This document discusses various types of malicious software such as viruses, worms, trojan horses, and zombies. It describes how viruses and worms operate by propagating themselves and can carry payloads to damage systems. Countermeasures discussed include antivirus software that uses signatures and heuristics to detect viruses, as well as advanced techniques like digital immune systems. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are also covered, explaining how botnets are constructed to flood targets and overwhelm their bandwidth or resources.
Malicious Software,Terminology of malicious programme,Malicious programs,Nature of Viruses,Virus Operation-four phases or life cycle of virus,Virus Structure,Types of Viruses,Anti-Virus Software
Malicious Software,Terminology of malicious programme,Malicious programs,Nature of Viruses,Virus Operation-four phases or life cycle of virus,Virus Structure,Types of Viruses,Anti-Virus Software
Computer Introduction-Lecture04 for applied scince college students, Seiyun University , yemen 2023-2024 Academic year. لطلاب كلية العلوم التطبيقية بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الرابعة
Training on July 16, 2017.
This training is the compressed version of Malware Engineering & Crafting.
In this training, we will talk about malware as well as crafting the simple working malware. The goal of this session is to understanding malware internal so one can have tactics to combat it.
Computer Introduction-Lecture04 for applied scince college students, Seiyun University , yemen 2023-2024 Academic year. لطلاب كلية العلوم التطبيقية بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الرابعة
Training on July 16, 2017.
This training is the compressed version of Malware Engineering & Crafting.
In this training, we will talk about malware as well as crafting the simple working malware. The goal of this session is to understanding malware internal so one can have tactics to combat it.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Viruses and Other Malicious
Content
computer viruses have got a lot of publicity
one of a family of malicious software
effects usually obvious
have figured in news reports, fiction,
movies (often exaggerated)
getting more attention than deserve
are a concern though
4. Backdoor or Trapdoor
secret entry point into a program
allows those who know access bypassing
usual security procedures
have been commonly used by developers
a threat when left in production programs
allowing exploited by attackers
very hard to block in O/S
requires good s/w development & update
5. Logic Bomb
one of oldest types of malicious software
code embedded in legitimate program
activated when specified conditions met
eg presence/absence of some file
particular date/time
particular user
when triggered typically damage system
modify/delete files/disks, halt machine, etc
6. Trojan Horse
program with hidden side-effects
which is usually superficially attractive
eg game, s/w upgrade etc
when run performs some additional tasks
allows attacker to indirectly gain access they do not
have directly
often used to propagate a virus/worm or install a
backdoor
or simply to destroy data
7. Zombie
program which secretly takes over another
networked computer
then uses it to indirectly launch attacks
often used to launch distributed denial of
service (DDoS) attacks
exploits known flaws in network systems
8. Viruses
a piece of self-replicating code attached to
some other code
cf biological virus
both propagates itself & carries a payload
carries code to make copies of itself
as well as code to perform some covert task
9. Virus Operation
virus phases:
dormant – waiting on trigger event
propagation – replicating to programs/disks
triggering – by event to execute payload
execution – of payload
details usually machine/OS specific
exploiting features/weaknesses
10. Virus Structure
program V :=
{goto main;
1234567;
subroutine infect-executable := {loop:
file := get-random-executable-file;
if (first-line-of-file = 1234567) then goto loop
else prepend V to file; }
subroutine do-damage := {whatever damage is to be done}
subroutine trigger-pulled := {return true if condition holds}
main: main-program := {infect-executable;
if trigger-pulled then do-damage;
goto next;}
next:
}
11. Types of Viruses
can classify on basis of how they attack
parasitic virus
memory-resident virus
boot sector virus
stealth
polymorphic virus
metamorphic virus
12. Macro Virus
macro code attached to some data file
interpreted by program using file
eg Word/Excel macros
esp. using auto command & command macros
code is now platform independent
is a major source of new viral infections
blur distinction between data and program files
classic trade-off: "ease of use" vs "security”
have improving security in Word etc
are no longer dominant virus threat
13. Email Virus
spread using email with attachment
containing a macro virus
cf Melissa
triggered when user opens attachment
or worse even when mail viewed by using
scripting features in mail agent
hence propagate very quickly
usually targeted at Microsoft Outlook mail
agent & Word/Excel documents
need better O/S & application security
14. Worms
replicating but not infecting program
typically spreads over a network
cf Morris Internet Worm in 1988
led to creation of CERTs
using users distributed privileges or by exploiting
system vulnerabilities
widely used by hackers to create zombie PC's,
subsequently used for further attacks, esp DoS
major issue is lack of security of permanently
connected systems, esp PC's
15. Worm Operation
worm phases like those of viruses:
dormant
propagation
• search for other systems to infect
• establish connection to target remote system
• replicate self onto remote system
triggering
execution
16. Morris Worm
best known classic worm
released by Robert Morris in 1988
targeted Unix systems
using several propagation techniques
simple password cracking of local pw file
exploit bug in finger daemon
exploit debug trapdoor in sendmail daemon
if any attack succeeds then replicated self
17. Recent Worm Attacks
new spate of attacks from mid-2001
Code Red - used MS IIS bug
probes random IPs for systems running IIS
had trigger time for denial-of-service attack
2nd wave infected 360000 servers in 14 hours
Code Red 2 - installed backdoor
Nimda - multiple infection mechanisms
SQL Slammer - attacked MS SQL server
Sobig.f - attacked open proxy servers
Mydoom - mass email worm + backdoor
19. Virus Countermeasures
best countermeasure is prevention
but in general not possible
hence need to do one or more of:
detection - of viruses in infected system
identification - of specific infecting virus
removeal - restoring system to clean state
20. Anti-Virus Software
first-generation
scanner uses virus signature to identify virus
or change in length of programs
second-generation
uses heuristic rules to spot viral infection
or uses crypto hash of program to spot changes
third-generation
memory-resident programs identify virus by actions
fourth-generation
packages with a variety of antivirus techniques
eg scanning & activity traps, access-controls
arms race continues
21. Advanced Anti-Virus Techniques
generic decryption
use CPU simulator to check program
signature & behavior before actually running it
digital immune system (IBM)
general purpose emulation & virus detection
any virus entering org is captured, analyzed,
detection/shielding created for it, removed
23. Behavior-Blocking Software
integrated with host O/S
monitors program behavior in real-time
eg file access, disk format, executable mods,
system settings changes, network access
for possibly malicious actions
if detected can block, terminate, or seek ok
has advantage over scanners
but malicious code runs before detection
24. Distributed Denial of Service
Attacks (DDoS)
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
attacks form a significant security threat
making networked systems unavailable
by flooding with useless traffic
using large numbers of “zombies”
growing sophistication of attacks
defense technologies struggling to cope
26. Contructing the DDoS Attack
Network
must infect large number of zombies
needs:
1. software to implement the DDoS attack
2. an unpatched vulnerability on many systems
3. scanning strategy to find vulnerable systems
random, hit-list, topological, local subnet
27. DDoS Countermeasures
three broad lines of defense:
1. attack prevention & preemption (before)
2. attack detection & filtering (during)
3. attack source traceback & ident (after)
huge range of attack possibilities
hence evolving countermeasures
28. Summary
have considered:
various malicious programs
trapdoor, logic bomb, trojan horse, zombie
viruses
worms
countermeasures
distributed denial of service attacks