This document discusses the evolution of U.S. foreign policy from the late 1700s to present day under various presidential administrations. It outlines the shift from isolationism to growing international involvement through manifest destiny and expanding global influence. Key doctrines and events discussed include the Monroe Doctrine, Wilsonianism, the Truman Doctrine, containment during the Cold War, and unilateralism under Bush giving way to renewed multilateralism under Obama through pragmatic realism. It also examines the role of the U.S. military industrial complex and global perceptions of American power and diplomacy over time.

1. U.S. foreign policy, "The Bush Revolution”, the Obama
Administration & the U.S. Military Industrial Complex
"As we defend the peace, we will also take
advantage of an historic opportunity to preserve the
peace."
--Former President George W. Bush (2003), National
security strategy of the United States of America
"Obviously the permanent peace of the world can be secured only
through the gradual concentration of the preponderant military
strength into the hands of the most pacific communities."
- John Fiske (1880), American political ideas viewed from
standpoint of universal history
While there are instances and individuals who
can be met only by force, the United States
will be prepared to listen to and talk with our
adversaries in order to advance our interests.
-- President Barack Obama (2009)

2. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief history of
U.S. foreign policy - Nascent America
Late 1700s, early 1800s
- political distance from Europe (“isolationism”)
- neutrality
"Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have
none or a very remote relation. Hence she must be
engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of
which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
- George Washington
"(America) goes not abroad, in search of monsters to
destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and
independence of all. She is the champion and
vindicator only of her own.”
- John Quincy Adams (1821)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)

3. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief
history of U.S. foreign policy -
Manifest Destiny
Middle 1800s
- intra-national, westward expansion
- global economic & religious expansion
- social Darwinism
"No man, no party, can fight with any chance of success against a
cosmic tendency; no cleverness, no popularity avails against the
spirit of the age.”
- John Hay, Secretary of State for William McKinley
"All nations that are worth anything, always have had, and always
will have, some ideal of national destiny, and without it, would soon
disappear, and would deserve their fate."
- Ephraim Douglass Adams, The power of ideals in American
history (1913)

4. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief history
of U.S. foreign policy - Growing
ambition
Late 1800s, Early 1900s
- internationalists vs. isolationists
- Spanish American War & American colonialism
- Theodore Roosevelt
- costs of America imperialism
"I believe that the time will come when such a state of
(global federalism) will exist upon the earth, when it will be
possible . . . to speak of the UNITED STATES as stretching
from pole to pole, -- or, with Tennyson, to celebrate the
'parliament of man and federation of the world.' "
- John Fiske (1880), American political ideas viewed from
standpoint of universal history

6. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief history of
U.S. foreign policy - Wilsonianism
1913 - ?
- New World Order
- American exceptionalism + divine providence =
interventionism
- international law & institutions
- Treaty of Versailles (1919): League of Nations
"We do not confine our enthusiasm for individual
liberty and free national development to the
incidents and movements of affairs which affect
only ourselves. We feel it wherever there is a
people that tries to walk in these difficult paths of
independence and right."
-- Woodrow Wilson, 1916
- internationalism vs. unilateralism
- 1930s: Depression & return to isolationism

7. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief history of U.S.
foreign policy - Post WWII: "The Truman
Doctrine”
1945
- U.S. emerges as “preeminent” world power
- largest economic & military power; nuclear capacity
- key question: not what can U.S. do abroad, but what should it
do?
- Truman Doctrine (1947)
"It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples
who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by
outside pressures."
- Marshall Plan (1947)
- NATO (1949)
-->multilateral alliances & agreements
(GATT, IMF, World Bank, etc.)

8. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief history of
U.S. foreign policy - The Cold War
1950s
- Eisenhower --> unilateralist/anti-containment rhetoric;
multilateral/containment actions
- specter of nuclear annihilation (mutually assured
destruction)
- hegemonic American multilateralism
- rise of U.S. military industrial complex (Eisenhower
voices reservations)
1960s-1980s
- Cold War logic continues

9. Daalder & Lindsay: A brief history of U.S.
foreign policy -
Post Cold War: The Clinton Era
- Wilsonianism revisited?
New World Order, Int. Rule of law, Int. organizations,
multilateralism
critics --> why go international/multilateral now?
- key question: not what can U.S. do abroad, but what
should it do?

10. Daalder & Lindsay: "The Bush
Revolution”
- revival of American unilateralism
- rise of "a la carte" multilateralism
- regime change over negotiation
- exploitation of European division
- doctrine of preemption
"The United States can no longer
solely rely on a reactive posture as we
have in the past. . . We cannot let our
enemies strike first."
- President George W. Bush (National
Security Strategy of the U.S.)
NOT a revolution in America's goals (ENDS),
but in how to achieve goals (MEANS)
then: threat of nuclear
war
now: no one can push
back

11. Obama’s foreign policy: Analysis
“The lesson of the Bush years is that not talking does not work. Go
down the list of countries we’ve ignored and see how successful that
strategy has been. … It’s time to turn the page on the diplomacy of
tough talk and no action. It’s time to turn the page on Washington’s
conventional wisdom that agreement must be reached before you
meet, that talking to other countries is some kind of reward, and that
Presidents can only meet with people who will tell them what they want
to hear.”
--President Barack Obama
Obama has not achieved the transformative results he promised on the 2008
campaign trail . . . But on balance, he has proved tough, disciplined and,
overall, reasonably successful in addressing the nation’s immediate security
challenges. One might call him a reluctant realist: Holding onto his idealistic
visions and pursuing them where possible but adroitly shifting to tougher
measures when necessary … In other words, Obama is a pragmatist. A
progressive one, to be sure — since he sought, where possible, to make
inroads in the pursuit of his bigger hopes. But a pragmatist just the same —
and a hawkish one in many ways …While Obama’s handling of rogue states
and other issues makes for a generally positive assessment of his role as
commander in chief, it remains an interim assessment — for the Iran and
North Korea situations could well deteriorate.
--- Martin Indyk, Co-Author, Bending History

12. The U.S. military around the world
1.4 million = approximate number of active U.S. military
personnel
325,000 = approximate number deployed outside of U.S.
725 = approximate number of U.S. military bases outside U.S.
32 = approximate number of countries with 100 or more U.S.
military personnel
6 = number of continents with American military personnel
- Sources: U.S. Department of Defense; wikipedia.org;
Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire, 2003-2005)

13. The U.S. foreign policy & the use of
military might – a U.S. constant?
I think what is clear is that the nature of the cold war conflict, which
saw either mutually assured destruction or a series of proxy wars —
low level, all around the world — has been replaced with a
multilateral or multipolar world where the United States is a singular
military power . . . the big threat now are threats of nuclear terrorism,
forms of asymmetrical warfare, state sponsorship of terrorism — all
of which I think require more than just a nuclear option or no option
but a series of graded options that can be a realistic, serious
deterrent …Now, the Nuclear Posture Review states very clearly, if
you are a nonnuclear weapons state that is compliant with the NPT,
you have a negative assurance we will not be using nuclear
weapons against you. That doesn’t mean that you might not engage
in some actions that are profoundly detrimental to U.S. national
security, which require action on our part. And I’m going to preserve
all the tools that are necessary in order to make sure that the
American people are safe and secure.
-- U.S. President Barack Obama, 2010 Interview with NYT

14. World’s largest defense budgets
World’s largest
arms exporters

15. World’s top 20 arms manufacturers

16. (The Military Industrial Complex)

17. Homework
READ
- Pew Global Attitudes Poll: June 2008: pp. 1-11, Overview,
AND, Chap. 2, pp. 21-34, Views of the U.S. (Canvas
Readings)
- Pew Global Attitudes Poll (Dec. 2008): Global Public
Opinion in the Bush Years.(Click on the link to read)
- Pew Global Attitudes Poll (July 2009): Confidence in
Obama Lifts U.S. Image Around the World. (Click on the
link to read)
- Pew Global Attitudes Poll (July 2013): America’s global
image is slipping.
- Pew Global Attitudes Analysis (July 2014): World opposed
to U.S. surveillance, drones.
- Stabile, Matt. (2013, Jan.). How Many Americans Have
Passports? The Expeditioner.Com.
http://www.theexpeditioner.com/2010/02/17/how-many-
americans-have-a-passport-2/