The document provides an overview of postwar Europe and the emergence of the Cold War between the Western allies and the Soviet Union. Key points:
1) Following WWII, Europe was devastated but began recovering government authority and functioning bureaucracies. However, the continent became divided between the Western allies and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe behind an "Iron Curtain."
2) The Soviets established communist governments across Eastern Europe and purged opposition. Tensions escalated over issues like the Berlin blockade and airlift.
3) The West implemented programs like the Marshall Plan for economic aid and NATO for military cooperation to contain Soviet expansion. Meanwhile, an arms race developed and the world became polarized between the two sides.
The document outlines the seven principles of government that the framers used to build the US Constitution:
1) Popular sovereignty - the idea that the people are the source of governmental power and establish government through consent.
2) Limited government - the government has only the authority granted by the people and is constrained by the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
3) Separation of powers - the division of government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to limit any one branch's power.
4) Checks and balances - each branch has the authority to restrain the other two branches to prevent tyranny.
5) Judicial review - the principle that the Supreme Court can review laws and acts of government to determine their constitutionality
The 13th Amendment to abolish slavery was passed by Congress in early 1865 and approved by President Abraham Lincoln, marking a major step toward ending slavery in the United States. Support for the amendment grew in Congress as more members, including some Democrats who previously opposed it, began supporting abolishing slavery. President Lincoln strongly endorsed abolishing slavery through a constitutional amendment.
1 in 3 women in the US will have an abortion by age 45. 88% of abortions occur in the first trimester, with the two main methods being aspiration and medication abortion. Aspiration involves inserting a cannula to suck out pregnancy tissue, while medication uses a two-drug regimen to block progesterone or halt implantation. 12% of abortions are in the second trimester, with dilation and evacuation or induction being the main methods. Complications after an abortion can include heavy bleeding, pain, or fever. US abortion law has evolved through cases like Roe v Wade and Planned Parenthood v Casey.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of the President and Vice President of the United States. It outlines the qualifications to be President, the electoral process, terms of office, line of succession, and roles of the Vice President. It also describes the President's constitutional powers, roles as chief executive, diplomat, commander-in-chief, and legislative leader. The President works with various advisers, agencies, and the cabinet to carry out responsibilities.
1) Bureaucracies are large, hierarchical organizations that carry out specific functions in both the public and private sectors.
2) There are three main models of bureaucracy: the Weberian model views them as rational and hierarchical, the acquisitive model sees leaders seeking to expand their budgets and power, and the monopolistic model argues they become inefficient without competition.
3) The U.S. federal bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. It employs over 2.8 million people and accounts for a large portion of government spending.
Systems of Government : Semi-Presidential ModelsJamaity
In the early 20th century, democracies were primarily built on two political systems: either a presidential or a parliamentary system of government. During the course of the century, these systems were adapted to such a significant degree that scholars identified the emergence of a third system of government called ‘semi-presidentialism’.
While these two traditional systems are centred on two political powers (parliament and president, or parliament and government), the semi-presidential system of government gives a central role to three bodies: parliament, president and a government headed by a prime minister, with each of the three enjoying comparable democratic legitimacy and significant powers.
In the context of the Arab uprisings, new constitutions will be crafted in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. More may follow. In terms of choosing a political system, semi-presidential systems are much discussed in the Arab world for two central reasons.
First, people are concerned that presidential systems of government will deteriorate once again into authoritarianism. Second, many are uncomfortable with a parliamentary system of government because it is either seen to be potentially unstable or gives too much power to a parliamentary majority.
The document provides an overview of different forms of government including republic, parliamentary, monarchy, theocracy, totalitarian, dictatorship, and oligarchy. It gives brief descriptions of each type and examples of countries that use each form. The summary focuses on the key information without opinions or evaluations.
The document outlines the seven principles of government that the framers used to build the US Constitution:
1) Popular sovereignty - the idea that the people are the source of governmental power and establish government through consent.
2) Limited government - the government has only the authority granted by the people and is constrained by the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
3) Separation of powers - the division of government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to limit any one branch's power.
4) Checks and balances - each branch has the authority to restrain the other two branches to prevent tyranny.
5) Judicial review - the principle that the Supreme Court can review laws and acts of government to determine their constitutionality
The 13th Amendment to abolish slavery was passed by Congress in early 1865 and approved by President Abraham Lincoln, marking a major step toward ending slavery in the United States. Support for the amendment grew in Congress as more members, including some Democrats who previously opposed it, began supporting abolishing slavery. President Lincoln strongly endorsed abolishing slavery through a constitutional amendment.
1 in 3 women in the US will have an abortion by age 45. 88% of abortions occur in the first trimester, with the two main methods being aspiration and medication abortion. Aspiration involves inserting a cannula to suck out pregnancy tissue, while medication uses a two-drug regimen to block progesterone or halt implantation. 12% of abortions are in the second trimester, with dilation and evacuation or induction being the main methods. Complications after an abortion can include heavy bleeding, pain, or fever. US abortion law has evolved through cases like Roe v Wade and Planned Parenthood v Casey.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of the President and Vice President of the United States. It outlines the qualifications to be President, the electoral process, terms of office, line of succession, and roles of the Vice President. It also describes the President's constitutional powers, roles as chief executive, diplomat, commander-in-chief, and legislative leader. The President works with various advisers, agencies, and the cabinet to carry out responsibilities.
1) Bureaucracies are large, hierarchical organizations that carry out specific functions in both the public and private sectors.
2) There are three main models of bureaucracy: the Weberian model views them as rational and hierarchical, the acquisitive model sees leaders seeking to expand their budgets and power, and the monopolistic model argues they become inefficient without competition.
3) The U.S. federal bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. It employs over 2.8 million people and accounts for a large portion of government spending.
Systems of Government : Semi-Presidential ModelsJamaity
In the early 20th century, democracies were primarily built on two political systems: either a presidential or a parliamentary system of government. During the course of the century, these systems were adapted to such a significant degree that scholars identified the emergence of a third system of government called ‘semi-presidentialism’.
While these two traditional systems are centred on two political powers (parliament and president, or parliament and government), the semi-presidential system of government gives a central role to three bodies: parliament, president and a government headed by a prime minister, with each of the three enjoying comparable democratic legitimacy and significant powers.
In the context of the Arab uprisings, new constitutions will be crafted in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. More may follow. In terms of choosing a political system, semi-presidential systems are much discussed in the Arab world for two central reasons.
First, people are concerned that presidential systems of government will deteriorate once again into authoritarianism. Second, many are uncomfortable with a parliamentary system of government because it is either seen to be potentially unstable or gives too much power to a parliamentary majority.
The document provides an overview of different forms of government including republic, parliamentary, monarchy, theocracy, totalitarian, dictatorship, and oligarchy. It gives brief descriptions of each type and examples of countries that use each form. The summary focuses on the key information without opinions or evaluations.
Differences and similarities between arguments of Hobbes and LockeDosalieva
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were 17th century philosophers who developed influential social contract theories. While they agreed that individuals existed in a natural state before forming societies and governments through social contracts, they differed on key points. Hobbes saw the natural state as a "war of all against all" requiring absolute rule to maintain order, while Locke believed individuals retained natural rights and could revolt against unjust rulers. Hobbes advocated absolute monarchy as upholding law and order, while Locke criticized absolute rule and argued for separation of powers and limited government upholding individual rights.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War between 1850-1861. It describes the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850, the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and violence in "Bleeding Kansas", the Dred Scott decision, Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and Lincoln's election in 1860 which prompted Southern states to begin seceding from the Union.
Sistem Pemerintahan di Indonesia dan Perubahan UUD 1945Susfi WiraTama
Dokumen tersebut merangkum sistem pemerintahan Indonesia pada periode 1949-1950 berdasarkan Konstitusi RIS, yang menerapkan sistem parlementer kabinet semu. Dokumen ini juga membahas perubahan UUD 1945 melalui 4 kali amandemen yang secara signifikan mengubah struktur dan mekanisme pemerintahan Indonesia dengan menekankan pada demokrasi, pemisahan kekuasaan, dan otonomi daerah. Amandemen UUD 1945 telah meningkatkan peran ra
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian ilmu negara, objek ilmu negara yang adalah negara secara umum, dan ruang lingkup ilmu negara yang meliputi teori-teori tentang sifat, pembenaran, terjadinya, dan tipe-tipe negara serta bentuk dan kedaulatan negara."
The United States government is based on a federal system established by the Constitution in 1787. Power is divided between the federal government and state governments. The federal government has powers such as making war and printing money, while states have control over areas like justice, education, and marriage. There are three branches of government: the executive branch led by the President, the legislative branch consisting of Congress, and the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.
The document discusses several key aspects of the US judiciary system:
1) It describes the concept of judicial review and how the federal courts have the power to rule on the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.
2) It outlines the development of the federal court system from the Founding Era to present day and how the role of the courts has expanded over time.
3) It discusses important Supreme Court cases that established principles like national supremacy of federal law and the Court's changing approach to economic and civil rights issues over different time periods.
The document summarizes the 7 articles of the US Constitution. It explains that the Constitution creates the three branches of the federal government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches - and defines their basic powers and roles. It also describes how the Constitution can be amended and the process by which it was ratified by the states.
The document discusses the British and American legal systems, including constitutional law and common law. It provides definitions and comparisons of civil law versus common law legal traditions. It also outlines some key aspects of the British constitution, such as it being an unwritten constitution based on statutes, case law, customs and conventions. Parliament is supreme in Britain and it upholds the principles of the rule of law and parliamentary supremacy.
Tugas panjang ini membahas sistem pemerintahan Republik Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah amandemen UUD 1945. Secara singkat, sebelum amandemen MPR memiliki kekuasaan tertinggi, sedangkan setelahnya kekuasaan tersebut dibagi antara lembaga negara lain seperti presiden dan DPR.
Democracy is a form of government where all eligible citizens participate equally in creating laws, either directly or through elected representatives. It encompasses social, religious, cultural, ethnic, and racial equality, justice, and liberty. Representative democracy arose from ideas developed in medieval Europe and revolutions in America and France. Some countries are considered non-democratic because they lack free and fair elections or the principle of one person, one vote.
The parliamentary system is a form of government where the legislature or parliament is the supreme body, and the executive branch derives its power from and is accountable to the legislature. Key features include a stable majority government, collective and individual ministerial responsibility, the prime minister as the leader of the government, and mutual toleration between political parties. While it has advantages like cooperation between the parliament and cabinet and responsiveness to public opinion, it also has potential drawbacks like cabinet dictatorship, unstable governments without a majority, and difficulty forming governments in multiparty systems. Overall, parliamentary government is considered better than other systems because the cabinet must maintain the support of parliament.
This document provides information on parliamentary and presidential forms of government. It discusses key features of parliamentary government including collective ministerial responsibility, political homogeneity among ruling parties, and harmony between the executive and legislature. Advantages include cooperation between branches of government and flexibility to change leadership. Disadvantages are the potential for cabinet dictatorship and short-lived coalition governments. The document also outlines characteristics of the presidential system such as separation of powers between branches and an independently elected executive. India is provided as an example of a country that follows the parliamentary model.
This document provides an overview of a Civics course that covers government, politics, and law. It is broken into three main units. The course aims to educate youth about these topics so they can better understand how the country is run and make informed decisions. It also seeks to increase youth voter turnout. The document outlines key people in government like the Prime Minister and Ministers. It also explains concepts like the political spectrum, legal fundamentals in Canada like presumption of innocence, and the structure of the course.
This document is a chapter from an American government textbook. It discusses the key concepts of government, including definitions of government and the state. It also outlines different forms of government classified by who can participate, the distribution of power, and the relationship between legislative and executive branches. Additionally, it covers the basic foundations of democracy and the connections between democracy and free enterprise systems. The chapter is divided into three main sections on these topics.
By the late 19th century, most women had to work outside the home for wages due to financial necessity. Women worked as farm laborers, in factories, and in other emerging jobs in offices and schools. As more women entered the workforce and received education, they began advocating for reforms related to issues like temperance, child labor, and suffrage. Groups like the National Association of Colored Women and the National Women Suffrage Association were formed to promote women's rights and social reforms. The suffrage movement in particular employed a three-pronged strategy of lobbying state legislatures, pursuing legal challenges, and advocating for a constitutional amendment to secure women's right to vote nationally.
The document discusses the three branches of the US government as established by the Constitution: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It explains the basic powers and roles of each branch. The legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws and resolves legal disputes. These separated powers create a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
The document discusses the Paris Peace Conference following World War I. The major powers - the US, France, and Britain - had differing views on how to settle the peace terms. France wanted to cripple Germany to prevent future wars, while the US and Britain wanted a lasting peace. Woodrow Wilson introduced his Fourteen Points plan calling for open diplomacy, self-determination, and a League of Nations to maintain stability. However, applying self-determination to redraw national borders raised complex issues over ethnic populations in territories like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Alsace-Lorraine.
The document summarizes key concepts about fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. It discusses how the kidneys regulate water and salt composition between body compartments. Three hormones - aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and angiotensin II - regulate sodium and chloride balance. The kidneys and lungs work to maintain acid-base balance in the blood through buffering, ventilation, and excretion of acids and bases. Imbalances like respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis can occur if these regulatory mechanisms are disrupted.
Differences and similarities between arguments of Hobbes and LockeDosalieva
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were 17th century philosophers who developed influential social contract theories. While they agreed that individuals existed in a natural state before forming societies and governments through social contracts, they differed on key points. Hobbes saw the natural state as a "war of all against all" requiring absolute rule to maintain order, while Locke believed individuals retained natural rights and could revolt against unjust rulers. Hobbes advocated absolute monarchy as upholding law and order, while Locke criticized absolute rule and argued for separation of powers and limited government upholding individual rights.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War between 1850-1861. It describes the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850, the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and violence in "Bleeding Kansas", the Dred Scott decision, Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and Lincoln's election in 1860 which prompted Southern states to begin seceding from the Union.
Sistem Pemerintahan di Indonesia dan Perubahan UUD 1945Susfi WiraTama
Dokumen tersebut merangkum sistem pemerintahan Indonesia pada periode 1949-1950 berdasarkan Konstitusi RIS, yang menerapkan sistem parlementer kabinet semu. Dokumen ini juga membahas perubahan UUD 1945 melalui 4 kali amandemen yang secara signifikan mengubah struktur dan mekanisme pemerintahan Indonesia dengan menekankan pada demokrasi, pemisahan kekuasaan, dan otonomi daerah. Amandemen UUD 1945 telah meningkatkan peran ra
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian ilmu negara, objek ilmu negara yang adalah negara secara umum, dan ruang lingkup ilmu negara yang meliputi teori-teori tentang sifat, pembenaran, terjadinya, dan tipe-tipe negara serta bentuk dan kedaulatan negara."
The United States government is based on a federal system established by the Constitution in 1787. Power is divided between the federal government and state governments. The federal government has powers such as making war and printing money, while states have control over areas like justice, education, and marriage. There are three branches of government: the executive branch led by the President, the legislative branch consisting of Congress, and the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.
The document discusses several key aspects of the US judiciary system:
1) It describes the concept of judicial review and how the federal courts have the power to rule on the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.
2) It outlines the development of the federal court system from the Founding Era to present day and how the role of the courts has expanded over time.
3) It discusses important Supreme Court cases that established principles like national supremacy of federal law and the Court's changing approach to economic and civil rights issues over different time periods.
The document summarizes the 7 articles of the US Constitution. It explains that the Constitution creates the three branches of the federal government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches - and defines their basic powers and roles. It also describes how the Constitution can be amended and the process by which it was ratified by the states.
The document discusses the British and American legal systems, including constitutional law and common law. It provides definitions and comparisons of civil law versus common law legal traditions. It also outlines some key aspects of the British constitution, such as it being an unwritten constitution based on statutes, case law, customs and conventions. Parliament is supreme in Britain and it upholds the principles of the rule of law and parliamentary supremacy.
Tugas panjang ini membahas sistem pemerintahan Republik Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah amandemen UUD 1945. Secara singkat, sebelum amandemen MPR memiliki kekuasaan tertinggi, sedangkan setelahnya kekuasaan tersebut dibagi antara lembaga negara lain seperti presiden dan DPR.
Democracy is a form of government where all eligible citizens participate equally in creating laws, either directly or through elected representatives. It encompasses social, religious, cultural, ethnic, and racial equality, justice, and liberty. Representative democracy arose from ideas developed in medieval Europe and revolutions in America and France. Some countries are considered non-democratic because they lack free and fair elections or the principle of one person, one vote.
The parliamentary system is a form of government where the legislature or parliament is the supreme body, and the executive branch derives its power from and is accountable to the legislature. Key features include a stable majority government, collective and individual ministerial responsibility, the prime minister as the leader of the government, and mutual toleration between political parties. While it has advantages like cooperation between the parliament and cabinet and responsiveness to public opinion, it also has potential drawbacks like cabinet dictatorship, unstable governments without a majority, and difficulty forming governments in multiparty systems. Overall, parliamentary government is considered better than other systems because the cabinet must maintain the support of parliament.
This document provides information on parliamentary and presidential forms of government. It discusses key features of parliamentary government including collective ministerial responsibility, political homogeneity among ruling parties, and harmony between the executive and legislature. Advantages include cooperation between branches of government and flexibility to change leadership. Disadvantages are the potential for cabinet dictatorship and short-lived coalition governments. The document also outlines characteristics of the presidential system such as separation of powers between branches and an independently elected executive. India is provided as an example of a country that follows the parliamentary model.
This document provides an overview of a Civics course that covers government, politics, and law. It is broken into three main units. The course aims to educate youth about these topics so they can better understand how the country is run and make informed decisions. It also seeks to increase youth voter turnout. The document outlines key people in government like the Prime Minister and Ministers. It also explains concepts like the political spectrum, legal fundamentals in Canada like presumption of innocence, and the structure of the course.
This document is a chapter from an American government textbook. It discusses the key concepts of government, including definitions of government and the state. It also outlines different forms of government classified by who can participate, the distribution of power, and the relationship between legislative and executive branches. Additionally, it covers the basic foundations of democracy and the connections between democracy and free enterprise systems. The chapter is divided into three main sections on these topics.
By the late 19th century, most women had to work outside the home for wages due to financial necessity. Women worked as farm laborers, in factories, and in other emerging jobs in offices and schools. As more women entered the workforce and received education, they began advocating for reforms related to issues like temperance, child labor, and suffrage. Groups like the National Association of Colored Women and the National Women Suffrage Association were formed to promote women's rights and social reforms. The suffrage movement in particular employed a three-pronged strategy of lobbying state legislatures, pursuing legal challenges, and advocating for a constitutional amendment to secure women's right to vote nationally.
The document discusses the three branches of the US government as established by the Constitution: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It explains the basic powers and roles of each branch. The legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws and resolves legal disputes. These separated powers create a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
The document discusses the Paris Peace Conference following World War I. The major powers - the US, France, and Britain - had differing views on how to settle the peace terms. France wanted to cripple Germany to prevent future wars, while the US and Britain wanted a lasting peace. Woodrow Wilson introduced his Fourteen Points plan calling for open diplomacy, self-determination, and a League of Nations to maintain stability. However, applying self-determination to redraw national borders raised complex issues over ethnic populations in territories like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Alsace-Lorraine.
The document summarizes key concepts about fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. It discusses how the kidneys regulate water and salt composition between body compartments. Three hormones - aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and angiotensin II - regulate sodium and chloride balance. The kidneys and lungs work to maintain acid-base balance in the blood through buffering, ventilation, and excretion of acids and bases. Imbalances like respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis can occur if these regulatory mechanisms are disrupted.
The document summarizes the key factors that influenced the peace treaties ending World War I and the reactions to the treaties. The major powers - Britain, France, US - met at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to determine the fate of the defeated Central Powers and colonies. The treaties punished Germany severely and redrew borders in Europe, creating new countries but denying independence to colonies. This led to resentment from Germany and other affected countries and colonies, which some argue sowed the seeds for World War II.
World History - The Treaty of Versailleskrobinette
The document discusses the costs and consequences of World War I. It describes the immense human costs of the war in lives lost and refugees created. It also discusses the financial toll of reconstruction and reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Politically, empires collapsed and new nationalist movements emerged. The document outlines Wilson's Fourteen Points and goal of establishing the League of Nations. However, the Treaty of Versailles was opposed by many as too harsh on Germany, sowing seeds for future conflict. Key weaknesses included humiliating Germany and excluding Russia from the peace negotiations.
The document discusses the New Imperialism between 1869-1914, where major powers like Britain and France greatly expanded their colonial empires in Asia and Africa. They did this through both direct conquest and administration of colonies, as well as indirect control of nations in Latin America. The imperial powers reorganized dependent regions and incorporated them into the world economy by making them suppliers of raw materials and agricultural goods, and consumers of industrial products from the colonizers.
The document discusses the crisis of the imperial order in Europe and the Middle East from 1900-1929. It describes the decline of the Ottoman Empire and European meddling in its affairs. It also discusses the Young Turks movement that advocated for centralized rule and Turkification. Additionally, it summarizes that the three main causes of WWI were nationalism, the system of alliances and military plans, and Germany's desire to dominate Europe.
The document discusses the key issues and leaders at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 following World War I. The "Big Four" leaders - Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, and Wilson - had to address reparations, restrictions on Germany to prevent future wars, redrawing borders to satisfy ethnic groups like the Poles and Serbs, and how to resolve international conflicts and prevent future alliances that could lead to war. Advisors to the delegates were tasked with prioritizing their nation's priorities on these issues and determining what they would be willing to compromise to achieve security and prosperity goals.
The document provides an overview of European imperialism between 1850-1914. It discusses how Western countries colonized large parts of Africa and Asia, leading to political and cultural changes. Specific regions that saw European colonization during this period included Africa, parts of the Middle East formerly under Ottoman rule, India, and Southeast Asia. The colonization had both negative impacts such as loss of independence and traditional cultures as well as some positive impacts like reduced conflict, improved infrastructure and public health in the colonies.
Paris Peace Conference 1919 & Treaty of VersaillesJoanie Yeung
Paris Peace Conference 1919, Treaty of Versailles, what did the Big Three Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George want? How fair and justified was it? http://curriculumglobal.blogspot.com
The document discusses European imperialism in Africa from the 15th century onward. It began with Portuguese exploration of West Africa for gold and slaves. This grew into the transatlantic slave trade and colonization of Africa for resources and territory by various European powers. Africans resisted imperialism through leaders like the Zulus but Europeans controlled most of Africa by the early 1900s. African independence movements in the 1950s-60s led to the creation of many new independent nations.
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919 after World War 1, imposed harsh terms on Germany including war guilt, territorial losses, military restrictions, and heavy reparations. While the Allied leaders felt it adequately weakened Germany, Germans felt the terms were extremely unjust and punitive, fueling resentment that some argue contributed to the rise of Hitler and the start of World War 2.
The origins of the Cold War began in 1945 due to differences in ideology between the Soviet Union and Western allies like the US and UK. The Soviets established communist control over Eastern Europe, while the West allied under NATO. Germany was divided, and tensions increased as both sides sought to prevent the other from gaining more global influence through espionage, the arms race, and competing economic systems. This division was symbolized by the Berlin Wall, erected in 1961 to stop East Berliners from fleeing to the West. Reforms under Gorbachev in the 1980s weakened Soviet control until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, leading to German reunification and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, ending the Cold War.
The document summarizes the key events of the early Cold War period from 1947-1970. It describes the ideological struggle between the Western democracies led by the US and the Eastern bloc nations led by the Soviet Union. This included espionage, an arms race, proxy wars, and the division of Europe into NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances. It also outlines the major crises and conflicts of the period including the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. Finally, it discusses the growth of European economic integration through organizations like the ECSC, EEC, and eventual formation of the European Union.
The document provides an overview of the early Cold War period from 1947 to 1970, covering major events and developments between the Soviet bloc nations and the Western democracies led by the United States. It discusses the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism, methods used by both sides including espionage and arms buildup, and key policies and conflicts such as the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Blockade, NATO formation, Warsaw Pact, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. It also summarizes European integration efforts that led to organizations like the EEC and eventual creation of the European Union.
The document discusses the early Cold War period from 1947-1970 between the Soviet Union/Eastern Bloc and the United States/Western democracies. It outlines the ideological and military confrontation between the two sides, including the arms race, proxy wars, and establishment of opposing alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes the beginnings of European integration through organizations like the European Coal and Steel Community and European Economic Community.
The document provides an overview of the early Cold War period from 1947 to 1970, covering major events and developments between the Soviet bloc nations and the Western democracies led by the United States. It discusses the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism, methods used by both sides including espionage and arms buildup, and key policies and conflicts such as the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Blockade, NATO formation, Warsaw Pact, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. It also summarizes European integration efforts that led to organizations like the EEC and eventual creation of the European Union.
The document provides background information on events following World War II, including the division of Europe and Germany, the beginnings of the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union, decolonization in Asia and Africa, and the development of the welfare state in Western Europe. Key events mentioned include the Marshall Plan, formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and division of Korea following the 1950-1953 war.
The document provides an overview of the development of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses how Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control after World War 2 and the establishment of rival military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes economic recovery and social changes in Western Europe and North America during this period, as well as challenges to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe and escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
The document summarizes key events of World War 2, the Cold War, and decolonization. It describes Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the Axis invasion of multiple countries. It then discusses the Allied victory, with the US and Soviet Union joining the war. The start of the Cold War is outlined, with the division of Europe and nuclear arms race between the US and USSR. Decolonization led many colonies to gain independence, though sometimes resulted in civil wars or new dictatorships.
The document summarizes the origins and development of the Cold War between 1948-1962. It discusses the roots of mistrust between the Western allies and Soviet Union following WWII. This led to the division of Europe and establishment of opposing military alliances and economic blocs. Key events that exacerbated tensions included the Soviet suppression of uprisings in Eastern Europe, the Cuban Revolution, U-2 incident, and Cuban Missile Crisis. The space race and development of nuclear weapons characterized escalating technological competition between the US and USSR during this period.
The Cold War began after World War 2 as tensions grew between Western nations led by the US and Eastern nations dominated by the Soviet Union. The Soviets set up communist governments in Eastern Europe and divided Germany and Korea. This led to an arms race and conflicts like the Korean War as the two sides competed for influence and tried to contain the spread of the other's ideology through proxies. Key events that defined the Cold War included the Berlin Airlift, formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The document provides an overview of World War 1 and its aftermath, including:
1) World War 1 led to the establishment of the League of Nations in 1920 and a period of liberalism as countries sought ways to manage the global future after the war.
2) The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 ended World War 1 but its harsh terms on Germany contributed to causes of World War 2, including the rise of dictators in Europe.
3) World War 2 began in 1939 and resulted in the Allied and Axis powers invading each other's territories across Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, ultimately ending in 1945 with the surrender of Germany and Japan.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
The Cold War Notes - Thomas VandersticheleTom Weston
The Cold War developed as tensions grew between capitalist Western nations led by the US and communist Eastern nations led by the Soviet Union following World War 2. Major events and crises in the early Cold War included the Berlin Blockade, the formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Attempts at détente saw some arms control agreements but also saw continued conflicts in areas like Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Growing economic troubles in the Soviet Union led Gorbachev to introduce reforms like perestroika and glasnost, weakening Soviet control over Eastern Europe and ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The document provides background information on the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It discusses that after WWII, political differences grew between the two former allies as they had opposing economic systems - capitalism vs communism. This created a climate of tension known as the Cold War, where they competed militarily and for global influence through proxies but never directly engaged in war. Tensions lasted until the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies, from 1947 to 1991. It began after WWII as relations broke down between the former allies. The US and USSR established opposing military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact respectively) and engaged in proxy wars and arms races throughout the world. Some of the most tense periods included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led Eastern Bloc countries to break away, and the USSR dissolved in 1991, ending the Cold War.
After World War 2, tensions rose between the capitalist United States and communist Soviet Union as they emerged as the two dominant superpowers. They engaged in a Cold War characterized by espionage, proxy wars, and an arms race as each sought to spread their influence and contain the other. Key events included the Berlin Airlift, Cuban Missile Crisis, and space race, though the two sides never directly fought each other.
The Cold War began in earnest following World War 2 as tensions rose between the Western allies and the Soviet Union. Key events that heightened tensions included Churchill's Iron Curtain speech in 1946, the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan in 1947, the 1948 Czech coup and Berlin Blockade, which led to the establishment of NATO in 1949 and the division of Germany into East and West.
The Cold War began after World War 2 and represented the ideological clash between capitalism in the Western Bloc and communism in the Eastern Bloc. This document outlines several key events in the Cold War, including the Berlin Airlift in 1948-1949, the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin, and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 which marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1991. It discusses the ideological differences that emerged between the two former allies after World War II and the establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Key events of the Cold War included the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Growing economic troubles in the Soviet Union led to reforms under Gorbachev and the eventual collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe and dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. Though they never directly fought each other, there was a constant rivalry as each country sought to spread their opposing economic and political ideologies across the world. This included the US aiming to contain the spread of communism and rebuild democratic allies through programs like the Marshall Plan, while the Soviets wanted to promote communism and control Eastern European governments as a buffer against Western influence. Their conflicting goals led to an arms race, proxy wars, and the division of Europe and Germany between capitalist and communist spheres of influence marked by the Iron Curtain.
The document discusses key events around the end of WWII and onset of the Cold War, including the division of Germany, US occupation of Japan, development of nuclear weapons by the US and USSR, and establishment of opposing alliance systems (NATO and Warsaw Pact). It also covers notable Cold War events like the Berlin Airlift and Cuban Missile Crisis. Regarding China, it discusses the Chinese Civil War won by Mao Zedong's Communists in 1949, and Mao's subsequent policies including the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, before the economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping.
His 102 chapter 24 the first world war 3-18dcyw1112
The First World War engulfed the entire globe from 1914 to 1918, with over 70 million men mobilized across multiple empires and countries. It began as a regional conflict due to nationalist tensions and secret alliances in the Balkans but rapidly expanded to include most major world powers. The war was more destructive than initially expected due to modern industrial weapons and tactics like trench warfare. It resulted in immense casualties with little territorial change and ultimately led to the decline of several long-standing empires.
This document summarizes key aspects of absolutism in Europe between 1660-1789. It describes the political theory of absolutism and how rulers like Louis XIV of France centralized power. It discusses enlightened absolutism under monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Catherine the Great of Russia who balanced absolutism with support for education and the merchant class. War was used by these empires to consolidate power and increase their territories, shifting the balance of power in Europe. Colonialism and slavery developed under mercantilism to maximize profits for the mother countries.
The document discusses various attempts to define the concept of "civilization" from different sources and perspectives. It examines definitions from the Oxford English Dictionary referring to an advanced stage of social development and organization. It also looks at definitions from other dictionaries and sources that discuss attributes like urban centers, specialized craftspeople, writing systems, and surpluses of food. The document questions who defines what is "civilized" and how advancement is measured. It considers perspectives on values orientations and attributes of civilizations like towns over 5,000 people, monumental ceremonial centers, and complex divisions of labor and hierarchies.
Early humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities during the Neolithic Revolution around 11,000 years ago. This enabled population growth and specialization. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians developed irrigation, wheeled vehicles, metal tools, and a system of writing called cuneiform to record economic transactions, helping centralized religious and political authority to emerge. Egyptian civilization along the fertile Nile Valley was protected by deserts and benefited from predictable annual flooding, allowing the pharaohs to maintain power as living gods over a stable agricultural society with a highly centralized bureaucracy and infrastructure projects like pyramids.
This document provides an overview of key political, economic, and social developments in the early United States from 1800 to 1850. It discusses the rise of the first political parties, Hamilton's vision for an American economy centered around manufacturing and finance, the Whiskey Rebellion in response to Hamilton's taxes, and the election of 1800 which resulted in Thomas Jefferson becoming president and the Democratic-Republican party gaining power. The document also summarizes events like the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, settlement of new western lands, and the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South.
Surveys Major events from the Revolutionary War 1776-1783; Discusses relative strengths and weaknesses of the colonies and Great Britain; the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; Shays Rebellion
His 101 chapter 4 the greek world expands 400-150 b.c.e. spring 17dcyw1112
Philip II united the Greek city-states under Macedonian rule in the 4th century BCE. His son, Alexander the Great, expanded the empire greatly through his military conquests from Greece to India. After Alexander's death, his generals divided the empire among themselves, establishing three major Hellenistic kingdoms - Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Asia, and Antigonid Macedon and Greece. This period saw major developments in science, philosophy, and the arts that helped spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond.
The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain and later spread to other parts of Europe and the world. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized factories increased productivity but also led to poor working conditions and urban poverty. The middle class grew as a new social class but gender roles became more separate, with women expected to focus on domestic duties. The working class struggled with low pay, long hours, and unsafe working environments in the new industrial cities and factories.
The document discusses different perspectives on what history is and why it is studied. It notes that history involves investigating the past to gain knowledge and understand truths, and that different people can have different interpretations and views of the past. The document also outlines six key aspects of historical thinking: change over time, chronology, context, complexity, causation, and contingency. Overall, the document examines how and why people study history from various angles and perspectives.
Discusses Hitler's rise to power in Germany's political system; Discusses American Neutrality and preparation for war; discusses contributions by women, African Americans, native Americans and Japanese Internment.
The document provides historical context on the Republican resurgence and decline from the 1920s leading up to the Great Depression. It discusses the economic policies of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover which focused on tax cuts, deregulation, and high tariffs. These supply-side policies led to speculation and an unsustainable bubble. The stock market crash of 1929 exposed structural problems and the economy collapsed, deepened by the Smoot-Hawley Tariff and Hoover's adherence to the gold standard. By 1932, 13 million Americans were unemployed as Hoover's efforts proved too little too late.
This document provides an overview of the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. It summarizes key aspects of early progressivism including the settlement house movement led by Jane Addams, efforts at urban reform, and advocates for women's suffrage like Victoria Woodhull. The rise of Theodore Roosevelt and his "Square Deal" platform expanding the role of the federal government is discussed. The document also outlines Woodrow Wilson's progressive agenda including the Federal Reserve Act and establishing the Federal Trade Commission.
His 122 ch 18 the gilded age & urban americadcyw1112
This document provides an overview of the emergence of urban America and popular culture during the Gilded Age from 1860-1910. Some key points include:
- America saw explosive urban growth during this period as the population grew from 6 million to 44 million, with the majority living in urban areas for the first time.
- Cities struggled with problems of unregulated growth including issues with sanitation, health, and crime. Immigrant populations also swelled in urban centers.
- Popular culture developed including newspapers, vaudeville, sports, and amusement parks which helped address problems of urban living. New ideologies also emerged such as pragmatism and social Darwinism.
- Politics became increasingly corrupt as political machines formed and
Chapter 16 big business, organized labor, financial panic, populist movementdcyw1112
This document summarizes the growth of big business and organized labor in the United States between 1860-1900. It describes how the Second Industrial Revolution led to unprecedented growth through new technologies and transportation/communication networks. Figures like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan pioneered big businesses and trusts that dominated entire industries. Workers organized unions like the Knights of Labor for better treatment in the face of exploitation. However, strikes were often broken up violently by private militias or federal troops. The period saw ongoing conflict between big business, workers, farmers, and politicians over control of the free market system.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. Introduction
Wasteland
Europe as land of wreckage and confusion
Refugees returned home
Housing now scarce, food in short supply
Trauma
The brutality of war
Civil war
Liberation and betrayal
3. Introduction
Recovery
Government authority
Functioning bureaucracies
Legitimate legal systems
The emergence of the superpowers and the
Cold War
Collapse of the European empires
4. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Iron Curtain
Soviets argued they had a legitimate claim to
Eastern Europe
The Soviets and Eastern Europe
The “people’s republics”
Sympathetic to Moscow
One party took hold of key positions of power
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (Fulton,
Missouri, 1946)
5. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Soviets and Eastern Europe
Communist governments in Poland, Hungary,
Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia (1948)
Yugoslavia
Tito declared his government independent of
Moscow in 1948
Drew support from Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in
Yugoslavia
Expelled from communist countries’ economic and
military pacts
7. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Soviets and Eastern Europe
Soviet purges in the parties and administrations
of satellite governments
Began in the Balkans
Extended through Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
and Poland
Renewed anti-Semitism
8. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Soviets and Eastern Europe
Greece
Local communist-led resistance
British and United States determined to keep
Greece in their sphere of influence
Greece as touchstone for escalating American fear
of communist expansion
9. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Soviets and Eastern Europe
The two Germanys
Four occupied zones became two hostile states
Berlin divided as well
Three Western allies created a single government
for their territories in 1948
Passed reforms to ease economic crisis
Introduced a new currency
12. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Soviets and Eastern Europe
The two Germanys
Soviets retaliated with the Berlin Blockade (June
1948–May 1949)
The Berlin airlift
The Federal Republic (West Germany)
The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
13. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Marshall Plan
U.S. response to Soviet expansion was massive
economic and military aid
The Truman Doctrine (1947)
Military assistance to anticommunists in Greece
Tied the contest for political power to economics
14. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (1948)
$13 billion of aid for industrial development over
four years
Encouraged states to diagnose their own problems
and develop solutions
Founded on the idea of coordination among
European countries
The building block of future European economic
unity
15. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
The Marshall Plan
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO,
April 1949)
United States, Canada, and representatives from
Western European states
Greece, Turkey, and West Germany added later
Armed attack against one is an armed attack
against all
16. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Two worlds and the race for the bomb
Soviet response
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(COMECON)
Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM,
1947)
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, East Germany
18. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Two worlds and the race for the bomb
The nuclear arms race
Soviets tested an atom bomb in 1949
Soviets and United States both had the hydrogen
bomb in 1953
One thousand times more powerful than the
Hiroshima explosion
Intercontinental missiles and delivery systems
Atomic-powered submarines
19. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Two worlds and the race for the bomb
The nuclear arms race
The “nuclearization of warfare”
Polarized the Cold War
Forced other countries to join United States or
Soviets
Generated fears that local conflicts might trigger a
general war
The bomb as symbol of an age
Science, technology, and progress
The threat of mass destruction
20. The Cold War and a Divided Continent
Two worlds and the race for the bomb
Was the Cold War inevitable?
Two perspectives
Stalin’s ambitions fueled the Cold War
Used devastation of WWII as excuse to expand a Russian empire
Viewed domination of Eastern Europe as reward for winning WWII
United States feared Soviet expansion
Unwilling to give up military, economic, and political power
Refused to credit Soviet contributions to defeat Germany in WWII
Was trust between Western democracies and Soviet Russia
because of propaganda on both sides?
21. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Two worlds and the race for the bomb
Was the Cold War inevitable?
A new balance of power
George Kennan and the policy of containment
Domestic intensification of the Cold War
Anxiety
Air raid drills, spy trials, the menacing “other”
22. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Khrushchev and “the thaw”
Death of Stalin (March 1953)
Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971) came to power in
1956
Agreed to summit with Britain, France, and the
United States
24. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Khrushchev and “the thaw”
The Secret Speech (1956)
Denounced Stalinist excesses
Allowed rehabilitation of some of Stalin’s victims
“De-Stalinization”
“The thaw” (1956–1958)
Camps released thousands of prisoners
25. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Khrushchev and “peaceful coexistence”
East Germans continued to flee (2.7 million
between 1949 and 1961)
Khrushchev demanded a permanent division of
Germany with a free city of Berlin
The Berlin wall (1961)
27. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Repression in Eastern Europe
Hungary
Imre Nagy: nationalist and communist
Much broader anticommunist struggle
Attempted to leave Warsaw Pact
Soviet troops entered Budapest on November 4,
1956
Hungarian citizens resorted to street fighting
The Soviets installed Janos Kadar
Staunch (Moscow) Communist
28. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Repression in Eastern Europe
Poland
Demands for more independence to manage its
own economy (1956)
Government responded with military repression
and promises of liberalization
Wladyslaw Gomulka pledged Poland’s loyalty to
the Warsaw Pact
29. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Repression in Eastern Europe
East German government faced economic crisis
in 1953
Fifty-eight thousand East Germans left for the West
Strikes and unrest
30. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Khrushchev and “the thaw”
The Secret Speech (1956)
Cultural expression freed up
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)
The Gulag Archipelago (Paris, 1973)
31. The Cold War and
a Divided Continent
Khrushchev and “peaceful coexistence”
East Germans continued to flee (2.7 million
between 1949 and 1961)
Khrushchev demanded a permanent division of
Germany with a free city of Berlin
The Berlin wall (1961)
32. Economic Renaissance
The economic “miracle”
War provided technologies with practical and
immediate applications
Improved communications
Manufacture of synthetic materials, aluminum,
and alloy steels
Advances in techniques of prefabrication
High consumer demand and high levels of
employment
33. Economic Renaissance
The role of government
The necessity of planning
Broad experiments with the nationalization of
industry and services
“Mixed economies” providing public and private
ownership
France—electricity, gas, banking, radio, television,
and auto industry are state-managed
Britain—coal, utilities, road and rail transport, and
banking are nationalized
34. Economic Renaissance
The role of government
West Germany experienced unprecedented
economic growth
Production increased sixfold (1948–1964)
Unemployment reached 0.4 percent (1965)
German demand for labor attracted foreign
workers
35. Economic Renaissance
The role of government
Britain
The economy remained sluggish
Obsolete factories and methods
Unwillingness to adopt new techniques
36. Economic Renaissance
European economic integration
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC,
1951)
Coal accounted for 82 percent of Europe’s primary
energy consumption
Key to relations between West Germany and
France
37. Economic Renaissance
European economic integration
European Economic Community (EEC or
Common Market)
France, West Germany, Italy, Britain, Holland, and
Luxembourg
Abolition of trade barriers
Committed to common external tariffs
The free movement of labor
A unified wage structure and social security
systems
38. Economic Renaissance
European economic integration
European Economic Community (EEC or
Common Market)
Britain
Feared effects of ECSC on declining coal industry
Continued to rely on economic relations with the
Empire and Commonwealth
EEC became the world’s largest importer (1963)
Total production 70 percent higher than it had
been in 1950
40. Economic Renaissance
European economic integration
Bretton Woods (July 1944)
Aimed to coordinate movements of the global
economy
Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and the World Bank
All currencies pegged to the dollar
41. Economic Renaissance
Economic development in Eastern Europe
National income rose and output increased
Poland and Hungary strengthened their
economic connections with the West
30 percent of Eastern European trade done
outside the Soviet bloc (1970s)
COMECON compelled other members to trade
with the Soviet Union
42. Economic Renaissance
The welfare state
Economic expansion promised more
comprehensive social programs
“Welfare state” coined by Clement Atlee (British
Labour Party)
43. Economic Renaissance
The welfare state
Britain
Free medical healthcare through the National
Health Service
Guaranteed secondary education
Welfare relief as entitlement and not poor relief
44. Economic Renaissance
European politics
Pragmatism
Konrad Adenauer
West German chancellor (1949–1963)
Despised German militarism
Remained apprehensive about German
parliamentary government
45. Economic Renaissance
General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French
Republic
Retired from politics in 1946
Returned to office after Algerian War (1958)
Insisted on a new constitution
46. Economic Renaissance
General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French
Republic
Strengthened executive branch of government
France withdrew from NATO in 1966
Cultivated better relations with Soviet Union
Modern military establishment, with atomic
weapons
47. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The Third World
Avoiding alignment with either superpower
The Chinese Revolution (1949)
Civil war since 1926
Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)—nationalist
Mao Zedong (1893–1976)—communist
Nationalists and communists defeated Japan
Mao refused to surrender northern provinces
48. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The Chinese Revolution (1949)
U.S. intervention
The revolution was the act of a nation of peasants
Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese conditions
The “loss of China” provoked fear in the West
United States considered China and the Soviet
Union to be a “communist bloc”
49. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The Korean War
A Cold War hot spot
Korea under Japanese control during World War
II
Post–1945: Soviets controlled North (Kim Jong II)
and United States controlled South (Syngman
Rhee)
North Korean troops attacked across the border
(June 1950)
50. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The Korean War
UN permitted an American-led “police action”
General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964)
Former military governor of occupied Japan
Led amphibious assault behind North Korean lines
Wanted to press assault into China
Relieved of duty by Truman
Chinese troops supported North Koreans
51. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The Korean War
Stalemate
The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953)
Korea remained divided
Decolonization
The decline of older empires
Nationalist movements and independence
52. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
India
Post–1945: waves of Indian protest for Britain to
quit India
Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948)
Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)
Led the pro-independence Congress Party
Ethnic and religious conflict
The Muslim League
53. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
India
British India partitioned into India (majority
Hindu) and Pakistan (majority Muslim)
Brutal religious and ethnic warfare
Gandhi assassinated in January 1948
Nehru as prime minister of India (1947–1964)
Program of industrialization and modernization
Steered a course of nonalignment with Soviet
Union and United States
54. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Palestine
Balfour Declaration (1917)
Promised a “Jewish homeland” in Palestine for
European Zionists
Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and Arabs
(1930s)
British limited further immigration (1939)
55. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Palestine
A three-way war
Palestinian Arabs—fighting for land and
independence
Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule
British administrators with divided sympathies
United Nations partitioned territory into two states
Israel declared independence in May 1948
Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps
Israel recognized by United States and Soviet
Union
56. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Africa
Several West African colonies moved toward
independence
Britain left constitutions and a legal system but no
economic support
More African colonies gained independence
Could not redress losses from colonialism
Mau Mau Rebellion (Kenya)
Killing of civilians
58. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Africa
Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa
Required Africans to live in designated
“homelands”
Forbade Africans to travel without permits
Banned political protest
Rhodesia declared independence (1945)
59. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and air
bases too high
Protected oil-rich states of the Middle East
Nationalists forced British to withdraw troops
from Egypt within three years (1951)
King Farouk (1921–1965) deposed by nationalist
officers and a republic is proclaimed (1952)
60. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970)
Became Egyptian president
Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company
Pan-Arabism
Willing to take aid and support from the Soviets
Israel, France, and Britain found pan-Arabism
threatening
61. Revolution,
Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
The British Empire unravels
Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
Egypt attacked by Israel, France, and Britain (1956)
United States inflicted financial penalties on Britain
and France, and they were forced to withdraw
63. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
French decolonization
The French experience
Decolonization was bloodier, more difficult, and
more damaging to French prestige
The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954
The French in Indochina—one of France’s last
imperial acquisitions
Nationalist and communist independence
movements
64. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
French decolonization
The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954
Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969)
Hoped for independence at Versailles (1919)
Marxist peasants organized around social,
agrarian, and national issues
Allies supported communist independence
movement
Vietnamese guerrilla war against the French
French pressed on for total victory
65. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
French decolonization
The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954
French established a base at Dien Bien Phu (fell in
May 1954)
French began peace talks at Geneva
The Geneva Accords
Indochina divided into four countries: North
Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
North Vietnam—taken over by Ho Chi Minh’s
party
South Vietnam—taken over by pro-Western
politicians
A virtual guarantee that war would continue
68. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
French decolonization
Algeria
Since the 1830s, a settler state of three social groups
Post–1945: Algerian nationalists called on the Allies
to recognize their independence
Public demonstrations
Arab activists form the National Liberation Front
(FLN) in the mid-1950s
69. Revolution, Anticolonialism,
and the Cold War
French decolonization
Algeria
Civil war on many fronts
Guerrilla war between regular French army and
FLN
FLN terrorism in Algerian cities
Systematic torture by French security forces
Algeria declared its independence by referendum
in 1962
The war divided French society
70. Postwar Culture and
Thought
The black presence
Aimé Césaire (b. 1913) and Léopold Senghor
(1906–2001)
Both men were exponents of Negritude (black
consciousness)
Powerful indictments of colonialism
71. Postwar Culture and
Thought
The black presence
Frantz Fanon (1925–1961)
Withdrawing into black culture was not an answer
to racism
A theory of radical social change
The Wretched of the Earth (1961)
The reevaluation of blackness
72. Postwar Culture and
Thought
Existentialism
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) and Albert Camus
(1913–1960)
Individuality, commitment, and choice
“Existence precedes essence”
Meaning in life is not given, it is created
“Bad faith”—denying one’s freedom
73. Postwar Culture and
Thought
Existentialism
Existentialism and race
Race derived meaning from lived experience
Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)
The Second Sex (1949)
“One is not born a woman, one becomes one”
74. Postwar Culture and
Thought
Memory and amnesia: the aftermath of war
Individual helplessness in the face of state power
George Orwell (1903–1950)—Animal Farm (1946)
and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)
Nazism and Stalinism should be understood as a
form of totalitarianism
75. Postwar Culture and
Thought
Memory and amnesia: the aftermath of war
Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)
The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
Totalitarianism worked by mobilizing mass
support
Used terror to crush resistance
Reaching a larger audience
The Diary of Anne Frank (1947)
76. Postwar Culture and
Thought
Memory and amnesia: the aftermath of war
Repressing the past
War crimes and trials
Few executions led to cynicism
Mythologizing the resistance movement
The Cold War and the burying and distortion of
memory
Editor's Notes
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
Alexis de Tocqueville once remarked, “There are now two great nations in the world, which starting from different points, seem to be advancing toward the same goal: the Russians and the Anglo-Americans. . . . Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its hands the destinies of half the world.” He wrote this prophetic passage in 1835. More than one hundred years later, and following the devastation resulting from two world wars, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the two superpowers, larger perhaps than any the world has ever known. Before the Second World War ended, these two great powers became engaged in marked disagreements over the future of Europe, and the world. When the battles ended, a new war, a Cold War, emerged on the world scene. It was a war of words and ideologies, spheres of influence, and containment. Both sides had “the bomb”—would anyone dare use it again? It seemed that the only way world peace could be made a reality was through the threat of nuclear holocaust. Joseph Stalin died in March 1953. His political associates bemoaned his loss but were perhaps breathing a sigh of relief at the same time. Power fell into the hands of Nikita Khrushchev. In 1956 he gave his famous “secret speech,” in which he denounced the excesses of the Stalinist regime (of which he was a part). Khrushchev was careful, however, to admit that communism was here to stay. Ever since the Second World War had ended, Stalin had been busy building up his spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe, making satellite states loyal to Moscow in every possible way.
Economic Renaissance
At the same time, the United States aided the economic recovery of Europe with funds provided through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Germany was the nexus of activity and, in an odd bit of geometrical planning, was divided into four zones of influence. Berlin was divided as well. It was a division that would last until November 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall. The impact of thirty years of war was not easily forgotten in Europe. The long-term impact of the Depression, Hitler, and the Holocaust were indelible on the European psyche. Recovery was necessary, and it came so quickly that historians still speak of the “economic miracle” of the 1950s. All of this took place in the context of the Cold War. It seemed to most people that better days had finally come.
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
One of the distinctive features of the last fifty years was the rapid disintegration of the European empires. The British perhaps had the most to lose from their loss of empire, since it had been one of the most extensive before the Great War began in 1914. From the perspective of the West, the “postcolonial” period meant that the populations of entire continents regained some form of self-government. The process of decolonization was uneven and unique to each colonial power; some European nations simply withdrew from their colonies, whereas others demanded new constitutional arrangements. In a third instance, the Western powers were drawn into complicated and violent struggles, characterized notably by the French struggle in Algeria and the French and American struggles in Vietnam.
Postwar Culture and Thought
Meanwhile, George Orwell and Hannah Arendt cautioned everyone against totalitarianism, which came in a number of disguises. Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus exited the war with a “dreaded freedom.” How could people know what to do in a world without God and without meaning? The only way out of “bad faith” was total commitment. Yet the Europeans still needed to cope with the realities of war, atomic weapons, and Nazi genocide. The responses ranged from repressing the past to mythologizing it.