This document discusses various aspects of engineering ethics. It begins by defining engineering ethics as the study of related moral questions about people and organizations involved in technical activities. It then discusses the variety of moral issues engineers may face, including safety-related disasters. It also covers types of ethical inquiries, moral dilemmas, moral autonomy, and theories related to developing moral reasoning skills. The document outlines different perspectives on professional roles and responsibilities. Finally, it discusses some key theories for determining right action, including utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty-based ethics.
Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Ge6075 professional ethics in engineering unit 1Dr Geetha Mohan
Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management.
Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Ge6075 professional ethics in engineering unit 1Dr Geetha Mohan
Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management.
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons Development – Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social Responsibility
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
About an engineer's responsibility towards safety and risk taken by him/her in critical circumstance.
This PPT will give them a basic approach towards engineer's work towards safety for the society.
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management.
To enable the students to create an awareness on Engineering Ethics and Human Values,
to instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty and to appreciate the rights of others. To enable the students to create an awareness on Engineering Ethics and Human Values,
to instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty and to appreciate the rights of others.
Engineering Ethics In Engineering
Engineering : Engineering And Ethics
The Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
Foundation Of Engineering Ethics And Values
Engineering Ethics Essay
Engineering Ethics
Ethics And Ethics Of Engineering Ethics
Ethics in Engineering Essay
Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
The Codes Of Ethics And Ethics In Engineering
Ethics in Technology Essay
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons Development – Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social Responsibility
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
About an engineer's responsibility towards safety and risk taken by him/her in critical circumstance.
This PPT will give them a basic approach towards engineer's work towards safety for the society.
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management.
To enable the students to create an awareness on Engineering Ethics and Human Values,
to instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty and to appreciate the rights of others. To enable the students to create an awareness on Engineering Ethics and Human Values,
to instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty and to appreciate the rights of others.
Engineering Ethics In Engineering
Engineering : Engineering And Ethics
The Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
Foundation Of Engineering Ethics And Values
Engineering Ethics Essay
Engineering Ethics
Ethics And Ethics Of Engineering Ethics
Ethics in Engineering Essay
Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
The Codes Of Ethics And Ethics In Engineering
Ethics in Technology Essay
Mary Tiles and Hans OberdiekConflicting Visions of Technology,.pdfdirector41
Mary Tiles and Hans Oberdiek
\"Conflicting Visions of Technology\",
1. What is the main position of the Optimistic view of technology? Give some examples and
some of the ways in which the position is justified.
2. What is the main position of the Pessimistic view of technology? Give some examples and
some of the ways in which the position is justified.
3. Given that most people probably hold views that have both optimistic and pessimistic, how do
you tend to view technology? Give some reasons for your view.
Solution
For example In engineering ethics, the responsibility of engineers is often discussed in relation to
code of ethics that articulate specific responsibilities of engineers. Such codes of ethics stress
three types of responsibilities of engineers: (1) conducting the profession with integrity and
honesty and in a competent way, (2) responsibilities towards employers and clients and (3)
responsibility towards the public and society. With respect to the latter, most US codes of ethics
maintain that engineers ‘should hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public’. The
risks of technology are one of the traditional ethical concerns in the ethics of technology. Risks
raise not only ethical issues but other philosophical issues, such as epistemological and decision-
theoretical issues as well.
Engineers Who Kill Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of.docxYASHU40
Engineers Who Kill: Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of Public Safety
Author(s): Kenneth Kipnis
Source: Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1981), pp. 77-91
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Engineers Who Kill: Professional
Ethics and the Paramountcy of
Public Safety
Kenneth Kipnis
Thou shalt not kill.
Exodus, Chapter 20.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties.
Engineers' Council for
Professional Development,
Code of Ethics.
The codes of ethics of a number of engineering professional societies1 begin with
language that states that engineers are required in their professional work to hold
paramount the safety of the public. It is not difficult to appreciate why those in
engineering should feel obligated to endorse such a statement nor is it hard to
understand why it is generally placed first in the codes. For whenever we drive a car,
or fly in an airplane, or take an elevator, or use a toaster, or cross a bridge, or do
The work upon which this paper was based was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grant
Number OSS-7906980. Some of the ideas here were developed during participation in
the National Project on Philosophy and Engineering Ethics (at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute), funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. For comments and
encouragement, I am indebted to Stephen H. Unger, David Davis, Sandra Ward, Robert
Bruder, Vivian Weil, Patricia Werhane, T. Paul Torda, Andrew G. Oldenquist, Victor
Paschkis, Edward E. Slowter, Win Nagley, Frank Tillman, Eliot Deutsch, Edward D.
Harter, Fred Bender, Deborah Johnson, and Sara Lyn Smith. Earlier versions of this
paper have been read at the American Society of Mechanical Eng ...
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. UNIT II ENGINEERING ETHICS
Senses of ‘Engineering Ethics’ – Variety of
moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral
dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg’s
theory – Gilligan’s theory – Consensus and
Controversy – Models of professional roles -
Theories about right action – Self-interest –
Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical
Theories
3. ENGINEERING ETHICS - INTRODUCTION
Engineers make products and methods that satisfy
basic needs, food and shelter.
Scientists and engineers make discoveries and
inventions.
They improves the standard of living of the people
Have to consider the safety, health, welfare of the
people and environment.
This has to be taken into account in understanding
what is morally required and not morally required of
engineers.
Hence, we need to know the ‘engineering ethics’.
4. ENGINEERING ETHICS -DEFINITION
Engineering Ethics is a study of related questions
about the moral ideals, character, policies and
relationships between the people and corporations,
involved in technical activities.
5. SENSE OF “ENGINEERING ETHICS”
Engineering ethics is an activity and discipline, aimed at understanding
the moral values to guide the engineering practice to solve the moral
issues.
E.E refers to set of specific moral problems and issues related to
engineering i.e., political, legal issue.
It accepts the codes and standard of conduct endorsed by various group
of Engineering, Engineering Societies, and Professional Bodies like;
-Institution of Engineers, (India), Kolkata
- All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi
- Medical Council of India
6. Morality
The word Ethics means “morally correct”
Sense of Engineering ethics means ‘study of morality’
Morality concerns with:
a) What need or no need to be done in a given situation?
b) What is right or wrong while handling a situation?
c) What is good or bad about the people, policies and
ideals involved?
7. MORAL REASONS
Respecting others and ourselves
Respecting the rights of others
Keeping promises to others
Avoiding unnecessary offence and pain to others
Avoiding cheating and dishonesty
Showing gratitude for favour to others
Encouraging teamwork.
8. VARIETY OF MORAL ISSUES
Engineering disasters caution us about safety beyond
the level of acceptable risk.
1. The “Challenger” Explosion
Date January 28, 1986
Time
11:39:13 EST
(16:39:13 UTC)
Location
Atlantic Ocean, off the
coast of central Florida
Outcome
Grounding of the Space
Shuttle fleet for nearly
three years during which
various safety measures,
solid rocket booster
redesign, and a new
policy on management
decision-making for future
launches were
implemented.
9. Major problem in challenger was:
Failed at liftoff. The O-ring failure caused a breach in
the SRB(Solid Rocket Booster) joint it sealed,
allowing pressurized hot gas from within the solid
rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon
the adjacent SRB attachment hardware and external
fuel tank.
People who died…..
10. ISSUE NO:2
The accidents at Nuclear Power Plant at Chernobyl –
Russia, Three Mile Island (USA);
The Three Mile Island accident was a partial
nuclear meltdown which occurred in one of the two
Three Mile Island nuclear reactors in Dauphin
County, Pennsylvania, United States, on March 28,
1979. It was the worst accident in U.S. commercial
nuclear power plant history.
The partial meltdown resulted in the release of small
amounts of radioactive gases and radioactive iodine
into the environment
11. The accident, which occurred in the early morning of April 26,
1986, resulted when operators took actions in violation of the
plant’s technical specifications.
Operators ran the plant at very low power, without adequate
safety precautions and without properly coordinating or
communicating the procedure with safety personnel.
The hot fuel particles reacted with water and caused a steam
explosion, which lifted the 1,000-metric-ton cover off the top of
the reactor, rupturing the rest of the 1,660 pressure tubes,
causing a second explosion and exposing the reactor core to
the environment. The fire burned for 10 days, releasing a large
amount of radiation into the atmosphere.
Twenty-eight highly exposed reactor staff and emergency
workers died from radiation and thermal burns within four
months of the accident. Officials believe the accident also was
responsible for nearly 7,000 cases of thyroid cancer among
individuals who were under 18 years of age at the time of the
accident. As of 2005, 15 children had died of thyroid cancer.
Improved monitoring has been implemented to help ensure that
thyroid cancer is detected early, when it is highly treatable.
12. ISSUE NO:3
Gas leak at chemical plant, (Union Carbide Plant) –
Bhopal, India:
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal
gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India,
considered the world's worst industrial disaster.
It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at
the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide
plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000
people were exposed to methyl isocyanate gas and
other chemicals
13. Date
2 December 1984–
3 December 1984
Location Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Coordinates
23°16′51″N
77°24′38″ECoordinates:
23°16′51″N 77°24′38″E
Also known as Bhopal gas tragedy
Cause
Gas leak from Union Carbide India
Limited storage tank
Deaths At least 3,787; over 16,000 claimed
Injuries At least 558,125
14. VARIETY OF MORAL ISSUES
APPROACHES OF ENGINEERING ETHICS
Micro ethics
Macro ethics
- Micro-ethics: This approach addresses typical,
everyday problems that the engineers face in their
professional life.
- Macro-ethics: This approach deals with all societal
problems that engineers encounter during their
career.
15. MORAL PROBLEM ARISE WHEN:
Their activities ultimately lead to a product, i.e., unsafe, or
less useful.
A product may be designed intentionally for early
obsolescence ( to become out dated -
வழக்ககொழிந்துப ொக).
An inferior(lower) material may be used under pressure of
time or budget.
Product’s ultimate harmful effects.
Engineers are tempted of bribes(dishonestly) and
corruption.
16. VARIOUS MORAL ISSUES
The various bodies with which engineers may face problems
6. Society
Environment
7.
Family
1Organization
• Engineers
• Managers
• Colleagues
5. Engineering
Professional
Societies
(ASME, IEEE,
NSPE)
4. Law, Govt.
Public
Agencies
3. Industry,
Other firms
(Competitors)
2. Clients,
customers
18. INQUIRY
Inquiry means asking or investigation or search for
knowledge.
Or
Inquiry means, conducting a detailed survey
about the project or a product, to know its pros
and cons. When they are put into use.
21. NORMATIVE INQUIRY
How far the engineers are mobilized to
protect the public safety in a given
situation?
Whose values are to be given importance
primarily in making judgments about the risks
involved in a design for public transport
system, wherein government, engineers and
citizens are involved?
22. CONCEPTUAL INQUIRIES
Conceptual inquiries clarity the meaning of concepts,
principles and issues in Engineering Ethics.
For example:
1. What does ‘safety’ mean?
2. How is safety related to “Risk”?
3. What does it mean when codes of ethics say what
engineers should do and should not do?
4. Protective safety, Health and welfare of the people
5. What is a profession?
6. What defines professionals?
7. Where moral concepts are at issue, and how the
normative and conceptual inquiries are interrelated?
23. FACTUAL INQUIRIES
The factual inquiries are descriptive (ACTUAL) enquiries.
These inquiries give information that has got
bearing(relevance) upon value issues.
They provide important information about the business
that are in practice during the same time.
These three types of inquiries are complimentary
(Appreciate) and interrelated.
25. MORAL DILEMMAS
Moral - Concerned with the principles of right and wrong
behaviour
Dilemmas - a difficult situation or problem (CONFUSION)
Dilemma is a state of mind or situation in which we are
unable to decide in one way or other.
When such a situation is combined with moral
considerations that is when we have to be morally correct,
then such a situation is known as “moral dilemma”.
26. Three sorts of situations that are involved in moral
dilemmas are as follows:
1. Problems of vagueness (not clearly)
2. Problems of conflicting reasons (incompatible or at
variance)
3. Problems of disagreement.
27. Problems of vagueness:
An engineer may have doubts about whether
it is morally permissible to accept and expensive
“desk set” as a gift from a sales person with whom
their company does business.
will this amount to accepting a bribe ?
Problems of conflicting reasons:
Two or more moral problems conflicting
each other.
Independently each one is good and correct.
But its comes together it is very difficult to
choose good one.
28. Problems of disagreement:
Each individuals having different views, suggestions
and solutions on a moral problems in a particular reasons.
The disagreement among individuals and groups on
involving moral issues will create moral dilemma.
Example: Company inspection by customer.
29. MORAL AUTONOMY
The aim of studying and teaching the engineering
ethics course is to foster(growth) the moral
autonomy of future engineers.
Autonomy means “self-determining” or
“Independent”.
Moral autonomy means that skill and habit of
thinking rationally (logic) and about ethical
issues based on morals.
30. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MORAL
AUTONOMY
Atmosphere of the person in his childhood.
Ones relationship with friends and relatives
Interaction with his neighbors
Family structure and family economy
Influence of religious institutions such as temple,
churches etc,
Influence of educational institutions
Influence of teachers and other mentors
Influence of newspapers, novels movies etc,.
Influence of some social events
31. SKILLS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE
MORAL AUTONOMY
Skill required to identify and differentiate problems related to
LAW, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENT, SOCIETY ,AND RELIGION.
Skill in understanding and evaluating the problems.
The Ability to make Imaginative and creative alternative
solutions.
Sensitive nature to engage with others problems and issues.
Enough knowledge we need for support or defend one’s
moral views.
32. THEORIES OF MORAL AUTONOMY
1. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory
2. Carol Gilligan’s Theory
Moral Autonomy pertains to psychological theories of
moral development suggested by Lawrence Kohlberg
and Carol Gilligan
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory: suggested that there
are three levels of moral developments. They are
1. Pre-conventional level
2. Conventional level
3. Post-conventional level
33.
34. Pre-conventional level: is to satisfy one’s own needs. The individual
is interested in things which directly benefit oneself.
Conventional level: is to follow accepted norms and satisfy
expectation of others.
In this level, the norms of one’s family, group or society are
accepted as the standards of morality.
Kohlberg studies reveal that most adults never mature
beyond this stage.
Post-Conventional level: In this guided by strong principles , not by
selfish needs or pressures from society.
Kohlberg says that only a few people in society reach the post-
35. CAROL GILLIGAN’S THEORY: studies about the approaches
made by male professionals and female professional to attain moral
autonomy.
she criticizes that Kohlberg’s theory on moral autonomy is more
male – oriented.
Gilligan’s studies suggest that there are more men interested in
trying to solve moral problems by applying moral principles.
Male professionals solve moral dilemmas by determining the most
important moral rule.
Women professional by contrast try to preserve personal
relationships with all people involved in a situation.
Men = Ethics of rules and rights
Women= Ethics of care
And also she recasting….1. pre-conventional, 2. conventional, 3.
post-conventional
36. 1. pre-conventional:
Almost same as the Kohlberg’s first level(Self centered reasoning)
2. conventional:
Differs from Kohlberg’s 2nd level.
Women will not hurt others and have willingness to sacrifice their own
interests in order to help others.
3. post-conventional:
Differs from Kohlberg’s 3rd level.
In this level Individual is able to maintain balance between his own needs
with the needs of others.
37. CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY
Consensus - a general agreement
Controversy - disagreement
While exercising moral autonomy there some
decisions taken by the persons the other persons
cannot attain the same results, There may be a
kind of variations.
38. PROFESSION: profession means a “job” or an
“occupation”
PROFESSIONAL: A professional is someone who is
a member of a profession or someone who is
practicing a profession.
Professionalism: (job) means employed engineers
as professionals having obligations to both employers
and the public.
39. PROFESSION HAVE TO MEETS SPECIAL
CRITERIA
Knowledge: involves sophisticated skills, theoretical
knowledge, judgment and discussion to be engaged in the
work.
Organization – obey the rules and regulations
Public good- Engineer can protect public health, safery.
Honours of engineering profession: it is a great profession.
An engineer imagine with the help of science to draw a plan on
a paper. Then it is realized stone or metal or energy..
40. LIABILITIES OF ENGINEERING
PROFESSION
The greatest liability(responsibility) of
engineer compared to other professionals is
that he works out in the open area, where all
can see them.
He works hard.
Engineer cannot bury his mistakes in the
grave as the doctors.
Engineer cannot argue like lawyers blaming
the judges, like the politicians blaming the
opponents and so on.
41. THEORIES OF RIGHTS ACTION
Theories of Rights Action are philosophical concepts
concerned with human nature and their rights and
duties to lead the life with ethical values.
The concepts mainly focus on individual person’s
actions and their consequences.
There are different versions of rights action
introduced by difference ethicists during the eighteen-
century Enlightenment.
Era: utilitarianism; rights ethics, and duty.
42. Right action is the action which controls by law;
Right action considers to good consequences of
action;
Right action is the action which is benefits to all;
Right action is the consequences of action that is
not violate the moral rule.
43. UTILITARIANISM:
Utilitarianism holds that those actions are produce the most
good for the most people, giving equal consideration to
everyone affected.
1. Act - utilitarianism holds that individual actions should
maximize utility. Not by general rules.
An action is good if it benefits someone
An action is bad if it harms someone
44. 2. RULE UTILIARIANISM:
Rule utilitarianism differs from act utilitarianism because
moral rules are more important than individual actions.
45. Right Ethics:
Right ethics holds that people have fundamental
rights that other people have a duty to respect
TWO VERSIONS OF RIGHT ETHICS:
1. LOCKE’S VERISON
2. MELDON’S VERISON
46. LOCKE’S VERISON:
Humans have human rights of life, liberty, property
generated by one’s labour.
Humans were highly individual, they cant interfere
with one’s life.
MELDON’S VERISON:
Human rights is intimately related to communities of
people.
Community benefits needed for living a minimum decent
human life.
47. DUTY ETHICS :
Duty ethics states that moral duties such as Being honest,
being help to others, these acts lead to the most good.
Act so as to respect persons,
Act on principles, and
Act autonomously
Two versions of duty ethics are:
1. Kant’s theory of duty ethics and
2. John rawls’s modern theory of duty ethics
48. 1. Kant’s Theory of duty:
Duties are BE HONEST, DON’T SUFFER OTHER PEOPLE, SHOW
GRATITUTE FOR OTHERS, DON’T COMMIT SUSCIDE, IMPROVE
ONE’S OWN INTELLIGENTS AND CHARACTER
ACCORDING TO KANT, DUTIES ARE:
Express respect for persons (Equal respect for each person)
Express un quantified commands for autonomous moral
They are universal principles
DRAWBACKS:
Major problems are principles of duty were absolute they are
never having exceptations
49. 2. John Rawl’s modern theory:
All rational persons in an imaginary “
CONTRACTING “Situation.
The person more easily and honestly about moral
principles.
50. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN DUTY ETHICS
AND RIGHT ETHICS
Duty ethics and right ethics are like two different
sides of same coin
Both to achieve the same end result
AS PER DUTY ETHICS : People have duties ,
Primary one to protect the right of others
AS PER RIGHT ETHICS : People have fundmental
rights that others have protect their duties
51. USE OF ETHICAL THEORIES
Ethical theories have three important uses:
1. Understanding moral dilemma
2. Justify professional obligations and ideals
3. Relating ordinary and professional morality
52. 1. UNDERSTANDING MORAL DILEMMA
Ethical theories help the professional in identifying the moral
consideration
Virtue ethics emphasize loyalty to employer and colleagues and
loyalty to public safety.
Duty ethics emphasizes that professional has duties to protect the
public affected by his work.
Right ethics emphasizes the rights of the public that are to be
protected, while at the same time, the rights of the management has
to be respected.
It provides relevant information in solving moral dilemmas
53. 2. JUSTIFY PROFESSIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND
IDEALS
It focuses the safety of public, while bringing
useful technological products to the public.
3.RELATING PROFESSIONAL AND ORDINARY
MORALITY
Law
codes of ethics
safety obligations
public to protect
54. SELF-INTEREST, CUSTOMS & RELIGION
1. Self-respect and Ethical Egoism:
Self-interest means one’s personal good
Ethical theories acknowledges the importance of
self-respect.
Self-interest should be balanced and restrained by
moral responsibilities to other people.
Concept of ethical egoism:
Sole duty of each of us is to maximize his or her own
good.
Egoism is an exclusive concern to satisfy one’s own
interest, even at the possible expense of others.
55. CUSTOMS
Customs: an action or way of behaving that is usual
and traditional among the people in a particular
group or place.
Customs are considered to have a great
significance in deciding one’s moral values.
56. RELIGION
It is understood that moral values are highly
influenced by religious beliefs.
For example: the Christianity has been influential in
Western countries; Islam has been influential in the
Middle East; and Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Confucianism(a system of philosophical and ethical
teachings founded by Confucius and developed by
Mencius) have been influential in Asian countries