Peripheral vascular disease
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This document discusses several types of peripheral vascular diseases including peripheral artery disease, Buerger's disease, Raynaud's disease, and aneurysms. It provides information on the pathophysiology, symptoms, and characteristics of each condition. Key details include that peripheral artery disease involves narrowing of arteries outside the heart and brain, Buerger's disease affects young smoking men and causes inflammation of small and medium arteries in the hands and feet, and Raynaud's disease involves vasospasms of small arteries and arterioles in the fingers and sometimes toes.
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Clinical examination peripheral vascular disease
This document provides an overview of peripheral vascular diseases (PVD), including definitions, pathophysiology, causes, clinical examination, investigations, management, and specific conditions like atherosclerosis, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), Raynaud's disease, acute arterial disease, and gangrene. It describes the clinical features, risk factors, and pathology of different types of PVD and provides guidance on evaluating patients through history, physical examination, tests, and setting treatment plans which may involve lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty, or surgeries such as bypass or amputation.
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Chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease is caused by atherosclerosis or thromboangiitis obliterans, narrowing blood vessels and reducing blood flow to limbs. Risk factors include smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. Patients experience pain, ulcers or gangrene. Diagnosis involves ABI, angiography and Doppler ultrasound. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, bypass surgery or amputation in severe cases. The goal is to improve blood flow, relieve symptoms and prevent limb loss.
Peripheral vascular diseases
This document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, including arteries, veins, and specific conditions like arterial insufficiency and venous insufficiency. It covers the anatomy and layers of arteries and veins. Peripheral vascular diseases are characterized by reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Specific conditions discussed in detail include arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), and Raynaud's phenomenon. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are described for each condition.
peripheral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to narrowed, blocked, or spasming blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It is commonly caused by atherosclerosis which leads to the buildup of fatty plaques in the arteries (atherosclerotic plaques). Symptoms range from mild intermittent leg pain with walking (intermittent claudication) to severe leg or foot pain at rest or skin ulcers/gangrene of the lower leg or foot. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications to reduce pain, plaque, or blood clotting, and potentially minimally invasive or open surgical procedures to restore blood flow if more conservative options are ineffective.
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This document provides an overview of peripheral vascular diseases (PVD), including definitions, pathophysiology, causes, clinical examination, investigations, management, and specific conditions like atherosclerosis, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), Raynaud's disease, acute arterial disease, and gangrene. It describes the clinical features, risk factors, and pathology of different types of PVD and provides guidance on evaluating patients through history, physical examination, tests, and setting treatment plans which may involve lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty, or surgeries such as bypass or amputation.
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Chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease is caused by atherosclerosis or thromboangiitis obliterans, narrowing blood vessels and reducing blood flow to limbs. Risk factors include smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. Patients experience pain, ulcers or gangrene. Diagnosis involves ABI, angiography and Doppler ultrasound. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, bypass surgery or amputation in severe cases. The goal is to improve blood flow, relieve symptoms and prevent limb loss.
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This document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, including arteries, veins, and specific conditions like arterial insufficiency and venous insufficiency. It covers the anatomy and layers of arteries and veins. Peripheral vascular diseases are characterized by reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Specific conditions discussed in detail include arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), and Raynaud's phenomenon. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are described for each condition.
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Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to narrowed, blocked, or spasming blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It is commonly caused by atherosclerosis which leads to the buildup of fatty plaques in the arteries (atherosclerotic plaques). Symptoms range from mild intermittent leg pain with walking (intermittent claudication) to severe leg or foot pain at rest or skin ulcers/gangrene of the lower leg or foot. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications to reduce pain, plaque, or blood clotting, and potentially minimally invasive or open surgical procedures to restore blood flow if more conservative options are ineffective.
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Here are the key words I found in the hidden word search:
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
BUERGER
DISSECTION
KAWASAKI
RAYNAUD
Management of peripheral vascular disease by Sunil Kumar Daha
Please find the power point on Management of peripheral vascular disease . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
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This document discusses peripheral arterial disease and other vascular diseases of the extremities that affect arteries. It covers the definition, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for conditions such as peripheral arterial disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, Buerger's disease, acute arterial occlusion, and atheroembolism.
Peripheral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease is caused by narrowing of arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis and affects around 15% of people over 70 years old. It presents as leg pain with walking (claudication) and can progress to critical limb ischemia with rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. Treatment involves restoring blood flow through methods like thrombolysis, angioplasty or surgery as well as managing risk factors like smoking, diabetes and cholesterol. Patients with acute limb ischemia requiring inpatient care while those with stable chronic disease can often be treated as outpatients.
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Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
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Peripheral vascular disease is a narrowing and hardening of the arteries that supply the legs and feet, resulting in decreased blood flow and damage to nerves and tissue in the extremities. It has a gradual onset and is initially asymptomatic, developing complications over time like leg pain with activity that is relieved by rest. The primary cause is atherosclerosis, and risk factors include smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, and other cardiovascular conditions. Nursing focuses on assessing circulation and sensation, preventing pressure sores, and encouraging ambulation. Patient teaching covers lifestyle changes, foot care, medication management, and exercise.
Buerger’s disease
This document provides details about examining a patient with Buerger's disease, including assessing symptoms, medical history, physical examination findings, and vascular tests. The physical exam focuses on inspecting and palpating the lower limbs, assessing pulses, testing vascular insufficiency through Buerger's angle and capillary refill time, and examining any ulcers or gangrene. The goals are to evaluate the severity of peripheral vascular disease and ischemia.
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Arterial diseases
This document provides an overview of arterial diseases, including:
1. It describes the anatomy of arteries in the lower and upper limbs.
2. It discusses features of arterial stenosis such as intermittent claudication, rest pain, ulceration, and gangrene.
3. It outlines investigations for arterial diseases including Doppler ultrasound, ankle-brachial pressure index, duplex imaging, and angiography.
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Peripheral vascular disease
This document summarizes peripheral artery diseases, which affect arteries outside the chest and abdomen. It describes occlusive arterial disease (OAD), the most common type, which is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Risk factors for OAD include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Patients present with symptoms like claudication, rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. Examination involves checking pulse strength and ankle-brachial pressure indices. Investigations include blood tests and imaging like ultrasound and angiography to locate blockages. Treatment options include medical management, endovascular procedures like angioplasty and stenting, bypass surgery, or amputation in severe cases.
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Peripheral vascular diseases can be acute or chronic and complete or incomplete based on time course and severity. Acute arterial occlusion causes pain, pallor, pulselessness, coldness, and paralysis in the affected limb. Emboli originate elsewhere while thrombi form within the obstructed vessel. Chronic vascular insufficiency may cause claudication, rest pain, ulceration, or gangrene. Investigations include doppler, angiography, and ABI to assess severity and guide management including risk factor modification, exercise, medications, and surgeries. Buerger's disease specifically involves small vessels, smoking, and distal ischemia.
Vascular disorders
Here are the key words I found in the hidden word search:
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
BUERGER
DISSECTION
KAWASAKI
RAYNAUD
Management of peripheral vascular disease by Sunil Kumar Daha
Please find the power point on Management of peripheral vascular disease . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
INTERNAL MEDICINE - Vascular Diseases of the Extremities
This document discusses peripheral arterial disease and other vascular diseases of the extremities that affect arteries. It covers the definition, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for conditions such as peripheral arterial disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, Buerger's disease, acute arterial occlusion, and atheroembolism.
Peripheral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease is caused by narrowing of arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis and affects around 15% of people over 70 years old. It presents as leg pain with walking (claudication) and can progress to critical limb ischemia with rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. Treatment involves restoring blood flow through methods like thrombolysis, angioplasty or surgery as well as managing risk factors like smoking, diabetes and cholesterol. Patients with acute limb ischemia requiring inpatient care while those with stable chronic disease can often be treated as outpatients.
Screening For Cardiovascular Disease
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Cardiac assessment
This document provides guidance on performing a cardiovascular system assessment. It outlines the necessary equipment, steps for history collection and physical examination. The physical exam involves inspection of general appearance, vital signs, jugular venous pulse, precordial examination including auscultation of heart sounds and murmurs, and assessment of the peripheral vascular system. A detailed cardiovascular exam is important for evaluating symptoms, arranging appropriate tests and management, and assessing risk of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disorder
This document discusses several cardiovascular disorders including deep vein thrombosis, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, angina, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. For each disorder, it lists common signs and symptoms, potential causes, treatment options, and aspects of nursing management such as monitoring vital signs, administering medications, providing education and assessing pain. The document serves as a reference for nurses caring for patients with various cardiovascular conditions.
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1. The document discusses peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD), which refers to obstruction of arteries outside the heart and brain.
2. Risk factors for PAOD include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, older age, male sex, family history of vascular disease, and certain ethnicities.
3. Symptoms range from intermittent claudication to critical limb ischemia with rest pain and tissue loss. Physical exam findings and tests like the ankle-brachial pressure index can help in diagnosis.
4. Management options discussed include conservative treatment for mild cases as well as endovascular and surgical revascularization procedures for more severe cases.
CVS
The document provides guidance on evaluating patients presenting with cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain. It discusses taking a focused history and performing a thorough cardiovascular examination. The examination should follow a systematic approach and focus on listening to heart sounds and murmurs at different locations. Common cardiovascular conditions are reviewed, including how they may present on examination. For example, aortic stenosis may cause a slow rising pulse with a systolic murmur best heard at the right sternal border, while aortic regurgitation can lead to a collapsing pulse and diastolic murmur in the lower left sternal area. The document emphasizes practicing examination techniques and considering differential diagnoses.
Buerger's disease, Thromboangitis obliterans
Thromboangiitis obliterans is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease that affects small and medium-sized arteries. It predominantly affects young male smokers. The presentation is with pain in the lower extremities due to arterial insufficiency. Diagnosis involves excluding other causes through testing and showing features of segmental stenosis and occlusions on angiography. Treatment involves complete smoking cessation, medications to improve blood flow, and surgery in severe cases. Prognosis depends on patient adherence to avoiding tobacco.
perpheral vascular disease & gangrene examination
This document provides an examination outline for peripheral vascular disease and gangrene. It discusses examining the patient's history, performing a local examination of the affected area including inspection, palpation, and auscultation. The general examination involves assessing factors like the patient's age, sex, and any underlying conditions like atherosclerosis, Buerger's disease, Raynaud's disease, or diabetes that may have contributed to the vascular issues. Specific tests are outlined to evaluate symptoms, limb coloration, pulses, skin temperature, capillary and venous refill time, and to listen for bruits that could indicate problems like stenosis, aneurysms, or arteriovenous fistulas.
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A case about Aortic stenosis
This document presents a case of an 85-year-old female patient presenting with symptoms of edema, fatigue, dyspnea, angina, and near fainting. On examination, she had an elevated blood pressure, weak pulse, carotid thrill, and systolic murmur. The document then provides an explanation of how aortic stenosis could cause these observations. It defines aortic stenosis as the inability of the aortic valve to open during systole. The document recommends further investigations like echocardiogram and electrocardiogram to diagnose aortic stenosis and determine severity.
Topic of Vascular Claudication
Intermittent claudication is one of the most common symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is caused by atherosclerosis narrowing and stiffening the arteries that supply blood to the limbs. The main treatment options for intermittent claudication include risk factor modification through smoking cessation, glycemic control, blood pressure control, and lipid lowering; exercise therapy through regular walking sessions; and pharmacologic treatment including pentoxifylline and cilostazol which are FDA-approved for claudication. Revascularization procedures may also be considered if other treatments are ineffective.
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The document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, which occur when blood flow to the peripheral vessels is reduced, potentially leading to ischemia and tissue damage. It describes the layers of arteries and veins, and compares arterial and venous disorders. Specific conditions covered include atherosclerosis, arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), Raynaud's phenomenon, aneurysms, arterial embolism, and thrombophlebitis. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are discussed for each condition.
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Chest trauma can result from blunt or penetrating injuries and cause serious internal injuries like rib fractures, flail chest, pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. Flail chest involves two or more broken ribs in multiple places, creating a detached rib segment that moves independently. Pneumothorax is air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse, and tension pneumothorax is life-threatening as pressure builds within the chest. Hemothorax occurs when blood fills the pleural space, potentially compressing the heart and lungs. Treatment depends on the specific injuries but may include oxygen, analgesia, chest tube insertion, and surgery.
Vascular brain anatomy for Radiology by Dr Soumitra Halder
The document provides an overview of cerebral arterial and venous anatomy. It discusses:
1) The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, including the internal carotid artery (ICA) and its branches that form the anterior circulation, and the vertebrobasilar system that forms the posterior circulation.
2) The branches of major arteries like the external carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries.
3) Anatomical variations that can be seen, like hypoplastic vessels, fenestrations, and duplications.
4) Venous anatomy, including the dural venous sinuses and cerebral veins.
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pvd-190130172505.pdf
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to narrowed, blocked, or spasming blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It is commonly caused by atherosclerosis which leads to the buildup of fatty plaques in the arteries (atherosclerotic plaques). Symptoms range from mild intermittent leg pain with walking (intermittent claudication) to severe leg or foot pain at rest or skin ulcers/gangrene of the lower leg or foot. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications to reduce pain, plaque, or clotting, and potentially minimally invasive or open surgical procedures to restore blood flow if more conservative options are ineffective.
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In this presentation, I have described stroke and its subtypes, the ischemic stroke and the hemorrhagic stroke, their diagnosis, clinical manifestations and treatments.
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Hypertension, congestive heart failure, and ischemic disease are cardiovascular conditions discussed in the document. Hypertension is high blood pressure and can be primary or secondary. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood due to issues like hypertension, heart damage, or blockages. Ischemic disease includes angina, heart attack, atherosclerosis, and arteriosclerosis which are caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
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Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) can cause acute or chronic limb ischemia. PVD is usually caused by atherosclerosis and results in decreased blood flow causing pain. Chronic PVD can present as intermittent claudication relieved by rest or critical limb ischemia with rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ankle-brachial index, duplex ultrasound and angiography. Treatment focuses on risk factor modification, exercise rehabilitation, medical management and revascularization if needed to prevent limb loss and cardiovascular events.
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Stroke is defined as a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, which occurs when a blood vessel gets blocked and hemorrhagic, which occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Symptoms and areas of the brain affected depend on which blood vessel is involved. Treatment focuses on prevention through controlling risk factors like hypertension as well as acute interventions to restore blood flow and limit damage.
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There are many cardiovascular diseases that can affect the heart's rhythm or cause it to beat too quickly or slowly. Nearly one-third of deaths in Western countries are due to heart disease, mainly caused by coronary artery disease and high blood pressure. Coronary artery disease occurs when the arteries supplying the heart muscle become narrowed over time from atherosclerotic deposits, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Symptoms of coronary artery disease include chest pain and shortness of breath. Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain that occurs due to reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.
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This document discusses several cardiac pathologies including coronary artery disease, hypertensive heart disease, congenital heart defects, valve diseases, heart infections, anemia, and sickle cell anemia. Coronary artery disease is caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries which can lead to chest pain, heart attack, and death. Congenital defects like tetralogy of fallot involve multiple abnormalities present from birth that cause symptoms like shortness of breath. Valve diseases can involve stenosis where valves are too narrow or insufficiency where valves allow backflow of blood. Rheumatic fever can cause scarring of heart valves. Infections like endocarditis involve inflammation of the inner heart lining. Anem
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This document discusses common types of heart disease, their symptoms, and risk factors. It describes congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease, and coronary artery disease - conditions caused by blockages or narrowing of the arteries that reduce blood flow. The document provides an overview of heart disease and signs of infection, and directs readers to a website for more information on types of heart conditions.
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This document summarizes common heart and circulatory diseases. It describes ischemic heart diseases including stable and unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. It also discusses valvular diseases affecting the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. Heart failure is described as a syndrome with left-sided and right-sided varieties. Inflammatory heart conditions like pericarditis, myocarditis, and infective endocarditis are also summarized. Other conditions mentioned include hypertension, arteriosclerosis, aneurysms, arterial embolism, and venous thrombosis.
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This document discusses cardiac emergencies including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and congestive cardiac failure. It defines each condition, lists causes and risk factors, describes signs and symptoms, outlines diagnostic tests and treatment options, discusses complications, and provides nursing management guidelines. Angina is chest pain due to decreased blood flow to the heart while myocardial infarction and congestive cardiac failure involve the heart's inability to pump sufficiently due to disease or damage. Prompt recognition and treatment are important to save lives during these deadly emergencies.
Cardiacpathology 150308162825-conversion-gate01
This document discusses various cardiac pathologies including congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, and pericardial disease. Congenital heart disease can cause mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood and be present at birth. Ischemic heart disease is mainly caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and can lead to angina, myocardial infarction, or heart failure. Valvular diseases like rheumatic fever can cause valve stenosis or incompetence. Cardiomyopathy and pericarditis weaken the myocardium and pericardium respectively.
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This document summarizes several types of heart disease including coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. It defines these conditions and discusses their causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Key points include that coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries limiting blood flow to the heart, myocardial infarction occurs when heart tissue dies due to lack of oxygen, and heart failure is when the heart cannot pump sufficiently to meet the body's needs.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood supply to the heart is blocked, causing damage to heart muscle. It is usually caused by a blood clot forming at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque in one of the coronary arteries. This blockage damages heart tissue and reduces the heart's ability to contract. Symptoms include severe, prolonged chest pain, as well as other signs such as shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, blood tests of cardiac enzymes, and imaging tests like echocardiograms. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, preventing further clots, and managing complications.
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Cerebrovascular accident refers to a stroke, which occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. The document discusses the causes, types, symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic evaluation of strokes. It also summarizes hypertension, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease - all of which can increase the risk of strokes if not properly managed.
Cardiovascular Disease and Nutrition
Cardiovascular disease is a disease of the heart or blood vessels that can lead to heart attack or stroke. There are several types of cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and congenital heart disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in America, accounting for 40% of all deaths. Risk factors can be reduced through a healthy diet high in vegetables and fruits, regular exercise to strengthen the heart, and supplements like vitamins C, E, and B vitamins.
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Cardiovascular disease is a disease of the heart or blood vessels that can lead to heart attack or stroke. There are several types of cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in America. Risk factors can be reduced through a healthy diet of vegetables and fruits, regular exercise to strengthen the cardiovascular system, and supplements like vitamins C, E, and B vitamins.
Cardiovascular Disease & Nutrition
Cardiovascular disease is a disease of the heart or blood vessels that can lead to heart attack or stroke. There are several types of cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in America. Risk factors can be reduced through a healthy diet of vegetables and fruits, regular exercise to strengthen the cardiovascular system, and supplements like vitamins C, E, and B vitamins.
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that can reduce the heart's ability to pump and cause arrhythmias. Common symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Pericarditis is inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart and causes sharp chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing deeply. Both conditions are often caused by viruses and can be diagnosed through ECG, imaging tests, and cardiac enzyme levels. Treatment involves managing symptoms, treating any infections, and using medications like NSAIDs or colchicine.
arteriosclerosis.pptx
Arteriosclerosis refers to diseases where the arterial wall thickens and loses elasticity. It is caused by long-term high blood pressure and causes arteries to harden over years. Risk factors include aging, family history, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and inactivity. Arteriosclerosis can lead to coronary artery disease, carotid or peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, chronic kidney disease, and issues with blood flow to limbs. Managing diseases like high blood pressure and cholesterol through diet, exercise, and medication can help prevent arteriosclerosis.
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This presentation provides a knowledge about Ischemic heart Disease, Ischemia, Mechanism of Action, signs and symptoms, Causes of Ischemia, Ischemia in different body parts, Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Artherosclerosis, Drugs used to treat ischemia and recent discovery related to Cardiac ischemia. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
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Coronary artery disease can manifest as asymptomatic ischemia, angina, myocardial injury, or myocardial infarction. Angina can be stable, caused by exertion, or unstable, occurring at rest. A myocardial infarction is diagnosed through presenting signs and symptoms, EKG changes showing injury, and elevated cardiac enzymes. The pathophysiology of a heart attack involves inadequate oxygen supply, cell death, and complications such as arrhythmias from ischemia and electrolyte imbalances.
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Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume, and depends on how much blood the left ventricle pumps with each beat. Systemic vascular resistance refers to the resistance of blood vessels, which is influenced by vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel rigidity. Together, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance determine both systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings.
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Peripheral vascular disease
- 1. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) • Narrowing of blood vessels – outside of heart & brain • Arterial or venous (or both) • Often thought of as arterial problems
- 2. Thromboangiitis Obliterans Buerger’s Disease • Peripheral artery inflammatory disease • Young men who smoke cigarettes
- 3. Buerger’s Disease Pathophysiology S&S • med & sm artery • Pain inflammation • Diminished, absent • hands & feet pulses • emboli • Cyanosis (supine) • vasospasm • Reddish blue (sitting) • ischemia -- > pain --> • Skin shiny necrosis • Diminished hair growth
- 4. Raynaud’s Disease & Raynaud’s Phenomenon • Young women • Etiology – Idiopathic – Secondary to systemic diseases • SLE • scleroderma • serum sickness • Vasospasms in small arteries & arterioles – fingers, sometimes toes
- 5. Raynaud’s Disease & Raynaud’s Phenomenon S&S • Pallor • Numbness • Sensation of cold digits • Bilateral • Cyanosis • Rubor • Throbbing
- 6. Aneurysm Types • Localized outpouching of vessel wall or cardiac chamber • True – all 3 layers • False – clot within adventitial layer • Dissecting – blood within adventitial layer
- 10. Acute Arterial Occlusion S & S Usually from thrombus or emboli originating in LEFT heart Extremities Brain • Acute pain • Cover in neuro • Tingling – loss of sensation – loss of reflexes • Weakness – loss of function • Pallor /cold – loss of pulse