UNIT I HUMAN VALUES

GE6075 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
Unit 1
Ashokkumar.D
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
KIT-KalaignarKarunanidhi Institute of Technology

UNIT I HUMAN VALUES
Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic
– Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for
others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing –
Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation –
Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence –
Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and
meditation for professional excellence and stress
management.
2/13/2018Ashokkumar.DAP/MECH
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Ethics Defined
 Moral codes are the rules that establish the boundaries of
generally accepted behavior.
 Morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong
human conduct.
 Ethics are beliefs regarding right and wrong behavior.
 Virtues are habits that incline us to do what is acceptable.
 Vices are habits that incline us to do what is unacceptable.
 Value System is the complex scheme of moral values that we
choose to live by

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The Importance of Integrity
Integrity is used to refer to people who act in ways
that are consistent with their own code of
principles.
You often reflect on your principles when you
consider what you “ought” to do in different
situations.

5
Ethics in the Business World
Globalization of organizations has created a complex
business world.
Risk is the likelihood of a negative event times the
impact of the event.

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Why Business Ethics are Important
Protect the organization and its employees from legal
action.
Create an organization that operates consistently.
Produce good business.
Avoid unfavorable publicity.
Gain the goodwill of the community.

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Code of Conduct
 A guide that highlights an organization’s key ethical
issues and identifies the overarching values and
principles that are important to the organization and
that can help in decision making.
 The code of conduct helps ensure that employees:
 Abide by the law.
 Follow necessary regulations.
 Behave in an ethical manner.

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Ethical Decision Making
1. Get the facts.
2. Identify the stakeholders and their positions.
3. Consider the consequences of your decision.
4. Weigh various guidelines and principles (Virtue,
Utilitarian, Fairness, Common Good).
5. Develop and evaluate options.
6. Review your decision.
7. Evaluate the results of your decision.

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Four Common Approaches Used in Ethical
Decision-Making
Approach to Dealing
with Moral Issues
Principle
Virtue Approach The ethical choice is the one that best reflects
moral virtues in ourselves and our community.
Utilitarian Approach The ethical choice is the one that produces the
greatest excess of benefits over harm.
Fairness Approach The ethical choice is the one that treats
everyone the same and does not show
favoritism or discrimination.
Common Good
Approach
The ethical choice is the one that advances the
common good.

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Ethics in Information Technology
The increased use of information technology has raised
many ethical issues for today’s IT professional.
Licensing of IT professionals
Internet communication
Intellectual property
Employee/employer issues

Work ethic
Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is also a
belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. A
work ethic may include being reliable, having initiative, or pursuing new
skills.
Workers exhibiting a good work ethic in theory should be selected for
better positions, more responsibility and ultimately promotion.
Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic may be regarded as failing
to provide fair value for the wage the employer is paying them and
should not be promoted or placed in positions of greater responsibility.
Work ethic is not just hard work but also a set of accompanying virtues,
whose crucial role in the development and sustaining of free markets.
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What Is Service-Learning?
Service-Learning is a teaching and learning strategy that
integrates meaningful community service with instruction
and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach
civic responsibility, and strengthen communities.
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Differentiating Service-Learning from Other Forms of
Education
• Experiential Learning: The knowledge and skills acquired through
life, work experience and study which have not been formally
attested through any educational or professional certification.
• Internship: A work-related learning experience for individuals who
wish to develop hands on work experience in a certain
occupational field
• Practicum: A college course that is designed to give students
supervised practical application of a previously studied theory
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Civic virtue
• Civic virtue is the moral underpinning of how a citizen behaves and is
involved in society. It is a standard of righteous behavior in relation to a
citizens’ involvement in society.
• A individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting, volunteering and
organizing other community activities.
• Without an understanding of civic virtue, citizens are less likely to look
beyond their families, friends and economic interests.
• They are less likely to help others in the community, to volunteer their
time, to give to nonprofit organizations or to participate in group activity
that benefits society.
• Related ideas for civic virtue are citizenship, philanthropy, public good,
voluntarism and social capital.
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Respect for others
Respect is a feeling of admiration or deference toward a
person, group, ideal, or indeed almost any entity or concept,
as well as specific actions and conduct representative of that
esteem.
Whether between spouses, friends, coworkers, or business
acquaintances, if there is a history of mutual respect and
sincere gratitude, the people involved are generally happier
and more successful. We live in a world where there are
many differences between people, but with an open mind
and an appreciation of each person’s contributions to this
world, we strengthen our relationships and our community.
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How to Show Respect
• Listen it sounds easy, but listening–truly listening–can be one of the
hardest skills to master. If you want a person to know you respect him or
her, then tune into what that person is saying. Look them in the eye and
offer feedback when necessary. Everyone appreciates the person who
willing listens to them and shows genuine interest in what they have to
say.
• Encourage If you’ve ever had a bad day, then you know the power a little
encouragement can have. We’ve all had moments when we need
someone to tell us, “don’t worry, things will work out.” It might not seem
like much at the time, but that person will remember that you took the
time and interest in their feelings and well-being. A smile and uplifting
word can truly brighten someone’s day.
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How to Show Respect
• Congratulate If someone does a great job, let them know about it. In fact, let everyone know
about it. Openly congratulate someone for a job well done, especially if you’re a manager.
Employees will work harder and happier knowing their manager has a mutual respect for
them and is willing to express praise and gratitude when it’s deserved.
• Be Helpful If you find a friend or coworker in a jam, be willing to help them if at possible. Not
to say you should take on half their project, but offering some advice or throwing in a bit of
your time will mean a lot. If that friend or coworker has helped you in the past, then
returning the favor will be a nice way to show both your respect and gratitude.
• Say Thank You I’m sure this one seems like common sense, but many people just forget to say
thank you or at least forget how to say it with sincerity. A thank you can be as small as two
words or as much as buying someone a gift; nevertheless, if the action is not done with 100%
sincerity then it is wasted. Make sure people know you appreciate them and their actions.
Simply saying it in front of someone else can make a big impact.
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Living Peaceful
Our principle of ‘Peaceful living’ centers on the ethical and sustainable application of
technologies which would aim to provide basic needs for everyone without compromising the
planet’s resources. Here are the steps which can help you to discover your journey towards
living in peace.
• Seek to love, not control others. ...
• Find Your Inner Peace. ...
• Moderate your convictions. ...
• Be tolerant. ...
• Be Peace. ...
• Reflection of thought. ...
• Seek forgiveness, not revenge. ...
• Live in joy.
• Be the change you wish to see in the World.
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Caring
Being caring allows you to have empathy for others and to live a life based on affection,
love, and compassion for the people around you. Being caring means providing a
listening ear, noticing when someone needs help, and helping your community without
asking for a reward. If you want to know how to be more caring today, see Steps to get
started.
 Be polite: You don't have to be overly formal to be polite. You just have to be
considerate of other people and make them feel comfortable in your presence.
 Be affectionate: Actions really can speak louder than words sometimes. Though
telling a person you care can make a big difference, sometimes giving that person a
hug or putting your arm around him or her can have that extra impact.
 Listen to people: When someone is talking to you, make eye contact, put away your
phone or other distractions, and don't interrupt the person
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Caring Steps to get started
Be more generous: Being generous, whether it's with your time or your
money, can go a long way in being a more caring person.
Treat others like you want to be treated: If you want to be more caring, then
you have to be kind and thoughtful toward others, and think of how you would
feel if you were in their shoes.
Be considerate of others: Being considerate is another major aspect of being
caring. If you want to be considerate, then you have to respect the people
around you, and to avoid making a nuisance of yourself.
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Sharing
• Sharing is the joint use of a resource or space. In its narrow sense, it
refers to joint or alternating use of inherently finite goods, such as a
common pasture or a shared residence. It is also the process of dividing
and distributing.
• Apart from obvious instances, which we can observe in human activity,
we can also find many examples of this happening in nature.
• When an organism takes in nutrition or oxygen for instance, its internal
organs are designed to divide and distribute the energy taken in, to
supply parts of its body that need it. Flowers divide and distribute their
seeds.
• In a broader sense, it can also include free granting of use rights to
goods that can be treated as non rival goods, such as information
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Honesty
• Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and connotes positive and
virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness,
including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of
lying, cheating, theft, etc.
• Furthermore, honesty means being trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere.
• Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures .
• "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb of Benjamin Franklin;
• "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" proverb of Thomas
Jefferson.
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Courage
Courage (also called bravery, bravado or valour) is the choice and
willingness to confront agony, pain, danger, uncertainty or
intimidation. Physical courage is courage in the face of physical
pain, hardship, death or threat of death, while moral courage is
the ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame,
scandal, discouragement, or personal loss.
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Valuing Time
• A first step in good time management is to understand the value of your time.
• If you are employed by someone else, you need to understand how much your employer is
paying for your time, and how much profit he or she expects to make from you.
• If you are working for yourself, you should have an idea of how much income you want to
bring in after tax. By working these figures back to an hourly rate, this gives you an idea of
the value of your time.
• By knowing the value of your time, you should be able to tell what tasks are worthwhile to
perform, and which tasks give a poor return. This helps you cut away the low value jobs, or
argue for help with them.
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L

Cooperation
 Cooperation is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for
common or mutual benefit, as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit.
Many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of their own
species and with members of other species
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Commitment
 Commitment is willingness to give your time and energy to something that you
believe in, or a promise or firm decision to do something.
Commitment means acceptance of the responsibilities and duties and cooperation means
help and assistance. By developing team commitment and cooperation in a work team
you are assisting the team to meet its goals and objectives. Work teams that are
committed and cooperative are more likely to achieve the goals the business has set.

Empathy
Empathy is the ability to mutually experience the thoughts,
emotions, and direct experience of others.
The ability to understand another person’s circumstances,
point of view, thoughts, and feelings is empathy.
When experiencing empathy, you are able to understand
someone else’s internal experiences.
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Self Confidence
• Self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal
judgment, ability, power, etc., sometimes manifested
excessively. Being confident in yourself is infectious if you
present yourself well, others will want to follow in your foot
steps towards success.
• Promise yourself, no matter how difficult the problem life
throws at you, that you will try as hard as you can to help
yourself.
• You acknowledge that sometimes your efforts to help yourself
may not result in success, as often being properly rewarded is
not in your control.
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Character
• Character traits are all the aspects of a person's behavior and attitudes that make up
that person's personality. Everyone has character traits, both good and bad.
• Some character traits have to do with your underlying values or beliefs. Some
examples of these types of character traits include: Religious, Honest, Loyal,
Devoted, Loving, Kind, Sincere, Devoted, Ambitious, Satisfied, Happy, Faithful,
Patient, Determined, Persistent, Adventurous, Homebody, Considerate, Cooperative,
Cheerful, Optimistic, Pessimistic, Funny.
• Some character traits can be bad, and you may not want these traits associated with
you. Some examples of these types of character traits include: Dishonest, Disloyal,
Unkind, Mean, Rude, Disrespectful, Impatient, Greedy, Angry, Pessimistic,
Repugnant, Cruel, Unmerciful, Wicked, Obnoxious, Malicious, Grumpy, Quarrelsome,
Caustic, Selfish, Unforgiving
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Character
• A leader or person who likes to be in charge may have the following
character traits: Domineering, Boorish, Persuasive, Ambitious, Bossy,
Disparaging, Picky, Sly, Cold-hearted, Rude, Self-centered, Conceited
• Some character traits can be consciously developed, learned or acquired.
For example, character traits that you may consciously choose to learn or
adopt include: Educated or Informed
• Some character traits for children include: Playful, Zany, Active, Wild,
Silly, Affectionate, Funny, Rough, Talkative, Rowdy, Smart, Fidgety, Shy,
Lively, Submissive, Stubborn
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Spirituality
• Spirituality is the concept of an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality,
an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being;
or the "deepest values and meanings by which people live.
• Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are
intended to develop an individual's inner life. S
• Spiritual experiences can include being connected to a larger reality,
yielding a more comprehensive self; joining with other individuals or the
human community; with nature or the cosmos; or with the divine realm.
• Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration or orientation
in life. It can encompass belief in immaterial realities or experiences of
the immanent or transcendent nature of the world.
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Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional
excellence and stress management

YOGA
• Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the
physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual,
when adopted as a way of life, yoga improves physical, mental,
intellectual, and spiritual health.
• Yoga offers an effective method of managing and reducing stress, anxiety,
and depression, and numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy of yoga
on mood-related disorders.
• Yoga is often depicted metaphorically as a tree and comprises eight
aspects, or limbs: yama (universal ethics), niyama (individual ethics),
asana (physical postures), pranayama (breath control), pratyahara
(control of the senses), dharana (concentration), dyana (meditation), and
samadhi (bliss).
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Tree of Yoga
• When one thinks about Yoga today, the first
thing that comes to mind is the physical
practice of postures, or Asana.
• As described in Patañjali’s Yoga Sutras, Asana
is only 1 of the 8 limbs of Yoga.
• Applying the other 7 will not only deepen our
physical and spiritual practice but also help
take our yoga off the mat and into our daily
lives.
• To help better understand how the 8-step
path comes all together,
• BKS Iyengar’s representation of the Tree of
Yoga:
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1.Roots: Foundation for living honorably and clearly
Yama – a list of outward observances representing principles of ethical behavior
Ahimsa – non harming, compassion for self and others
Satya – truthfulness, being honest with ourselves and others
Asteya – non-stealing, freeing oneself from the desire to have something that has not earned or paid for
Brahmacharya – wise and balanced use of energy
Aparigraha – non-attachment, living with generosity of spirit and action
2.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind
Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve the self and surrounding relations
Sauca – cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings, treating our body as a temple
Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things, counting one’s blessings
Tapas – heat, energy of self-tranformation to promote a healthy mind, soul and body
Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study
Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being an expression of the whole universe
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3.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind
Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve the self and
surrounding relations
Sauca – cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings,
treating our body as a temple
Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things,
counting one’s blessings
Tapas – heat, energy of self-transformation to promote a
healthy mind, soul and body
Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study
Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being an
expression of the whole universe
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4.Branches: Strong and flexible to move with the wind of life
Asana – physical practice of yogic postures
5.Leaves: Drawing in life force through the exchange of breath
Pranayama – mastering the science of breath, breath control
6.Bark: Protecting the tree from outer elements and preventing its essence
from flowing outward
Pratyahara – turning awareness inward, sense withdrawal
7.Sap: Juice which carries the energy on this inward journey, links the
whole tree as one
Dharana – focused state of concentration, bringing the mind to a single
point of focus
8.Fruit: The essence of the tree
Samadhi – bliss, to feel unity, peace, freedom
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The role of yoga in stress management
• Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into life science. The term stress is derived
from the Latin word Stringere, which means “to be drawn tight.”
• Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a person and his or her life.
Stress can affect one’s health, work performance, social life, and the relationship with
family members.
• Eminent behavioral scientist Stephen Robbins defines stress as that which arises from an
opportunity, demand, constraint, threat, or challenge, when the outcomes of the event
are important and uncertain.
• Stress can also be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur
when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of
the worker.
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The role of yoga in stress management ….
• Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury. Hence we can say that stress is a silent
killer, and prolonged exposure to stress may exert harmful effects on physical, psychological,
and behavioral well-being of an individual.
• According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 80% of workers
experience job stress.
• Kulkarni, in an article “Burnout” published in Indian Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine, has said that the rapid change of the modern working life is
associated with increasing demands of learning new skills, the need to adapt to new types of
work, pressure of higher productivity and quality of work, time pressure, and hectic jobs.
These factors are increasing stress among the workforce.
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IMPACT OF STRESS
• One of the studies quoted that stress-related disorders evolve gradually
through four recognizable stages.
1.In the first, psychological changes such as anxiety, irritability, and
insomnia arise, due to over-stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system.
2.In the second stage symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated
heart rate, and increased intestinal motility surface.
3.In the third stage, a more profound physical or biochemical imbalance
sets in,
4.In the final fourth stage, irreversible symptoms that often require
surgical or long-term management appear.
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IMPACT OF STRESS
• Increased sympathetic activation and the release of stress hormones,
including adrenaline, lead to increases in heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing, body temperature, and muscle tension.
• In contrast, the relaxation response has been proposed as an antidote to
stress; relaxation decreases heart rate, breathing, body temperature,
and muscle tension.
• Similar to stress in the workplace, college students are also often
impacted by stress. Academic stress can result from many different
imperative stressors, such as final grades, term papers, examinations,
and excessive homework. Stress has exhibited a negative correlation
with cognitive performance, thus negatively impacting academic
performance.
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EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS …..
• A growing body of research evidence supports the belief that certain yoga techniques may
improve physical and mental health through down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
• The HPA axis and SNS are triggered as a response to a physical or psychological demand
(stressor), leading to a cascade of physiologic, behavioral, and psychological effects,
primarily as a result of the release of cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine).
• This response leads to the mobilization of energy needed to combat the stressor through
the classic fight-or-flight response.
• Over time, the constant state of hyper vigilance resulting from repeated firing of the HPA
axis and SNS can lead to dysregulation of the system, and ultimately diseases such as
obesity, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, depression, substance abuse, and cardiovascular
disease. Studies also show that yoga decreases levels of salivary cortisol, blood glucose, as
well as plasma renin levels, and 24-hour urine norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.
41

EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
• Yoga significantly decreases heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
• Studies suggest that yoga reverses the negative impact of stress on the immune system by
increasing levels of immunoglobulin A as well as natural killer cells.
• Yoga has been found to decrease markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C-reactive
protein as well as inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and lymphocyte-1B. These
studies suggest that yoga has an immediate quieting effect on the SNS-HPA axis response to
stress. While the precise mechanism of action has not been determined, it has been
hypothesized that some yoga exercises cause a shift toward parasympathetic nervous system
dominance, possibly via direct vagal stimulation. Shapiro et al noted significant reductions in
low-frequency heart rate variability (HRV)—a sign of sympathetic nervous system
activation—in depressed patients following an 8-week yoga intervention.
42

EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
• Regardless of the pathophysiologic pathway, yoga has been shown to have immediate
psychological effects: decreasing anxiety and increasing feelings of emotional, social, and
spiritual well-being.
• Several literature reviews have been conducted that examined the impact of yoga on specific
health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer,
and anxiety.
• Another study has shown improvement of mental health of both the young and seniors by
reducing stress through yoga. Yoga can be wisely applied in welfare programs to improve the
quality of life in all age groups.
• Yogic science includes yogasanas (postures), pranayama (breathing practices), dhyana
(meditation), and relaxation techniques which benefit human beings at every level.
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References
1. www.cosc.brocku.ca/~jradue/2p50/slides/chap01.ppt
2. https://www.gwu.edu/~rpsol/service-learning/.../Service-Learning%20PowerPoint.ppt
3. https://www.bastiansolutions.com/blog/index.php/2011/04/06/5-easy-ways-to-show-people-
respect-and-gratitude/
4. http://srecwarangal.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/peve-unit-1.pdf
5. http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Caring
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation
10. http://examples.yourdictionary.com/character-trait-examples.html
11. http://benoityoga.com/tree-of-yoga/
12. http://mdcurrent.in/patients/role-yoga-stress-management/
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Thank You
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UNIT I HUMAN VALUES

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