Asexual reproduction allows for the formation of new individuals from a single parent without the fusion of egg and sperm. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation, fragmentation and regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Vegetative propagation involves plant structures like stems, leaves, roots, and tubers developing into new individuals. Fragmentation allows parts of organisms like planaria and lizards to regenerate into whole new individuals.

1. Asexual reproduction

2. Asexual reproduction
 Formation of a new individual from a single
parent without fusion of an egg and a sperm
 No specialized sex cells involved
 Offspring is genetically identical to the
parent

3. binary
fission
sporulation
vegetative
propagation
polyembryony
fragmentation
& regeneration
parthenogenesis
paedogenesis
asexual
reproduction budding

4. Types of vegetative propagation
runner
Stem
tuber
rhizome
bulb corm
sucker
Tap
root
stem
leaf
Vegetative
propagation

5. Vegetative propagation through Leaf
Bryophyllum

6. Vegetative Propagation
• A fully differentiated
structure becomes an
independent plant
• Through leaves
Eg Begonia, Bryophyllum

7. Stem cuttings
IxoraHibiscus
rose sugar cane

9. Tap root
carrot

10. Banana plant pineapple
suckers

11. Corm
Colocasia Crocus

12. Runners
Beach strawberry
Horizontal stems spread out over the surface of the sand.
If a node of a runner touches the soil, it will sprout roots
and develop into a complete plant.

14. Vegetative reproduction: rhizome
Zingiber
ginger

15. Bulb
Daffodil
tulip

16. Germinated bulb of Allium (onion)

17. Stem tubers of Solanum (potato)

18. Advantages of vegetative propagation
1. The offspring is usually genetically identical to
the parent
2. The plants do not depend on other agents of
pollination
3. The production of new individual is fast &
plentiful
4. The new individuals are able to obtain enough
nutrients for early development from the
parent plants

19. Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation
1. No variation in the new offspring. If the
environment changes, the offspring has less
ability to adapt to the new environment.
2. Dispersal of new offspring is limited. It will
cause congestion & competition.

20. Fragmentation & Regeneration
• Fragmentation -
extreme form of
regeneration
• Each fragment will
develop into a new
individual
• Eg. Planaria (free-living
flatworm)

21. Fragmentation & Rejuvenation

22. • Many invertebrates can replace lost or injured
body parts
• lizard - tail
• earthworm can regrow its head
• starfish – arms
• crab – legs, pincers

23. Asexual reproduction by regeneration in the starfish

25. Regeneration in starfish

26. Regeneration in crab

27. Regeneration in man?

28. Budding
• An outgrowth (bud)
from a parent cell, later
detached from the
parent & is released as
an independent
individual
• Eg Cnidarian like
Hydra, Obelia,
Saccharomyces (yeast)

29. Yeast cell reproduces by budding which is like binary fission
except that the two cells produced are of unequal sizes

32. 
 Developmental process of an egg into a new
individual without having been fertilized
 2 kinds
1. Haploid Parthenogenesis
eg honeybee (Apis)
2. Diploid Parthenogenesis
eg aphid (Aphis)
Parthenogenesis

34. Haploid Parthenogenesis
• Haploid egg cells are produced in the ovaries by
meiosis
• The egg cells then divide, develop into adults
without having been fertilized, forming a
specific caste of social insects.
• eg insects like Hymenophtera - ant, wasp,
honey bee

35. wasp

36. Diploid Parthenogenesis
• Diploid ovum is formed during meiosis as
a result of the non-disjunction of
chromosomes
• The diploid egg then develops into a
diploid female eg. aphids

37. Parthenogenesis in aphids

38. • Some fish,
amphibians &
reptiles reproduce
only by
parthenogenesis
• eg. whiptail lizards

39. Binary Fission
• Involves replication of the cell’s DNA, division
of the nucleus and cytoplasm
• Cells divide into two
• The new individuals are genetically identical to
the parent
• Limited to unicellular organism
• eg bacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium

40. Binary fission in bacteria

43. Sporulation
OEg Dryopteris, Plasmodium
O Involves asexual spores produced by mitosis
or meiosis in a parent cell
OSpores – dormant, have a protective outer
coat, enable them to resist adverse
environmental conditions
OAsexual spores – abundant, small, light, with
minimal food stores
OAsexual spores - in fungi & Filicinophyta,
produced in sporangia

44. Reproduction by spores
mushrooms Dryopteris

45. Mucor

46. Polyembryony
• Production of two or more embryos by the division of
one zygote.
• examples
1. The division of human zygote into two embryos that
develop into identical twins.
2. The division of one zygote into many embryos in
nematode like Fasciola.

47. Paedogenesis
• A type of asexual reproduction of the larva,
pupa or premature form of an organism
Paedogenesis in larva
 Eg. Amphioxus larva
 Eggs are produced by the female larva
 Female larva may develop into mature
organisms or may remain
at the larva stage
 Male larva will develop
into adult male

48. Thank you