Unit 5 f11
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This document outlines objectives and content for a unit on problems related to cardiac output and tissue perfusion. It discusses topics like cardiac anatomy and physiology, factors influencing cardiac output, pathophysiology of conditions like heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, and shock. It also addresses nursing implications and interventions for these various cardiac disorders.
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Cardiac output
The document discusses several key terms related to cardiac output and heart function:
- Contractility refers to the heart's ability to generate force at a given muscle length.
- Preload is the heart muscle length prior to contraction and depends on ventricular filling. The most important factor for preload is venous return.
- Afterload is the tension or pressure the ventricle must contract against to pump blood out. It depends on aortic or pulmonary artery pressure.
- Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, representing the total blood volume pumped per minute.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Determinants of ventricular performance
This document discusses the determinants of ventricular performance, including systolic and diastolic function. Systolic function depends on cardiac output, which equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is determined by preload, afterload, contractility, and other factors. Diastolic function relates to ventricular filling and compliance. Mechanical ventilation can reduce ventricular performance by decreasing preload. Inhalational anesthetics vary in their effects, with isoflurane causing minimal depression. Succinylcholine and ketamine can increase heart rate and contractility while benzodiazepines and propofol cause little cardiovascular effect.
Physiology of Heart
The document discusses cardiac output, venous return, and their regulation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume, and is equal to the total amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Venous return is the total blood flow returning to the right atrium from the veins each minute.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence venous return such as blood volume, heart rate, contractility, and metabolic rate. The Frank-Starling mechanism states that the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it via the veins.
3. Pathologically, high cardiac output can result from reduced peripheral resistance from conditions like anemia
Determinants of cardiac output for captivate
This document discusses determinants of cardiac output and factors that influence heart function. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility. Preload refers to ventricular filling, afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps, and contractility is the heart's inherent ability to contract. Conditions such as heart failure, shock and arrhythmias can decrease cardiac output by impacting these determinants. Understanding hemodynamics helps evaluate a patient's cardiac function and guide treatment.
Regulation of heart pumping (2018)
1. The heart can pump 4-7 times more blood during exercise compared to rest.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors like blood volume, autonomic nervous system, ions, and temperature.
3. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows the heart to intrinsically pump more blood in response to increased blood volume returning to the heart.
regulation of cardiac out put
Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is regulated intrinsically by factors affecting preload and afterload as well as extrinsically by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. Venous return is a primary extrinsic regulator of cardiac output, increasing stretch of cardiac muscles and stimulating an increase in heart rate. A combination of preload, contractility, afterload and heart rate determine cardiac output under normal resting conditions and during physical activity.
Cardiac output 2
This document summarizes cardiac output regulation and control mechanisms. It discusses how cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. The main factors controlling cardiac output are venous return, myocardial contractility, and peripheral resistance. Intrinsic control mechanisms include the respiratory pump, cardiac pump, muscle pump, blood volume, sympathetic discharge, and standing position, which affect venous return and end-diastolic volume. Extrinsic control is via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Graphs of cardiac function curves illustrate the relationships between various factors.
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Cardiac output
The document discusses several key terms related to cardiac output and heart function:
- Contractility refers to the heart's ability to generate force at a given muscle length.
- Preload is the heart muscle length prior to contraction and depends on ventricular filling. The most important factor for preload is venous return.
- Afterload is the tension or pressure the ventricle must contract against to pump blood out. It depends on aortic or pulmonary artery pressure.
- Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, representing the total blood volume pumped per minute.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Determinants of ventricular performance
This document discusses the determinants of ventricular performance, including systolic and diastolic function. Systolic function depends on cardiac output, which equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is determined by preload, afterload, contractility, and other factors. Diastolic function relates to ventricular filling and compliance. Mechanical ventilation can reduce ventricular performance by decreasing preload. Inhalational anesthetics vary in their effects, with isoflurane causing minimal depression. Succinylcholine and ketamine can increase heart rate and contractility while benzodiazepines and propofol cause little cardiovascular effect.
Physiology of Heart
The document discusses cardiac output, venous return, and their regulation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume, and is equal to the total amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Venous return is the total blood flow returning to the right atrium from the veins each minute.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence venous return such as blood volume, heart rate, contractility, and metabolic rate. The Frank-Starling mechanism states that the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it via the veins.
3. Pathologically, high cardiac output can result from reduced peripheral resistance from conditions like anemia
Determinants of cardiac output for captivate
This document discusses determinants of cardiac output and factors that influence heart function. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility. Preload refers to ventricular filling, afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps, and contractility is the heart's inherent ability to contract. Conditions such as heart failure, shock and arrhythmias can decrease cardiac output by impacting these determinants. Understanding hemodynamics helps evaluate a patient's cardiac function and guide treatment.
Regulation of heart pumping (2018)
1. The heart can pump 4-7 times more blood during exercise compared to rest.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors like blood volume, autonomic nervous system, ions, and temperature.
3. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows the heart to intrinsically pump more blood in response to increased blood volume returning to the heart.
regulation of cardiac out put
Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is regulated intrinsically by factors affecting preload and afterload as well as extrinsically by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. Venous return is a primary extrinsic regulator of cardiac output, increasing stretch of cardiac muscles and stimulating an increase in heart rate. A combination of preload, contractility, afterload and heart rate determine cardiac output under normal resting conditions and during physical activity.
Cardiac output 2
This document summarizes cardiac output regulation and control mechanisms. It discusses how cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. The main factors controlling cardiac output are venous return, myocardial contractility, and peripheral resistance. Intrinsic control mechanisms include the respiratory pump, cardiac pump, muscle pump, blood volume, sympathetic discharge, and standing position, which affect venous return and end-diastolic volume. Extrinsic control is via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Graphs of cardiac function curves illustrate the relationships between various factors.
Types of Heart Activity (Autoregulation of heart)
The document discusses types of heart activity self-regulation. It describes heterometric autoregulation, including the Frank-Starling law where stroke volume increases with end diastolic volume. It also describes homeometric autoregulation, including the Bowditch effect where contractility increases with heart rate, and the Anrep effect where contractility increases with afterload. Both heterometric and homeometric autoregulation allow the heart to adapt its function to changes in preload and afterload.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped per heart beat, by heart rate. A normal cardiac output in adults is around 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output can be affected by factors like heart rate, stroke volume, venous return, peripheral resistance, and the force of heart contraction. Maximum cardiac output during exercise can increase up to 7-8 times resting levels through increased heart rate and stroke volume.
Heart beat
The document discusses the heart beat, heart rate, cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram, and factors that affect the heart rate. It explains that the heart beat produces a 'lub-dub' sound from blood hitting the heart valves. The cardiac cycle involves the heart contracting (systole) and relaxing (diastole) in a repeating pattern to pump blood through the body. The heart rate, electrocardiogram, exercise, stress, drugs, and hormones can impact the number of heart beats per minute.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped each minute and is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The document discusses factors that affect heart rate and stroke volume such as hormones, fitness level, age, heart size, contractility, and gender. It also discusses factors that affect cardiac output like heart rate, force of contraction, blood volume, and venous return. The document concludes by describing several methods that can be used to measure cardiac output such as Fick's principle, indicator dilution, thermodilution, inert gas inhalation, Doppler echocardiography, and ballistocardiography.
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Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output can vary depending on the body's activity level and is regulated by factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased venous return leads to increased stretch of the heart muscle and increased force of contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume and cardiac output.
Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
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The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
12. cardiac cycle
1. The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole, with systole being ventricular contraction and diastole being ventricular relaxation.
2. During the cardiac cycle, the ventricles passively fill with blood from the atria in diastole. They then undergo isovolumetric contraction before ejecting blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery in systole. Isovolumetric relaxation follows before the ventricles fill again.
3. The cardiac cycle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and catecholamines. It produces blood pressure waves and a stroke volume that, along with heart rate, determine cardiac output to perfuse the body.
Cardiac output & factors affecting it.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
cardiac output,
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that affect it. It defines key terms like stroke volume, minute volume, cardiac index and cardiac reserve. It describes physiological factors like age, gender, exercise and posture as well as pathological factors like fever, anemia and heart failure that can impact cardiac output. The document also covers methods of measuring cardiac output like Fick's principle, dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.
Cardiac output 1
This document discusses cardiac output and its measurement. It defines cardiac output as the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, which is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. It describes several methods to measure cardiac output, including the indicator dye dilution method, thermodilution, and measurement of inhaled inert gases. It discusses factors that can cause cardiac output to vary, such as age, sex, environmental temperature, exercise, and various pathological conditions.
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Presentation 08 - Human Circulation
1. The human circulation system includes the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system.
2. The cardiac cycle refers to the repeating sequence of heart contraction and relaxation that pumps blood throughout the body.
3. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins, with flow governed by principles like blood pressure, osmotic pressure, and the law of continuity.
IHD , CARDIAC FAILURE & CARDIAC RESERVE
Ischemic heart disease is characterized by ischemia of the heart muscle usually due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, and increasing age. Symptoms may include angina, heart failure, heart burn, and myocardial infarction. Cardiac failure is the failure of the heart to pump enough blood to satisfy the body's needs and can be acute or chronic. Chronic cardiac failure results in reduced arterial pressure and fluid retention by the kidneys. Factors that decrease cardiac reserve and lead to symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue include ischemic heart disease, primary myocardial disease, and vitamin deficiencies.
Arterial pressure
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle and is a better indicator of tissue perfusion than systolic blood pressure. MAP is calculated based on cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and central venous pressure. Normal MAP is between 65-110 mmHg. Pulse wave velocity measures arterial stiffness and is influenced by arterial wall thickness and diameter. As pressure waves travel further from the heart, they become steeper and narrower due to vessel properties.
Cardiac output and venous return
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that regulate it. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload. Preload refers to the stretching of the heart before contraction and is represented by end-diastolic volume; increased preload results in increased stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling law. Contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction independent of preload; increased contractility also increases stroke volume. Afterload is the resistance against which the heart must pump during contraction; increased afterload decreases stroke volume. The relationship between cardiac output and these factors can
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
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The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
Regulation of blood pressure
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
Heart disease
This document provides information about heart disease including:
1. It defines heart disease and lists the common types such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure.
2. It identifies major risk factors for heart disease such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and obesity.
3. The signs and symptoms of common heart conditions like hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure are described.
4. Common diagnostic tests and treatments for heart disease are outlined.
5. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight management and reducing alcohol/tobacco are discussed as ways to prevent heart disease.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart disease is a systemic inflammatory disease that commonly affects children between 5-15 years old after a streptococcal throat infection. It involves inflammation of the heart valves and tissue, which can lead to valve damage over time from conditions like endocarditis. Common signs and symptoms include polyarthritis, rash, subcutaneous nodules, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated inflammatory markers and echocardiography to evaluate the heart valves and function. Treatment depends on the severity of valve involvement but may include surgery such as valve repair or replacement for severe cases.
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Types of Heart Activity (Autoregulation of heart)
The document discusses types of heart activity self-regulation. It describes heterometric autoregulation, including the Frank-Starling law where stroke volume increases with end diastolic volume. It also describes homeometric autoregulation, including the Bowditch effect where contractility increases with heart rate, and the Anrep effect where contractility increases with afterload. Both heterometric and homeometric autoregulation allow the heart to adapt its function to changes in preload and afterload.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped per heart beat, by heart rate. A normal cardiac output in adults is around 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output can be affected by factors like heart rate, stroke volume, venous return, peripheral resistance, and the force of heart contraction. Maximum cardiac output during exercise can increase up to 7-8 times resting levels through increased heart rate and stroke volume.
Heart beat
The document discusses the heart beat, heart rate, cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram, and factors that affect the heart rate. It explains that the heart beat produces a 'lub-dub' sound from blood hitting the heart valves. The cardiac cycle involves the heart contracting (systole) and relaxing (diastole) in a repeating pattern to pump blood through the body. The heart rate, electrocardiogram, exercise, stress, drugs, and hormones can impact the number of heart beats per minute.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped each minute and is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The document discusses factors that affect heart rate and stroke volume such as hormones, fitness level, age, heart size, contractility, and gender. It also discusses factors that affect cardiac output like heart rate, force of contraction, blood volume, and venous return. The document concludes by describing several methods that can be used to measure cardiac output such as Fick's principle, indicator dilution, thermodilution, inert gas inhalation, Doppler echocardiography, and ballistocardiography.
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Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output can vary depending on the body's activity level and is regulated by factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased venous return leads to increased stretch of the heart muscle and increased force of contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume and cardiac output.
Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
Heart*
The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
12. cardiac cycle
1. The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole, with systole being ventricular contraction and diastole being ventricular relaxation.
2. During the cardiac cycle, the ventricles passively fill with blood from the atria in diastole. They then undergo isovolumetric contraction before ejecting blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery in systole. Isovolumetric relaxation follows before the ventricles fill again.
3. The cardiac cycle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and catecholamines. It produces blood pressure waves and a stroke volume that, along with heart rate, determine cardiac output to perfuse the body.
Cardiac output & factors affecting it.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
cardiac output,
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that affect it. It defines key terms like stroke volume, minute volume, cardiac index and cardiac reserve. It describes physiological factors like age, gender, exercise and posture as well as pathological factors like fever, anemia and heart failure that can impact cardiac output. The document also covers methods of measuring cardiac output like Fick's principle, dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.
Cardiac output 1
This document discusses cardiac output and its measurement. It defines cardiac output as the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, which is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. It describes several methods to measure cardiac output, including the indicator dye dilution method, thermodilution, and measurement of inhaled inert gases. It discusses factors that can cause cardiac output to vary, such as age, sex, environmental temperature, exercise, and various pathological conditions.
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Presentation 08 - Human Circulation
1. The human circulation system includes the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system.
2. The cardiac cycle refers to the repeating sequence of heart contraction and relaxation that pumps blood throughout the body.
3. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins, with flow governed by principles like blood pressure, osmotic pressure, and the law of continuity.
IHD , CARDIAC FAILURE & CARDIAC RESERVE
Ischemic heart disease is characterized by ischemia of the heart muscle usually due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, and increasing age. Symptoms may include angina, heart failure, heart burn, and myocardial infarction. Cardiac failure is the failure of the heart to pump enough blood to satisfy the body's needs and can be acute or chronic. Chronic cardiac failure results in reduced arterial pressure and fluid retention by the kidneys. Factors that decrease cardiac reserve and lead to symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue include ischemic heart disease, primary myocardial disease, and vitamin deficiencies.
Arterial pressure
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle and is a better indicator of tissue perfusion than systolic blood pressure. MAP is calculated based on cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and central venous pressure. Normal MAP is between 65-110 mmHg. Pulse wave velocity measures arterial stiffness and is influenced by arterial wall thickness and diameter. As pressure waves travel further from the heart, they become steeper and narrower due to vessel properties.
Cardiac output and venous return
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that regulate it. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload. Preload refers to the stretching of the heart before contraction and is represented by end-diastolic volume; increased preload results in increased stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling law. Contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction independent of preload; increased contractility also increases stroke volume. Afterload is the resistance against which the heart must pump during contraction; increased afterload decreases stroke volume. The relationship between cardiac output and these factors can
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
Cvs7
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
Regulation of blood pressure
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
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Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
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This document provides information about heart disease including:
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2. It identifies major risk factors for heart disease such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and obesity.
3. The signs and symptoms of common heart conditions like hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure are described.
4. Common diagnostic tests and treatments for heart disease are outlined.
5. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight management and reducing alcohol/tobacco are discussed as ways to prevent heart disease.
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Rheumatic heart disease is a systemic inflammatory disease that commonly affects children between 5-15 years old after a streptococcal throat infection. It involves inflammation of the heart valves and tissue, which can lead to valve damage over time from conditions like endocarditis. Common signs and symptoms include polyarthritis, rash, subcutaneous nodules, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated inflammatory markers and echocardiography to evaluate the heart valves and function. Treatment depends on the severity of valve involvement but may include surgery such as valve repair or replacement for severe cases.
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- Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, heart failure and embolic phenomena. Vegetations may be seen on echocardiography.
- Diagnosis is based on the modified Duke criteria, which consider clinical features, blood culture results and echocardiographic findings.
- Treatment involves parenteral antibiotics tailored to the causative organism. Surgery
Coronary Artery Disease, Angina pectoris, Myocardial Infarction
The prolong complications of coronary artery disease such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiac heart failure, its management and surgical mgt.
Prevention and Treatment of the Heart diseases
The document discusses advances in the prevention and treatment of heart disease in India. It notes that heart disease occurs 10 years earlier in Indians compared to Westerners, and the incidence is three times higher in urban areas. While lifestyle changes, stress, and other risk factors have increased heart disease rates, advances in prevention through lifestyle modification and regular checkups as well as new treatment options like angioplasty, stents and bypass surgery are helping reduce mortality from heart attacks.
Checklist
This document provides a checklist for auditing an organization's quality management system based on the ISO 9001:2008 standard. It includes questions relating to the documentation requirements, management responsibility, resource management, product realization, measurement, analysis and improvement sections of the standard. The checklist is intended to be used by auditors to evaluate if an organization's quality system meets the requirements of the ISO 9001 standard. It provides guidelines for auditing, identifies what documents and records should be reviewed, and includes spaces for auditors to record evidence and comments.
Cardiovascular assessment
1) The document reviews the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and describes methods for assessing cardiovascular status including health history, physical exam techniques like inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, and diagnostic tests.
2) The physical exam involves assessing things like vital signs, jugular vein pulsations, heart sounds and murmurs auscultated over the precordium.
3) Diagnostic tests discussed include electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests and cardiac catheterization.
Chest Trauma
Chest trauma can result from blunt or penetrating injuries and cause serious internal injuries like rib fractures, flail chest, pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. Flail chest involves two or more broken ribs in multiple places, creating a detached rib segment that moves independently. Pneumothorax is air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse, and tension pneumothorax is life-threatening as pressure builds within the chest. Hemothorax occurs when blood fills the pleural space, potentially compressing the heart and lungs. Treatment depends on the specific injuries but may include oxygen, analgesia, chest tube insertion, and surgery.
Heart disease in pregnancy
Heart disease occurs in approximately 1% of pregnancies and can be caused by rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, or other conditions like ischemic heart disease. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history and performing a physical exam, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram. Pregnancy places additional strain on the heart and can exacerbate existing heart conditions or lead to heart failure. Management involves rest, diet, infection prevention, hospitalization if decompensation occurs, and possibly medical treatments like diuretics, beta blockers, or surgical treatments such as cardiac surgery or therapeutic abortion in severe cases. During labor, vaginal delivery is preferred if possible but induction is not recommended if acute heart
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease is a chronic condition that results from damage to the heart valves from rheumatic fever, which occurs as a sequela to group A streptococcal infection. The pathophysiology involves inflammation of the heart tissues from the infection that affects the heart valves and causes valve leakage and narrowing. Nursing assessment focuses on signs of carditis, joint pain, and fever, while management includes bed rest, antipyretics, antibiotics, pain medications, maintaining activity levels and cardiac output, and educating patients on prevention.
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Similar to Unit 5 f11
CARDIAC EMERGENCY
This document provides information about cardiac emergencies presented by Mrs. Shalini, an Assistant Professor of Nursing. It defines cardiac emergencies and lists the learning objectives. The major cardiac emergencies discussed include acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, cardiac tamponade, hypertensive emergencies, and dysrhythmias. For each emergency, the document provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and nursing care considerations.
Heart failure update 2012
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. It discusses systolic and diastolic heart failure, highlighting key differences. Medical treatments that improve survival in systolic heart failure are reviewed, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, spironolactone/eplerenone, hydralazine/nitrates, and ARBs. The roles of diuretics, neurohormonal activation, and beta blockers are explained. Carvedilol is positioned as superior to metoprolol based on direct comparison trials.
Congestive heart failure patnaik sir
This document discusses congestive heart failure in infants and children. It begins with background on the main causes of heart failure in children, which are often congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy rather than issues like coronary artery disease that commonly cause heart failure in adults. The document then covers topics like the pathophysiology and classifications of heart failure in children, as well as diagnostic workup, management, and treatment approaches. Physical exam findings and classifications like Ross and NYHA scores are also outlined to help evaluate heart failure severity in pediatric patients.
7. Ischemic heart disease DBU.pptx
The document discusses ischemic heart disease (IHD), which occurs when there is an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. The main cause is atherosclerosis or narrowing of the coronary arteries. IHD risk factors include age, male sex, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diet. Symptoms range from stable angina to acute coronary syndromes like unstable angina, non-ST elevation MI, and ST elevation MI. Treatment involves managing risk factors, drug therapy like nitrates and beta blockers, and revascularization through procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting.
Nursing Rules!
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. It is usually caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, heart murmur, joint pain, and skin spots on the palms or soles. Diagnosis involves blood tests, echocardiograms, and blood cultures. Treatment consists of long-term antibiotics and sometimes surgery to repair or replace damaged heart valves.
Health evaluation of life threatening conditions
This document discusses evaluation of life-threatening conditions in emergency medicine. It begins by outlining the top five causes of mortality, which are heart disease, vascular diseases, pneumonias, accidents, and cancer. It then provides an overview of emergency medicine, including its origins in the US in the 1970s. The key roles and responsibilities of emergency responders are described, such as scene management, patient assessment, obtaining consent, and providing first aid. Specific medical emergencies like trauma, cardiovascular issues, neurological conditions, and more are then reviewed in terms of signs, symptoms, and treatment.
Evaluation of life threatening conditions
This document discusses evaluation of life-threatening conditions in emergency medicine. It begins by outlining the top five causes of mortality, which are heart disease, vascular diseases, pneumonias, accidents, and cancer. It then provides an overview of the history and roles of emergency medicine in the US, including different levels of service providers like first responders, dispatchers, and EMTs. The document focuses on the responsibilities of emergency responders, including scene safety, patient assessment, developing a general impression, obtaining consent, and understanding good Samaritan laws. It also covers trauma, chief complaints, signs and symptoms, assessing mental status, airway obstruction, cardiovascular emergencies like heart attack and arrhythmia, neurological emerg
Heart disorders
This document summarizes several common heart disorders:
- Coronary heart disease is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Atherosclerosis is a similar condition where plaques develop inside arterial walls.
- Chest pain called angina occurs due to insufficient blood supply to the heart. Arrhythmias happen when the heart's electrical system malfunctions, causing irregular heartbeats.
- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Other disorders discussed include stroke, myocardial infarction, hypotension, hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, and congenital heart disease. Risk factors and treatments are also outlined.
1 Cardiovascular Disorders
The document provides an overview of cardiovascular disorders including diagnostic tests, treatment measures, specific conditions like coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and shock. It discusses the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic approach, and treatment options for each condition. Homework assignments involving case studies on specific topics are also outlined.
Heart failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is damaged and weakens, affecting its ability to pump blood. The most common causes are coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and coughing. Heart failure is classified based on onset (acute or chronic), which side of the heart is affected (left or right), and whether systolic or diastolic function is impaired. Management involves reducing workload on the heart, inducing diuresis, and treating the underlying cause with medications, device-based therapies, surgery, or transplant if needed. Lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation are also important aspects of management.
Chf For Twu Jlh
This document provides an overview of chronic heart failure for nursing students. It defines heart failure as the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It explains the pathophysiology of heart failure including compensatory mechanisms and the differences between left and right sided heart failure. The document discusses medical treatments to reduce workload on the heart including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers. Nursing diagnoses and interventions for patients with heart failure are also reviewed.
Syncope
Syncope, or fainting, is a brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary drop in blood flow to the brain. It accounts for around 2% of emergency department visits. The most common causes of syncope are cardiac issues, neurological problems, medication side effects, and reflex or orthostatic causes. A thorough history, physical exam, and electrocardiogram can help emergency physicians evaluate patients and determine if further testing or hospital admission is needed to diagnose potentially life-threatening underlying conditions.
Heart failure
Heart failure is a common and serious condition where the heart muscle is unable to pump sufficiently. It can have multiple causes and the prevalence increases significantly with age. Prognosis remains poor with high mortality rates. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, signs, and testing like echocardiogram. Management focuses on general measures like diet, exercise, and reducing risk factors as well as specific treatments targeting the underlying cause and physiology of heart failure.
Hf etiology-dx-rx
The document provides an overview of heart failure, including its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the incidence and prevalence of heart failure, common causes, compensatory mechanisms in the body, assessment methods, and current treatment approaches such as medications, device therapies, and lifestyle modifications. The goal is to educate medical practitioners on managing the complex clinical syndrome of heart failure.
11 heart failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects over 5 million Americans. The prevalence increases with age, reaching nearly 10% in those over 80. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and more. Treatment focuses on reducing cardiac workload through diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drugs. Device therapies like CRT can also help certain patients. Lifestyle changes and strict medication adherence are important for managing the condition.
Satish ppt disorders of heart and lungs
The document discusses several disorders of the heart and lungs, including:
- Coronary artery disease, which involves a reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to plaque buildup in the heart's arteries.
- Cardiomyopathy, which affects the heart muscle and increases the risk of irregular heartbeats and sudden cardiac death.
- Hypertensive heart disease, which includes complications of high blood pressure that affect the heart.
- Heart failure, which occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to meet the body's needs.
Cardiovascular System
The document provides information on the cardiovascular system including:
1. A physical assessment found normal vital signs and no abnormalities.
2. Key points are discussed on different types of cardiac pain and diagnostic assessments.
3. The coronary circulation and electrical conduction system of the heart are described along with components of an electrocardiogram.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
This document provides an overview of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It begins with definitions of cardiomyopathy and HCM. It then discusses the historical perspective, genetic basis, morphology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCM. Some key points include:
- HCM is a genetic heart condition characterized by unexplained thickening of the heart muscle. It is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people.
- The genetic basis involves mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins. This leads to impaired relaxation and increased calcium sensitivity of the heart muscle.
- Morphologically, HCM involves asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy and abnormalities of the mitral valve apparatus. Hist
Acute heart failure by elmadana.pptx
Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac myocytes stimulates contraction. Calcium is reuptaken into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and effluxed from the cell, lowering intracellular calcium as contraction peaks. Heart failure is defined by symptoms such as breathlessness and signs such as elevated jugular venous pressure. It requires evidence of structural heart abnormality and impaired function.
Cva
The document discusses strokes, also known as brain attacks, including defining strokes as inadequate blood flow to the brain, risk factors, types of strokes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation care. Strokes are a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, with the most common type being ischemic strokes caused by blockages interrupting blood flow to the brain. Nursing management focuses on monitoring vital signs and neurological status, managing respiratory issues, skin integrity, swallowing difficulties, and providing supportive care.
Similar to Unit 5 f11 (20)
Unit 5 f11
- 1. Unit 4 Problems of Cardiac Output and Tissue Perfusion Lemone and Burke Ch 30-32
- 17. Pathophysiology of Common Cardiac Disorders
- 18. Pathophysiology of Common Cardiac Disorders
- 22. Pulmonary edema
- 28. Anatomy, Physiology, and Functions of the Heart
- 32. Petechiae and splinter hemorrhage
- 37. Ultimately when the heart fails, the patient will have shock Chapter 11 Lemone and Burke
- 46. Emergency
- 51. Questions?? Mid Term Exam Next Week. Cumulative to include everything to now. You will have the whole class time to take the exam.
Editor's Notes
- Figure 32–1 The hemodynamic effects of left-sided heart failure.
- Figure 32–2 The hemodynamic effects of right-sided heart failure.
- Myocarditis
- Figure 30–2 Coverings and layers of the heart.
- Figure 30–9 Pericardiocentesis.
- 276 ish