CARDIAC OUTPUT

1. PRESENTED BY;
SUSHAN GAIRE
B.PHARM 2ND SEMESTER
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2. CONTENTS
o Introduction
o Factor Affecting Heart Rate(HR)
o Factor Affecting Stroke Volume(SV)
o Measurement Of Cardiac Output
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output is the volume of blood
pumped each minute, and is expressed by
the following equation:
•CO+SV × HR
Where:
CO is cardiac output expressed in
L/min(normal~5L/min)
SV is stroke volume per beat
HR is the number of beats per minute
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4. FACTORS AFFECTING HEART
RATE(HR)
oHormones
oFitness levels
oAge
FACTORS AFFECTING STROKE
VOLUME(SV)
oHeart size
oFitness level
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5. o Contractility
o Gender
o Duration of contraction
FACTORS EFFECTING CARDIAC
OUTPUT
oHeart rate
When heart rate increases, cardiac
output also increases. Any factor which
changes heart rate will also changes
cardiac output.
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6. oForce of contraction of heart
When the force of contraction of the heart
increases, stroke volume will increases.
Therefore cardiac output will increase.
oBlood volume
When blood volume increases cardiac
output increases.
oVenous return
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7. MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC
OUTPUT
oMethods based on Fick’s principle
oIndicator or dye dilution method
oThermodilution
oInhalation of inert gases
oPhysical methods
oDoppler echocardiography
oBallistocardiography
oCineradiographic technique
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MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC OUTPUT

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