This document defines viruses and worms, and outlines their history. It discusses how viruses spread by inserting copies of themselves into other programs, while worms are self-contained programs that spread across networks. The Morris worm of 1988 was one of the first major worms. Later, viruses spread via email with examples like Melissa and ILOVEYOU. Denial of service attacks also became an issue, like with MyDoom in 2004. Prevention methods include software updates, antivirus programs, and more secure operating systems.
The primary difference between a virus and a worm is that viruses must be triggered by the activation of their host; whereas worms are stand-alone malicious programs that can self-replicate and propagate independently as soon as they have breached the system.
The primary difference between a virus and a worm is that viruses must be triggered by the activation of their host; whereas worms are stand-alone malicious programs that can self-replicate and propagate independently as soon as they have breached the system.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Definition of Virus
A virus is a small piece of software that
piggybacks on real programs in order to get
executed
Once it’s running, it spreads by inserting
copies of itself into other executable code or
documents
4. Worms
Worm - is a self-replicating program,
similar to a computer virus. A virus
attaches itself to, and becomes part of,
another executable program; however,
a worm is self-contained and does not
need to be part of another program to
propagate itself.
5. History of Worms
The first worm to attract wide attention, the
Morris worm, was written by Robert Tappan
Morris, who at the time was a graduate
student at Cornell University.
It was released on November 2, 1988
Morris himself was convicted under the US
Computer Crime and Abuse Act and received
three years probation, community service and
a fine in excess of $10,000.
Xerox PARC
6. Worms…
Worms – is a small piece of software that
uses computer networks and security holes to
replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the
network for another machine that has a
specific security hole. It copies itself to the
new machine using the security hole, and
then starts replicating from there, as well.
They are often designed to exploit the file
transmission capabilities found on many
computers.
7. Zombies
Infected computers — mostly Windows
machines — are now the major delivery
method of spam.
Zombies have been used extensively to
send e-mail spam; between 50% to
80% of all spam worldwide is now sent
by zombie computers
9. Typical things that some current
Personal Computer (PC) viruses do
Display a message
10. Typical things that some current
Personal Computer (PC) viruses do
Erase files
Scramble data on a hard disk
Cause erratic screen behavior
Halt the PC
Many viruses do nothing obvious at all
except spread!
Display a message
11. Distributed Denial of
Service
A denial-of-service attack is an attack that
causes a loss of service to users, typically
the loss of network connectivity and
services by consuming the bandwidth of the
victim network or overloading the
computational resources of the victim
system.
12. How it works?
The flood of incoming messages to the target
system essentially forces it to shut down, thereby
denying service to the system to legitimate users.
Victim's IP address.
Victim's port number.
Attacking packet size.
Attacking interpacket delay.
Duration of attack.
MyDoom – SCO Group
14. MyDoom
26 January 2004: The Mydoom virus is
first identified around 8am. Computer
security companies report that Mydoom is
responsible for approximately one in ten e-
mail messages at this time. Slows overall
internet performance by approximately ten
percent and average web page load times by
approximately fifty percent
15. MyDoom…
27 January: SCO Group offers a US $250,000
reward for information leading to the arrest of the
worm's creator.
1 February: An estimated one million computers
around the world infected with Mydoom begin the
virus's massive distributed denial of service
attack—the largest such attack to date.
2 February: The SCO Group moves its site to
www.thescogroup.com.
16. Executable Viruses
Traditional Viruses
pieces of code attached to a legitimate
program
run when the legitimate program gets
executed
loads itself into memory and looks around
to see if it can find any other programs on
the disk
17. Boot Sector Viruses
Traditional Virus
infect the boot sector on floppy disks and
hard disks
By putting its code in the boot sector, a
virus can guarantee it gets executed
load itself into memory immediately, and it
is able to run whenever the computer is on
18. Decline of traditional viruses
Reasons:
– Huge size of today’s programs storing on a
compact disk
– Operating systmes now protect the boot sector
19. E-mail Viruses
Moves around in e-mail messages
Replicates itself by automatically mailing
itself to dozens of people in the victim’s e-
mail address book
Example: Melissa virus, ILOVEYOU virus
20. Melissa virus
March 1999
the Melissa virus was the fastest-spreading virus
ever seen
Someone created the virus as a Word document
uploaded to an Internet newsgroup
People who downloaded the document and opened
it would trigger the virus
The virus would then send the document in an e-
mail message to the first 50 people in the person's
address book
21. Melissa virus
Took advantage of the programming
language built into Microsoft Word called
VBA (Visual Basic for Applications)