This document discusses mechanical systems and simple machines. It explores how mechanical systems have improved lives through vehicles, medicine, and resource gathering. Some key contributions discussed are the Canadarm on the International Space Station and Robonaut, the first robot astronaut. The document then covers the six main simple machines: lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley, and wheel and axle. Each machine is defined and an example of its use is provided.

1. UNIT D: MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
Mr. Ilko

2. Where are Mechanical Systems
Taking Us?
 There have been remarkable improvements to
our ways of life primarily due to Mechanical
Systems
 Some of the ways it has improved our lives
are;
 Vehicleengines
 Medicine
 Resource gathering
 These are but a few of the contributions that
this Unit will explore

3. The Canadarm & Robonaut
 One of the greatest contributions Canada has
made to the International Space Station was
made possible by mechanical systems
 The Canadarm is a combination of several
simple machines to create one complex one
 Robo-naut is the first robot astronaut that
combines many different simple machines to
create a human-like robot

6. Simple Machines
 The first machines were very simple devices,
but each helped perform a task that made our
lives even easier
 The first machines were all very different in
design, but all had one common thing
 They required humans as their source for energy

8. Listing Some Historic Tasks

9. Meeting the Same Need in
Different Ways
 We use machines to perform tasks for us, we
even use different machines to perform the
same task,
 For example, in order to get water you just turn
on your tap. You use a variety of systems to
perform that.
 In the past it wasn’t so easy…

10. Cont…
 People commonly used a water wheel or
SAKIA to gather their water.
 This was a device that had buckets attached to a
rotating wheel that turned when animals rotated
another connected wheel

13. The Past Still Alive
 The ARCHIMEDES SCREW was created by
Archimedes to more efficiently lift water from
its source for people to drink and use
 Leonardo Da Vinci used two of these screws
to raise water up to a storage tank
 Farmers use a modern day version of the
Archimedes screw in their machines to move
grain into trucks for transport

16. Simple Machines
 There are 6 main simple machines that you
must learn in this unit, and they are;
 Lever,
 Incline plane
 Wedge
 Screw
 Pulley
 Wheel and Axel
 Each have their own advantages and
disadvantages

18. Lever
 Is a rigid bar or plank that can rotate around a
pivot or fulcrum
 Levers are used to reduce the force needed to
carry out tasks like pulling nails or opening
bottles
 It can move larger loads than you could
without using it

20. Three Types of Levers
 First Class Lever – Have the fulcrum between
the load and the point where the effort is being
exerted
 Second Class Lever – has the load between
effort and the fulcrum
 Third Class Lever – has the effort between the
load and the fulcrum

21. First Class

22. Second Class

23. Third Class

24. Incline Plane
 Commonly known as a ramp
 Makes lifting a heavy load easier since the force is
being exerted over a longer area rather than
straight up
 The steeper the incline the more force that is
required to move the load
 Ex. Loading ramps & wheel chair access ramps

26. Wedge
 Similar in shape to an incline plane, but used to
be forced into an object rather than lift one
 By applying pressure to the wide end of the
wedge, you exert the force on the narrow end to
split an object apart
 Can only be used to split objects
 Ex. Knives and Axes

28. Screw
 A cylinder with spiral grooves on the outside
 Helps to increase the force your use, you can
use very little force to drive a screw into an
object
 Or can rotate it to create linear motion (motion
in straight lines)
 Screws, Archimedes screw

30. Pulley
 Consists of wire, rope or cable moving on a
grooved wheel
 Can be made up of one or many wheels, and can
be fixed or movable
 Are commonly linked together to move and lift
objects you normally could not lift
 Ex. Cranes and elevators

32. Wheel and Axel
 Combination of two different wheels of different
diameters that turn together
 A longer motion on the wheel create a shorter but
more powerful motion on the axel
 larger = wheel, Shorter = Axel
 You must turn a greater distance to apply a force
 Ex. Steering wheel and column in a car & a door
knob