This document defines and discusses various types of malware such as computer viruses, worms, and zombies. It provides a timeline of notable computer viruses from 1981-1988 and describes how viruses spread and the damage they can cause. The document also defines worms and discusses the Morris worm of 1988. It then covers topics such as distributed denial of service attacks, the MyDoom virus of 2004, and different types of viruses like boot sector and email viruses. Prevention methods and the decline of traditional viruses are also summarized.

1. Computer Viruses and Worms
Dragan Lojpur
Zhu Fang

2. Definition of Virus
 A virus is a small piece of software that
piggybacks on real programs in order to get
executed
 Once it’s running, it spreads by inserting
copies of itself into other executable code or
documents

3. Computer Virus Timeline
 1949
Theories for self-replicating programs are first developed.
 1981
Apple Viruses 1, 2, and 3 are some of the first viruses “in the wild,” or in the public domain. Found on
the Apple II operating system, the viruses spread through Texas A&M via pirated computer games.
 1983
Fred Cohen, while working on his dissertation, formally defines a computer virus as “a computer
program that can affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a
(possibly evolved) copy of itself.”
 1986
Two programmers named Basit and Amjad replace the executable code in the boot sector of a floppy
disk with their own code designed to infect each 360kb floppy accessed on any drive. Infected floppies
had “© Brain” for a volume label.
 1987
The Lehigh virus, one of the first file viruses, infects command.com files.
 1988
One of the most common viruses, Jerusalem, is unleashed. Activated every Friday the 13th, the virus
affects both .exe and .com files and deletes any programs run on that day.
MacMag and the Scores virus cause the first major Macintosh outbreaks.
 …

4. Worms
 Worm - is a self-replicating program,
similar to a computer virus. A virus
attaches itself to, and becomes part of,
another executable program; however,
a worm is self-contained and does not
need to be part of another program to
propagate itself.

5. History of Worms
 The first worm to attract wide attention, the
Morris worm, was written by Robert Tappan
Morris, who at the time was a graduate
student at Cornell University.
 It was released on November 2, 1988
 Morris himself was convicted under the US
Computer Crime and Abuse Act and received
three years probation, community service and
a fine in excess of $10,000.
 Xerox PARC

6. Worms…
 Worms – is a small piece of software that
uses computer networks and security holes to
replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the
network for another machine that has a
specific security hole. It copies itself to the
new machine using the security hole, and
then starts replicating from there, as well.
 They are often designed to exploit the file
transmission capabilities found on many
computers.

7. Zombies
 Infected computers — mostly Windows
machines — are now the major delivery
method of spam.
 Zombies have been used extensively to
send e-mail spam; between 50% to
80% of all spam worldwide is now sent
by zombie computers

8. Money flow
 Pay per click

9. Typical things that some current
Personal Computer (PC) viruses do
 Display a message

10. Typical things that some current
Personal Computer (PC) viruses do
 Erase files
 Scramble data on a hard disk
 Cause erratic screen behavior
 Halt the PC
 Many viruses do nothing obvious at all
except spread!
 Display a message

11. Distributed Denial of
Service
 A denial-of-service attack is an attack that
causes a loss of service to users, typically
the loss of network connectivity and
services by consuming the bandwidth of the
victim network or overloading the
computational resources of the victim
system.

12. How it works?
 The flood of incoming messages to the target
system essentially forces it to shut down, thereby
denying service to the system to legitimate users.
 Victim's IP address.
 Victim's port number.
 Attacking packet size.
 Attacking interpacket delay.
 Duration of attack.
 MyDoom – SCO Group

13. DDoS

14. MyDoom
 26 January 2004: The Mydoom virus is
first identified around 8am. Computer
security companies report that Mydoom is
responsible for approximately one in ten e-
mail messages at this time. Slows overall
internet performance by approximately ten
percent and average web page load times by
approximately fifty percent

15. MyDoom…
 27 January: SCO Group offers a US $250,000
reward for information leading to the arrest of the
worm's creator.
 1 February: An estimated one million computers
around the world infected with Mydoom begin the
virus's massive distributed denial of service
attack—the largest such attack to date.
 2 February: The SCO Group moves its site to
www.thescogroup.com.

16. Executable Viruses
 Traditional Viruses
 pieces of code attached to a legitimate
program
 run when the legitimate program gets
executed
 loads itself into memory and looks around
to see if it can find any other programs on
the disk

17. Boot Sector Viruses
 Traditional Virus
 infect the boot sector on floppy disks and
hard disks
 By putting its code in the boot sector, a
virus can guarantee it gets executed
 load itself into memory immediately, and it
is able to run whenever the computer is on

18. Decline of traditional viruses
 Reasons:
– Huge size of today’s programs storing on a
compact disk
– Operating systmes now protect the boot sector

19. E-mail Viruses
 Moves around in e-mail messages
 Replicates itself by automatically mailing
itself to dozens of people in the victim’s e-
mail address book
 Example: Melissa virus, ILOVEYOU virus

20. Melissa virus
 March 1999
 the Melissa virus was the fastest-spreading virus
ever seen
 Someone created the virus as a Word document
uploaded to an Internet newsgroup
 People who downloaded the document and opened
it would trigger the virus
 The virus would then send the document in an e-
mail message to the first 50 people in the person's
address book

21. Melissa virus
 Took advantage of the programming
language built into Microsoft Word called
VBA (Visual Basic for Applications)

22. Prevention
 Updates
 Anti-Viruses
 More secure operating systems
e.g. UNIX

23. Reference
 http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/code-red/newframes-small-log.gif
 http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0872842.html
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/computer-virus/new-users/
 http://www.mines.edu/academic/computer/viri-sysadmin.htm