including Lincoln's
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Unit xiv
- 1. Unit XIV Europe Changing and Uniting • How did the European population and culture change? • How did technology impact Europe? • How and why did Europe unify?
- 2. A. How did the European population and culture change?
- 3. 1. Culture & Lifestyle. a. Consumerism increased due to mass production. b. American Century exports culture. c. Feminism on the rise. d. Marriage declines. e. Decline of church attendance. f. Increase in university attendance. g. Uses of contraception increases, abortion. h. Social unrest i. Prague Spring – ’68 uprising a) Socialist want debate b) New leader, Leonid Brezhnev, sends tanks to crush supposed opposition. ii. French youth challenge De Gaulle.
- 4. 2. Immigration a. Return of settlers. b. Former colonists join people in Europe. c. Pakistanis to Britain d. Algerians to France e. Africans to Italy f. Eastern Europeans shift to Western Europe g. Population growth of “indigenous” Europeans declines.
- 5. 3. Economics a. Eastern Europe faces stagnation. b. American domination subsides as European factories are rebuilt. c. Increasing liberal trends toward free trade. d. USSR i. Mikhail Gorbachev introduces perestroika – open elections ii. Glasnost – introduces more open market iii. Citizens get a taste of commodities, want more. iv. USSR is outspent by Reagan and military growth. v. Communists attempts coup to force Gorbachev out. vi. Boris Yeltsin leads revolt against coup, army backs him (1991) vii. USSR breaks up and gives way to capitalist republics.
- 6. 3. Economics West and East a. Eastern Europe 1. Develops rapidly 2. Huge investment 3. Modernization 4. Culturally adapts to West 5. Low birthrates and exodus of people cause labor costs to rise 6. Threatened the most by Russian dominance in energy field b. Western Europe 1. Costly welfare state 2. Both left and right parties attempt to modernize economies with less regulation and costs. 3. Labour and socialist organizations resist 4. Pressure from central banks on Southern economies to makes severe cuts to balance budgets
- 7. 3. Economics South and Russia a. Russia 1. Big energy boom 2. Wealthy elite control markets 3. Use “nationalization” and close relationships with political elites to maintain monopolies. 4. Organized crime plays big role 5. Corruption, bribery, press censorship, lack of military payments b. Greece, Italy, Spain, Iceland 1. Spiraling debt 2. Extensive welfare state 3. Most employed by or receiving benefits 4. Bailouts by Western Europe forces austerity measures 5. Political protests by the left and students sometimes cause abrupt political change.
- 8. B. How did technology impact Europe?
- 9. 1. Devices, Concepts a. Widespread flow of information b. New commercial, cultural importance of information itself c. Intensification of devices to create, store, share information d. The personal computer e. The Internet f. Entertainment spreads through cable, satellite g. Corporate headquarters remain in the West
- 10. 2. Medicine a. Population 1960–2000: population doubled - 6 billion b. Improvements standards of health c. Improving urban-industrial environment in postcolonial regions d. Longer life spans, welfare programs, rising healthcare costs, easily obtainable divorces e. Population decline: Italy, Scandinavia, Russia f. Exposure to epidemic diseases - globalization g. Exposure of new ecosystems to human development, speed of intercontinental transportation h. (AIDS) first appeared at end of 1970s i. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared 2003 j. Discovery DNA (1953), Mapping human genome k. Genetic engineering , Dolly (1997) l. Legal & moral issues of cloning
- 11. C. How and why did Europe unify?
- 12. 1. End of Cold War a. USSR break up, leaves former bloc in capitalist free fall. b. Velvet Revolution in Romania leads to independence of other states. c. Economic transition is successful in many, states, especially Poland. d. Eastern states provide cheap labor for West.
- 13. 2. Political Change a. After WWII, welfare states are created to provide cradle to grave services. 1. Retirement 2. College Tuition 3. Mandatory vacation time 4. Paternity leave b. Christian-Democrats and Conservatives opposes too much government. 1. Too much spending 2. Opposed to higher taxes 3. Do not advocate getting rid of programs, but making them more financially efficient
- 14. 2. Political Change II a. Socialists, Social-Democrats, & Labour support modern liberal ideals. 1. Before 1990 advocated for greater spending of social programs 2. Did not hide form socialist leanings 3. After 1990, starting with Tony Blair of UK, advocated more pro-business beliefs b. Burdensome debt protectionism are not favored.
- 16. a. 1957 – Treaty of Rome makes European Economic Community 1. Threat of Soviet domination 2. Need for independence from USA 3. Interdependency with limit possibility of new war 4. Open trade means better exchange of goods, services, resources and labor.
- 17. b. 11/1993 EEC renamed European Union eliminating barriers of trade., established Euro. 1. Large scale currency will create a larger pool of stable cash 2. UK balks 3. Euro mostly stable, valuable , especially when compared to the USA dollar 4. Central Banking system, tightly controls money supply 5. Free flow of goods, labor allows for better allocation of resources.
- 18. C. 2004 expansion to include Eastern states. 1. European Constitution was recently approved (2009) & established a European Presidency. 2. Some want a stronger EU, like a USA of Europe 3. Possible EU military thwarted 4. EU, Portugal tussle of centralization of power 5. Nationalist groups throughout the EU opposed the organizaiton