This lecture covers discussion surrounding the concept of power, the place of soft power within broader discussions about power, and how soft power is operationalized.
This document discusses the differences between hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to coercion and military force, while soft power involves persuasion and attraction. It notes that after WWII, the US had significant hard and soft power, relying more on hard power after 9/11. Soft power involves attracting others through culture, values and policies. While hard power is sometimes necessary, many countries now focus on soft power approaches. The conclusion debates whether it is better for a country to be feared or loved in international relations.
The document outlines the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research's (HIIKR) definition of political conflict and their methodology for measuring conflict intensity on a scale from dispute to war. A political conflict involves at least two assertive actors with opposing positions on issues relevant to a society, carried out through observable measures outside of established procedures that threaten core state functions or international order. The HIIKR system classifies conflicts as disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, or wars based on the level of physical violence used and the consequences of conflict measures.
The document discusses balance of power theory, a realist international relations theory. According to the theory, national security is strengthened when military power is distributed so that no single state can dominate others. If one state becomes stronger, it may attack weaker neighbors, prompting threatened states to form defensive coalitions. When faced with an external threat, states can counter through balancing, bandwagoning, buck-passing, or bloodletting. Balancing involves increasing one's own military capabilities or forming alliances to counter a rising power. Bandwagoning means aligning with the stronger power, while buck-passing passes responsibility for countering the threat to another state. Bloodletting causes rivals to engage in prolonged conflict while remaining neutral.
Diplomacy is the practice of conducting international relations through negotiation by professional diplomats. Soft power refers to influencing others through culture, values, and foreign policy rather than threats or payments. Examples of soft power diplomacy include China's "panda diplomacy" of gifting pandas to other nations and the "ping pong diplomacy" between the US and China in the 1970s that began a thaw in relations. Reports rank countries like the UK, France, and US as having the most soft power based on factors like culture, education, and foreign policy perceptions.
classical views and summarized theories of geopolitics- Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman with criticism and contemporary relevance.
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
This document discusses the differences between hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to coercion and military force, while soft power involves persuasion and attraction. It notes that after WWII, the US had significant hard and soft power, relying more on hard power after 9/11. Soft power involves attracting others through culture, values and policies. While hard power is sometimes necessary, many countries now focus on soft power approaches. The conclusion debates whether it is better for a country to be feared or loved in international relations.
The document outlines the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research's (HIIKR) definition of political conflict and their methodology for measuring conflict intensity on a scale from dispute to war. A political conflict involves at least two assertive actors with opposing positions on issues relevant to a society, carried out through observable measures outside of established procedures that threaten core state functions or international order. The HIIKR system classifies conflicts as disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, or wars based on the level of physical violence used and the consequences of conflict measures.
The document discusses balance of power theory, a realist international relations theory. According to the theory, national security is strengthened when military power is distributed so that no single state can dominate others. If one state becomes stronger, it may attack weaker neighbors, prompting threatened states to form defensive coalitions. When faced with an external threat, states can counter through balancing, bandwagoning, buck-passing, or bloodletting. Balancing involves increasing one's own military capabilities or forming alliances to counter a rising power. Bandwagoning means aligning with the stronger power, while buck-passing passes responsibility for countering the threat to another state. Bloodletting causes rivals to engage in prolonged conflict while remaining neutral.
Diplomacy is the practice of conducting international relations through negotiation by professional diplomats. Soft power refers to influencing others through culture, values, and foreign policy rather than threats or payments. Examples of soft power diplomacy include China's "panda diplomacy" of gifting pandas to other nations and the "ping pong diplomacy" between the US and China in the 1970s that began a thaw in relations. Reports rank countries like the UK, France, and US as having the most soft power based on factors like culture, education, and foreign policy perceptions.
classical views and summarized theories of geopolitics- Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman with criticism and contemporary relevance.
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
The document discusses the foreign policy of the United States in three phases: before 1945, after 1945, and after 9/11. It outlines the major objectives and instruments of US foreign policy in each phase. Before 1945, the US pursued isolationism and focused on security, promoting ethical values, and individual liberty. After 1945, it abandoned isolationism due to the bipolar world, military developments, and ideological differences. It expanded alliances, provided foreign aid, used sanctions, pursued open markets and free trade. After 9/11, countering terrorism became a major focus, through objectives like bringing terrorists to justice and promoting democracy.
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from various government and international organizations. It notes that there is no universally agreed upon definition. The US Department of Defense, FBI, and Department of State each have their own definitions that focus on unlawful violence or threats of violence intended to create fear and coerce for political, religious or ideological goals. The UN and British government also have their own definitions. The document examines key elements of terrorism, such as it being a tactic to influence audiences beyond the immediate victims, and how terrorists seek publicity through violence. Experts note challenges in defining terrorism given its politically charged nature.
This document discusses domestic sources of influence on foreign policy. It outlines that a country's domestic society, including public opinion, interest groups, elites, and leaders, shapes its foreign policy preferences and objectives. Different social groups within a country may have differing stances on foreign policy issues based on their interests. A democratic government must consider these societal influences and seek public support when formulating foreign policy. However, a leader may also attempt to shape public opinion to build support for their policies. The document uses China's concept of "peaceful rise" as an example of how a country's strategic culture and shared beliefs can influence its foreign policy approach.
This document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. It defines hard power as the ability to influence others through coercion or military means, while soft power refers to persuasion and incentives. The document examines how the United States and European Union rely on different mixtures of hard and soft power in their foreign policies. It also presents several true or false statements about hard and soft power, ultimately concluding that while soft power is preferable, hard power is sometimes necessary to achieve international goals.
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy and how it is established. Foreign policy is created by the government to manage relationships with other countries and achieve national goals. The president can independently enact policy or propose legislation to Congress. Congress can influence policy through resolutions, restrictions, or denying funds. Key historical policies and organizations that shaped U.S. foreign policy include the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the United Nations. Current foreign policy aims to progress international relationships but also deals with conflicts in countries like Iran, Iraq and Israel, which can impact American public opinion.
The document discusses factors that contribute to failed states according to the Failed States Index. It lists 12 variables divided into social, economic, and political indicators such as mounting demographic pressures, uneven economic development along group lines, and the criminalization of the state. It also references sources for images about topics like attack rotation and swarming from the globalguerrillas website.
The document discusses the concept of the "New World Order" as envisioned by US President George H. W. Bush following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It states that the New World Order refers to new international responsibilities and ways of working with other nations imposed by US success as the sole superpower. The document outlines that the New World Order aims to shape future US policies and the world structure to maintain US dominance. It also discusses how Bush wanted to use the UN as a forum to promote US interests and objectives, as seen in the 1991 Gulf War where the US manipulated the UN to legitimize its actions against Iraq.
The document discusses the balance of power theory in international relations. It defines balance of power as a state or group of states working to counterbalance the power of another state or group of states. During the Cold War, there was a bipolar balance of power system between the US and Soviet Union, with each aligning other states into opposing military alliances. The end of the Cold War led to a brief period of US unipolar dominance. Some argue groups like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS are attempts to reestablish a multipolar balance against US hegemony.
This document discusses definitions of small states from an international relations perspective. It explores both quantitative parameters like population size and GDP as well as relational characteristics compared to other states. There are many proposed definitions but no universal agreement. Quantitative approaches define small states based on measurable criteria like having a population under a certain threshold. Relational approaches define small states as those that cannot exert significant influence alone compared to larger states. Both quantitative and relational characteristics are important for understanding the complexity of what constitutes a small state.
This document outlines a presentation on US foreign policy. It discusses key policies and interventions, including the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Eisenhower Doctrine and containment during the Cold War. It also examines more recent policies towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and debates around intervention. The presentation covers the goals of US foreign policy and analyzes specific case studies to understand America's approach to global engagements over time.
Liberalism advocates for individual freedom and rights. It first emerged during the Enlightenment and was used to justify revolutions in America and France. Liberal governments were then established across Europe, North America, and Latin America in the 19th century. Key liberal thinkers included John Locke, who advocated for life, liberty, and property; Mary Wollstonecraft, who argued for women's freedom; and Voltaire, who supported freedom of expression. However, not all thinkers supported liberalism, like Thomas Hobbes who believed people were inherently evil.
Soft power cultural studies post globalizationTerry Flew
- Joseph Nye's concept of soft power refers to a country's ability to attract and persuade others through its culture, political values, and policies. However, soft power is complex and depends on how target audiences interpret messages.
- China has pursued various soft power initiatives like hosting global events, scholarships, and expanding state-run media like CCTV and Xinhua internationally. However, theories of soft power have limitations like overemphasizing a transmission view of culture and not considering audiences as active interpreters.
- The effects of soft power strategies are uncertain as cultural products may be interpreted differently than intended and popular entertainment usually has more influence than state-supported "high culture".
Foreign Policy its objectives and determinants.pptxABUSUFYAN55
Foreign policy aims to protect a country's national interests, such as security, economic prosperity, and cultural heritage. A country formulates its foreign policy based on several key determinants, including its geography, history, culture, domestic politics, economic interests, security considerations, technology, and military capabilities. These determinants shape a country's foreign policy objectives and strategies on the global stage.
1. Foreign policy decision making involves 5 steps: identifying the decision to be made, identifying options, gathering information, making the decision, and evaluating it.
2. There are three main models of foreign policy decision making: the rational actor model which sees governments making rational choices to achieve goals; the organizational process model which sees decisions as the result of bargaining between government agencies; and the government politics model which sees multiple external influences.
3. Key influences on foreign policy decisions include government bureaucracies like foreign ministries, interest groups who lobby on issues, public opinion which governments need legitimacy from, and legislatures that decisions must be acceptable to.
The document discusses several concepts from realist international relations theory including power, survival, and anarchy. It summarizes views of different theorists such as Thucydides, Machiavelli, Morgenthau, and Waltz. A key point discussed is the idea that in the international system, where there is no overarching authority, states are driven primarily by self-interest and power maximization in their relations with other states.
This document summarizes key Marxist theories of international relations, including world system theory, Gramsci's work on hegemony, critical theory, new Marxism, and their perspectives on globalization. World system theory sees the global economy as a complex system with core and peripheral states. Gramsci explored how ruling classes maintain dominance through ideology. Critical theory examines emancipation, while new Marxism directly applies Marx's concepts to critique dependency theory and globalization from a Marxist lens. Overall, Marxist IR theories view globalization as another stage of capitalism that risks reducing workers' rights.
Fauzi Bowo is running for re-election as governor of Jakarta in 2012 and is known by his nickname "Bang Kumis" which means "Mister Mustache". He responds to opponents who say the nickname refers to Jakarta being run-down and poor by insisting that Jakarta still needs his mustache to eliminate slums and poverty.
Structural realism is a type of realism discussed in the document. The document appears to be about different types and meanings of realism as a concept. It welcomes suggestions and questions from the reader.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of power in international relations. It begins by defining power as a state's ability to influence or control other states. It then outlines two main traditions for analyzing power: the national power approach, which equates power with material resources, and the relational power approach, which sees power as the ability to influence another's behavior. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on power, including Joseph Nye's concepts of hard, soft, and smart power, and rules for analyzing power put forth by William Wohlforth.
The document discusses South Korea's use of soft power through cultural exports like K-pop and TV dramas known as the Korean Wave. It analyzes how the Korean government and corporations strategically promote Korean culture globally to improve the country's image and reputation internationally. The cultural products attract foreign tourists, students, and help brand Korea as modern and innovative. While boosting economic and cultural influence abroad, the policies also aim to establish South Korea as an influential middle power on the international stage through cultural diplomacy and soft power.
The document discusses the foreign policy of the United States in three phases: before 1945, after 1945, and after 9/11. It outlines the major objectives and instruments of US foreign policy in each phase. Before 1945, the US pursued isolationism and focused on security, promoting ethical values, and individual liberty. After 1945, it abandoned isolationism due to the bipolar world, military developments, and ideological differences. It expanded alliances, provided foreign aid, used sanctions, pursued open markets and free trade. After 9/11, countering terrorism became a major focus, through objectives like bringing terrorists to justice and promoting democracy.
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from various government and international organizations. It notes that there is no universally agreed upon definition. The US Department of Defense, FBI, and Department of State each have their own definitions that focus on unlawful violence or threats of violence intended to create fear and coerce for political, religious or ideological goals. The UN and British government also have their own definitions. The document examines key elements of terrorism, such as it being a tactic to influence audiences beyond the immediate victims, and how terrorists seek publicity through violence. Experts note challenges in defining terrorism given its politically charged nature.
This document discusses domestic sources of influence on foreign policy. It outlines that a country's domestic society, including public opinion, interest groups, elites, and leaders, shapes its foreign policy preferences and objectives. Different social groups within a country may have differing stances on foreign policy issues based on their interests. A democratic government must consider these societal influences and seek public support when formulating foreign policy. However, a leader may also attempt to shape public opinion to build support for their policies. The document uses China's concept of "peaceful rise" as an example of how a country's strategic culture and shared beliefs can influence its foreign policy approach.
This document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. It defines hard power as the ability to influence others through coercion or military means, while soft power refers to persuasion and incentives. The document examines how the United States and European Union rely on different mixtures of hard and soft power in their foreign policies. It also presents several true or false statements about hard and soft power, ultimately concluding that while soft power is preferable, hard power is sometimes necessary to achieve international goals.
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy and how it is established. Foreign policy is created by the government to manage relationships with other countries and achieve national goals. The president can independently enact policy or propose legislation to Congress. Congress can influence policy through resolutions, restrictions, or denying funds. Key historical policies and organizations that shaped U.S. foreign policy include the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the United Nations. Current foreign policy aims to progress international relationships but also deals with conflicts in countries like Iran, Iraq and Israel, which can impact American public opinion.
The document discusses factors that contribute to failed states according to the Failed States Index. It lists 12 variables divided into social, economic, and political indicators such as mounting demographic pressures, uneven economic development along group lines, and the criminalization of the state. It also references sources for images about topics like attack rotation and swarming from the globalguerrillas website.
The document discusses the concept of the "New World Order" as envisioned by US President George H. W. Bush following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It states that the New World Order refers to new international responsibilities and ways of working with other nations imposed by US success as the sole superpower. The document outlines that the New World Order aims to shape future US policies and the world structure to maintain US dominance. It also discusses how Bush wanted to use the UN as a forum to promote US interests and objectives, as seen in the 1991 Gulf War where the US manipulated the UN to legitimize its actions against Iraq.
The document discusses the balance of power theory in international relations. It defines balance of power as a state or group of states working to counterbalance the power of another state or group of states. During the Cold War, there was a bipolar balance of power system between the US and Soviet Union, with each aligning other states into opposing military alliances. The end of the Cold War led to a brief period of US unipolar dominance. Some argue groups like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS are attempts to reestablish a multipolar balance against US hegemony.
This document discusses definitions of small states from an international relations perspective. It explores both quantitative parameters like population size and GDP as well as relational characteristics compared to other states. There are many proposed definitions but no universal agreement. Quantitative approaches define small states based on measurable criteria like having a population under a certain threshold. Relational approaches define small states as those that cannot exert significant influence alone compared to larger states. Both quantitative and relational characteristics are important for understanding the complexity of what constitutes a small state.
This document outlines a presentation on US foreign policy. It discusses key policies and interventions, including the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Eisenhower Doctrine and containment during the Cold War. It also examines more recent policies towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and debates around intervention. The presentation covers the goals of US foreign policy and analyzes specific case studies to understand America's approach to global engagements over time.
Liberalism advocates for individual freedom and rights. It first emerged during the Enlightenment and was used to justify revolutions in America and France. Liberal governments were then established across Europe, North America, and Latin America in the 19th century. Key liberal thinkers included John Locke, who advocated for life, liberty, and property; Mary Wollstonecraft, who argued for women's freedom; and Voltaire, who supported freedom of expression. However, not all thinkers supported liberalism, like Thomas Hobbes who believed people were inherently evil.
Soft power cultural studies post globalizationTerry Flew
- Joseph Nye's concept of soft power refers to a country's ability to attract and persuade others through its culture, political values, and policies. However, soft power is complex and depends on how target audiences interpret messages.
- China has pursued various soft power initiatives like hosting global events, scholarships, and expanding state-run media like CCTV and Xinhua internationally. However, theories of soft power have limitations like overemphasizing a transmission view of culture and not considering audiences as active interpreters.
- The effects of soft power strategies are uncertain as cultural products may be interpreted differently than intended and popular entertainment usually has more influence than state-supported "high culture".
Foreign Policy its objectives and determinants.pptxABUSUFYAN55
Foreign policy aims to protect a country's national interests, such as security, economic prosperity, and cultural heritage. A country formulates its foreign policy based on several key determinants, including its geography, history, culture, domestic politics, economic interests, security considerations, technology, and military capabilities. These determinants shape a country's foreign policy objectives and strategies on the global stage.
1. Foreign policy decision making involves 5 steps: identifying the decision to be made, identifying options, gathering information, making the decision, and evaluating it.
2. There are three main models of foreign policy decision making: the rational actor model which sees governments making rational choices to achieve goals; the organizational process model which sees decisions as the result of bargaining between government agencies; and the government politics model which sees multiple external influences.
3. Key influences on foreign policy decisions include government bureaucracies like foreign ministries, interest groups who lobby on issues, public opinion which governments need legitimacy from, and legislatures that decisions must be acceptable to.
The document discusses several concepts from realist international relations theory including power, survival, and anarchy. It summarizes views of different theorists such as Thucydides, Machiavelli, Morgenthau, and Waltz. A key point discussed is the idea that in the international system, where there is no overarching authority, states are driven primarily by self-interest and power maximization in their relations with other states.
This document summarizes key Marxist theories of international relations, including world system theory, Gramsci's work on hegemony, critical theory, new Marxism, and their perspectives on globalization. World system theory sees the global economy as a complex system with core and peripheral states. Gramsci explored how ruling classes maintain dominance through ideology. Critical theory examines emancipation, while new Marxism directly applies Marx's concepts to critique dependency theory and globalization from a Marxist lens. Overall, Marxist IR theories view globalization as another stage of capitalism that risks reducing workers' rights.
Fauzi Bowo is running for re-election as governor of Jakarta in 2012 and is known by his nickname "Bang Kumis" which means "Mister Mustache". He responds to opponents who say the nickname refers to Jakarta being run-down and poor by insisting that Jakarta still needs his mustache to eliminate slums and poverty.
Structural realism is a type of realism discussed in the document. The document appears to be about different types and meanings of realism as a concept. It welcomes suggestions and questions from the reader.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of power in international relations. It begins by defining power as a state's ability to influence or control other states. It then outlines two main traditions for analyzing power: the national power approach, which equates power with material resources, and the relational power approach, which sees power as the ability to influence another's behavior. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on power, including Joseph Nye's concepts of hard, soft, and smart power, and rules for analyzing power put forth by William Wohlforth.
The document discusses South Korea's use of soft power through cultural exports like K-pop and TV dramas known as the Korean Wave. It analyzes how the Korean government and corporations strategically promote Korean culture globally to improve the country's image and reputation internationally. The cultural products attract foreign tourists, students, and help brand Korea as modern and innovative. While boosting economic and cultural influence abroad, the policies also aim to establish South Korea as an influential middle power on the international stage through cultural diplomacy and soft power.
This presentation discusses national power. It defines national power as a nation's ability to influence other countries to achieve goals. It notes several scholars who studied national power. The nature of national power is described as dynamic and relative. The scope, types, elements, and methods of exercising national power are outlined. Limitations on national power like the balance of power, international law, and morality are also mentioned. Team members and their roll numbers are listed for attribution.
The document discusses key concepts in international politics and international law, including:
1) Concepts such as power, models which theoretically represent empirical data, and theories which systematically explain practical data.
2) Theories of international politics including realism, pluralism, Marxism, and idealism. Realism views politics through power politics while idealism focuses on legal norms.
3) Elements of power for states including demographic, geographic, economic, military, and leadership factors. Location, size, and climate affect a state's geographic power.
4) Models for analyzing international politics, such as the power politics model which focuses on competition, and political interdependence which recognizes state interdependence.
This document discusses the concept of power in politics and governance. It defines power as the ability to influence or achieve desired outcomes. There are different dimensions or faces of power, including decision-making power, agenda-setting power, and thought control power. There are also different types of power such as reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power, and referent power. The consequences of power include compliance, commitment, and resistance, and different types of power tend to result in different consequences. Understanding the relationships between types of power and consequences is important for effective use of power.
DONE PPG_mod3_Power Nature, Dimensions, Types and Consequences (1).pptxLalineHerrero
This document discusses the concept of power in politics and governance. It defines power as the ability to influence or achieve desired outcomes. There are different dimensions or faces of power, including decision-making power, agenda-setting power, and thought control power. There are also different types of power such as reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power, and referent power. The consequences of power include compliance, commitment, and resistance, and different types of power tend to result in different consequences. Understanding the relationships between types of power and consequences is important for effective use of power.
This document summarizes key concepts from the book "Power and Interdependence" including:
1) The relationship between power and interdependence, the ideal type of complex interdependence, and explanations of changes in international regimes.
2) It analyzes the integration of realism and liberalism using interdependence and bargaining theory, and the concepts of complex interdependence and international regimes.
3) It discusses limitations of structural theories, the importance of systemic political processes and perceptions/learning, and how future research could examine the impact of international processes on learning.
Power in International Relations (Pol 5)ssuser583c35
Power in international relations is analogous to wealth in economics. Power and wealth are relative, dynamic concepts that depend on social context. Both are means to achieve goals rather than ends in themselves. Power can be defined as control over resources, actors, or outcomes. Measuring power as control over resources is commonly used but may not reflect political or psychological aspects of power. Explanations for the "paradox of power," where a stronger state loses to a weaker one, include incorrect measurement of power, a gap between capabilities and resolve, and capabilities causing adversaries to collude against the superior state.
This document discusses the challenges and ethics faced by a Joint, Interagency Task Force operating in a "predatory state". It begins by defining a predatory state as a regime that exploits its citizens for economic and political gain. The document then examines case studies like Operation Condor to show how Task Forces have enabled human rights abuses by working with oppressive regimes. It analyzes the difficulties faced by the Joint Special Operations Task Force - Philippines, which had to balance counterterrorism missions with concerns over the regime's "war on drugs". Ultimately, the document argues that Task Forces take on increasing ethical dilemmas as they are forced to engage more with predatory states that do not respect basic freedoms.
Models of policy making and the concept of power in policyNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses different models of policy making and concepts of power in policy making. It describes four models:
1) The rational model which aims to make the best decision by defining problems, establishing goals, generating alternatives, and selecting the best option.
2) The bounded rationality model which aims for a satisfactory decision by analyzing problems and establishing criteria for acceptable solutions.
3) The incremental model which involves successive limited comparisons and trial-and-error adjustments.
4) The mixed scanning model which combines bounded rationality and incrementalism, using broad goals to guide incremental decisions.
The document also discusses three dimensions of power: decision making power, agenda-setting power, and thought control power. It outlines three sources
The document discusses the political frame for analyzing organizations. Some key points:
1. Organizations are coalitions of various individuals and interest groups with sometimes competing goals and priorities.
2. Important decisions involve allocating scarce resources, which inevitably leads to conflict as groups compete for what they want.
3. Power and negotiation are essential for resolving conflicts and moving goals and decisions forward. Goals emerge through bargaining among stakeholders rather than being set strictly from the top.
National power refers to a nation's ability to influence or control other nations to achieve its goals and interests. It involves the capacity to use force, threat of force, or influence. National power has three dimensions - military power, economic power, and psychological power. A nation exercises its power through methods like persuasion, offering rewards, threats of punishment, and actual use of force. National power is dynamic and relative, varies over time, and is assessed based on a nation's capabilities and comparison to other nations. It is the currency of international relations and basis for a nation's foreign policy.
1) The document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to military and economic coercion, while soft power involves diplomacy and cultural influence to gain consent without imposition.
2) It provides examples of the limitations of hard power, like the US facing challenges in Vietnam and Iraq, despite overwhelming military strength. Overreliance on hard power can reduce a nation's influence and breed opposition.
3) Soft power involves cooperation and appealing to other nations through cultural and ideological attraction rather than threats. The US emerged as a global hegemon after WWII by employing soft power through initiatives like the Marshall Plan to counter Soviet influence and promote democracy and American values abroad.
Political Inequality and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Electionjdubrow2000
This document defines political inequality and power inequality, and discusses their relevance to the 2008 U.S. presidential election. It outlines two approaches to defining power inequality and describes political inequality as differences between groups in influencing decision-making bodies. The APSA Task Force on Inequality identified three forms of political inequality: differences in citizen voice, government responsiveness, and patterns of public policymaking.
The ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people.
Power can be seen as evil or unjust, but the exercise of power is accepted as endemic to humans as social beings.
Power as a means to make social actions possible as much as it may contain or prevent them.
1. Public policy refers to the activities and decisions of government that influence citizens' lives. It involves policy choices by officials, implementation of programs, and impacts on citizens.
2. There are three levels of public policy - choices by officials, programs that put choices into action, and effects on citizens. Government uses various tools or instruments of public policy, including laws, services, money, taxes, and persuasion.
3. The choice of policy instruments is influenced by their probable effectiveness, political acceptability, experiences of policymakers, and traditions. The instruments can confer rights, distribute resources, and allocate burdens in society.
Chapter 5 Introductin to Civics and Ethics LART 1001 (1).pptxdaryhero42
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international relations and foreign policy. It begins by defining international relations and discussing the evolution of the modern state system. It then identifies the main actors in international relations as states and non-state actors. The document outlines different levels of analysis, from the individual to the international system level. It also summarizes several major theories of international relations, including realism, liberalism, and Marxism/structuralism. The theories are compared in terms of their views on state interests, the sources of conflict, the role of international organizations, and human nature.
This document defines power and discusses its nature, dimensions, types, and consequences. It defines power as the ability to control and influence others' behavior and direct events. Power can be expressed upward from subordinates to leaders or downward from leaders to subordinates. The document outlines three types of power: power over others through domination, power to act independently, and power with others through cooperation. It also discusses three dimensions of power: decision-making power, agenda-setting power, and ideological power to shape desires. Finally, it explores the potential consequences of power, including compliance, commitment, resistance, and conformity.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It defines balance of power as a distribution of power among states that prevents any one state from becoming too powerful. It operates through alliances, military buildups, and dividing powerful states. Balance of power is seen as important by some scholars but faces criticism for being uncertain and accepting war. Soft power, regional agreements, and economic ties are now also part of maintaining balances of power.
Similar to Soft power: A conceptual appraisal of the power of attraction (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Soft power: A conceptual appraisal of the power of attraction
1. Soft Power:
A Conceptual Appraisal of the Power of Attraction
in International Politics
By
Fidel Abowei, PhD
2. Important
texts
• J. Nye Jr., (2004) Soft Power: The
means to success in World Politics.
• I. Parmar and M. Cox (2010) Soft
Power and US Foreign Policy:
Theoretical, Historical and
Contemporary Perspectives.
3. Overview of Lecture
1. Power: a contested concept
2. Soft power vs hard Power
3. Soft power: multiple meanings
4. Operationalizing soft power
4. Lesson Objectives
1. Understand the foundations/origins of soft power and how this
has shaped its conceptual development.
2. Understand the sources of soft power and how soft power
works in international politics.
5. What is power?
In its simplest sense, power is the ability
to make a person do what you want
them to do, against their initial
preference(s). However, it remains a
contested concept, with so many
definitions within IR scholarship.
The works of Max Weber (1968 [1925]);
C. Wright Mills (1959); Talcott Parsons
(1986); Hannah Arendt (1986) are
particularly notable for advancing
different understandings of power.
Steven Lukes (2005 [1974]) “three
dimensional view” of power provides a
framework for bringing all these
definitions together under three faces of
power.
6. Three
dimensions/faces
of power
First face
According to Dahl (2005[1974]), “A has power over B, to the extent that
A can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do” through the
medium of threats, rewards, sanctions and even manipulation. In this
instance of power relations, B is aware of A actions and feels the
impact of A’s power.
Second face
According to Bachrach and Baratz (1962: 949), power is exercised
when “a person or group — consciously or unconsciously — creates
barriers to the airing of policy conflict by altering or setting the agenda”.
In this instance of power relations, A exercises power over B by setting
the agenda behind closed doors and precludes B from participating in
the decision-making process.
Third face
Lukes (2005) argues that Government can exert control over people
not only through the power of decision making and non-decision
making but also through ideological power. That is the formation and
alteration of public preferences by shaping their ideas, beliefs, and
desires. In this instance, B is mostly unaware of A’s actions or the
effects of A’s power.
7. What is hard and what is soft about power?
Hard Power Soft Power
First Face (Decision A relies on force/ bribes to
B’s strategies and behaviours.
A relies on attraction/ persuasion
to alter B’s exiting preferences.
Second Face (Agenda
Setting)
Regardless of B preferences, A
uses force/ bribes to truncate
agenda.
A uses attraction to make B see
the agenda as legitimate and
willingly support it.
Third Face (Thought A uses forces force/ bribes to
shape B’s preferences.
A uses attraction and/or
to shape B’s initial preferences.
8. What does this imply?
• Soft power is the ability to attract.
According to Nye (2011, 21), “it is the
ability to affect others through the co-
optive means of framing the agenda,
persuading, and eliciting positive
attractions in order to obtain preferred
outcomes”
• Hard power is coercive power.
According to Nye (2011, 20), when a
state relies on coercive tactics or
inducement to obtain preferred
outcomes in international politics, that
state is said to exercise hard power.
• Smart power is the combination of hard
and soft power.
9. Foundations of Soft
Power
The concept of soft power was coined in
1990 by Joseph S. Nye against the
backdrop of prevailing debates about the
decline of US global influence following the
end of the Cold War
11. soft power as resources
This approach to soft power is analogous to
most realists understanding of power, where a
state’s capability is reduced to measurable
elements of power. It is agent-centred.
it is synonymized with anything other than
military and economic power because of the
coercive application of these sources of power.
In other cases, it is synonymized with cultural
power or intangible elements of power.
It is often depicted as a normative concept (soft
power is good vs. hard power is bad).
12. Soft Power as behavior
• What separates soft power from hard
power is less about the tangibility or type of
resources, and more about behavior of a
state. (example: The threat of force is intangible whereas it
is a coercive behavior. Also, military resources are tangible
but may be used for such legitimate and benign purposes as
disaster relief and peace support operations)
• Every element of power can contribute to
soft power, but not any type of behavior.
• A state’s soft power hinges heavily on
perceptions of the target of power.
• It takes into consideration, the quality of
resources, the behavior of the agent of
power, and target perception to ascertain
what is hard or soft about power.
13. Operationalizing soft
power: How does soft
power work?
Context of
power
relationship
Available
Resources
Foreign
policy goals
Power
conversion
strategies
Targets or
subject
perceptions
Outcomes
14. Context of power relationship
Context is particularly important in understating soft power
because it allows for the consideration of the actors involved in
power relationships (scope of power) and the issues involved
(domain of power). In terms of scope, the image of a country
(enemy vs. ally image) and regional peculiarities are important
factors to consider.
Example 1: Marriage of convenience
The issues (development assistance and economic aid) involved
and the nature of relationship (cooperation in the absence of
conditionalities/ ally image) between China and African states
may likely explain China’s soft power in Africa.
Example 2: The terrible twos
The issue(s) (nuclear weapons) involved and the nature of
relationship (conflictual/ enemy image) between the US and
North Korea, makes it very difficult to envisage the effectiveness
of US soft power in the latter.
15. What resources produce soft power?
According to Nye (2004), soft power
emanates from three sources;
• Culture (in places where it is seen as
attractive)
• Political values (when a country lives
up to them at home and abroad)
• Foreign policy (when others see them
as legitimate and having moral
authority)
• To the extent that military and
economic resources are applied in the
context of a state’s foreign policy in
such a way that attracts and co-opts,
they are soft power resources.
16.
17. Foreign policy
goals
• Policy-specific goals: regional
integration, voting in international
institutions, support for war efforts,
signing of trade agreements,
access to resources etc.
• Milieu goals or value objectives:
Creating an enabling environment
for policy initiatives. Examples may
be the promotion of democracy and
human rights.
18. power conversion strategies:
Behaviour of a state
• Persuasion (emotional and technical
arguments)
• Public diplomacy (educational exchanges,
• International broadcasting/ strategic
communication (e.g. Russia Today, Voice
of America etc.)
• Establishment of cultural centers (e.g.
China's Confucius institutes)
• Nation branding strategies
• Economic diplomacy (e.g. development
aid, technical cooperation/ assistance,
loans, positive sanctions, etc.)
• Military contacts (peace support
operations, joint military exercises,
personnel exchanges, etc.)
• Promotion of democracy and human rights
19. Targets or subjects of
soft power
The effectiveness of soft power is
heavily dependent on the target.
There are two sets of target:
1. Governments (direct effect)
2. Individuals (indirect effects)
20. Foreign policy
outcomes
Outcomes may be contemplated at three
levels — micro, meso and macro —
depending on the policy goal and target of
power. Two types of effects may be
anticipated:
Macro level: state actors
• Direct effects: In this instance, the leaders
of Country A may be attracted to or
persuaded by Country B as a result of
Country B’s actions, competence,
benignity, and even charisma.
Micro and meso level: Individuals and
institutional actors
• Indirect effects: In this instance, Country
A’s exercise of soft power is geared
towards publics and non-state actors in
Country B, who in turn exert pressure on
their leaders in favour of country A.
21. How do we measure
soft power?
• Public opinion polls may be used to
estimate overall perceptions of a
specific country in another.
• Consumption of cultural exports may
serve as an indicator of cultural
appeal.
• Inflow of foreign direct investment,
number of incoming tourists, and
number of incoming students may
indicate attractiveness of a country’s
political values and domestic policies.
22. Limitations of soft
power
• Soft power takes a long cultivation period.
• Attraction is in the eyes of the beholder so a
state’s effort may be futile.
• State’s are bent on immediate returns, and as
a result may not be disposed to the
cultivation of attraction.
• Most soft power resources exist outside the
purview of governments making it difficult to
wield.
• Although the cost of soft power is less than
hard power, it is difficult to wield, easy to lose,
and even more costly to re-establish.
• The impact of soft power across multiple
variables are difficult to isolate.
• In some authoritarian states, government
controls public opinion, especially in the
realm of foreign policy, rather than being
controlled by it.