The document discusses cyclohexane conformations and Baeyer's strain theory. It explains that the chair conformation is the most stable configuration for cyclohexane, while the boat conformation is less stable due to steric interactions. Baeyer's strain theory postulates that deviations from ideal tetrahedral bond angles impose strain on a molecule, with greater deviations resulting in greater instability. The theory explains the reactivity of small ring cycloalkanes like cyclopropane.
Unit 1- Effects of substituents on Mono substituted benzene RingAnjali Bhardwaj
Effects of substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction
Activating & Deactivating group
Ortho and Para Directing group
Meta directing group
substitution on the benzene ring
Halides are Ortho & Para directing group why?
Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols
Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions,
What are phenols?
what about acidity of phenols?
factors affecting acidity of phenols?
Pka of phenols?
Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible.
Online Ustaad
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
you can also see
Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA
How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk
Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg
independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY
how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc
How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk
Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box.
if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos.
FOLLOW ME AT
dailyreviewz4@gmail.com
FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4
INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad
TWITTER : @onlineustaad4
#pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials
Unit 1- Effects of substituents on Mono substituted benzene RingAnjali Bhardwaj
Effects of substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction
Activating & Deactivating group
Ortho and Para Directing group
Meta directing group
substitution on the benzene ring
Halides are Ortho & Para directing group why?
Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols
Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions,
What are phenols?
what about acidity of phenols?
factors affecting acidity of phenols?
Pka of phenols?
Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible.
Online Ustaad
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
you can also see
Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA
How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk
Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg
independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY
how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc
How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk
Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box.
if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos.
FOLLOW ME AT
dailyreviewz4@gmail.com
FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4
INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad
TWITTER : @onlineustaad4
#pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBON : STRUCTURE AND USES OF NAPHTHELENE, ANTHRACENE,DI-PH...RishikaBehere1
Hello everyone, we the students of Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur have created a presentation of subject pharmaceutical organic chemistry -2 of third semester, Unit 4 : polynuclear hydrocarbons . This presentation was made for the purpose of better understanding of the topic structure and medicinal uses of naphthelene , anthracene, diphenylmethane , triphenylmethane , phenanthrene and their derivatives . This portion covers topics like structure, properties , and medicinal uses of polynuclear hydrocarbons such as naphthelene , anthracene , di-phenylmethane, tri-phenylmethane , phenanthrene and their respective derivatives.
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Unit i.Optical Isomerism as per PCI syllabus of POC-III Ganesh Mote
Unit I optical isomerism which is included in PCI syllabus of Sem IV of POC-III subject
This Unit Includes all points of Unit I such as nomenclature, R& S, d&l, D& L isomerism, Meso compounds, diastereomers, chirality, resolution of racemic mixture, enantiomers, Asymmetric synthesis,
Complexation and Protein Binding [Part-2](Method of analysis, Complexation a...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Method of Analysis: Methods of continuous variation / JOB’S method of continuous variation.
pH titration method.
Distribution method.
Solubility method.
Spectroscopy and charge transfer complexation.
Miscellaneous method
Biphenyl derivatives & Atropisomerism:Optical activity in Biphenyls, Stereochemistry of biphenyl derivatives, rules and assigning RS configuration to biphenyls
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBON : STRUCTURE AND USES OF NAPHTHELENE, ANTHRACENE,DI-PH...RishikaBehere1
Hello everyone, we the students of Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur have created a presentation of subject pharmaceutical organic chemistry -2 of third semester, Unit 4 : polynuclear hydrocarbons . This presentation was made for the purpose of better understanding of the topic structure and medicinal uses of naphthelene , anthracene, diphenylmethane , triphenylmethane , phenanthrene and their derivatives . This portion covers topics like structure, properties , and medicinal uses of polynuclear hydrocarbons such as naphthelene , anthracene , di-phenylmethane, tri-phenylmethane , phenanthrene and their respective derivatives.
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Unit i.Optical Isomerism as per PCI syllabus of POC-III Ganesh Mote
Unit I optical isomerism which is included in PCI syllabus of Sem IV of POC-III subject
This Unit Includes all points of Unit I such as nomenclature, R& S, d&l, D& L isomerism, Meso compounds, diastereomers, chirality, resolution of racemic mixture, enantiomers, Asymmetric synthesis,
Complexation and Protein Binding [Part-2](Method of analysis, Complexation a...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Method of Analysis: Methods of continuous variation / JOB’S method of continuous variation.
pH titration method.
Distribution method.
Solubility method.
Spectroscopy and charge transfer complexation.
Miscellaneous method
Biphenyl derivatives & Atropisomerism:Optical activity in Biphenyls, Stereochemistry of biphenyl derivatives, rules and assigning RS configuration to biphenyls
Conformational isomerism
Conformations of Ethane:
Conformations of Cyclohexane
Representation of conformations:
Sawhorse projection:
Newman projection:
The conformational analysis of cyclohexane
CONFORMATION OF MONO SUBSTITUTED CYCLOHEXANE
For B.Pharm 4th sem student
The isomerism which occurs due to difference of the positions of the substituents about a double bond or a ring due to restricted rotation is called geometric isomerism.
They do not rotate the plane of polarised light (unless they also happen to be chiral), and do not have identical properties.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Energy profile of the interconversion of
cyclohexane conformations
- Chair conformation: In this conformation, all
bonds are in staggered form, make molecule most
stable puckered conformation.
- Twist boat or skew boat conformation: This
conformation exists in between chair and boat
conformation and more stable than boat but less
stable than chair conformation.
- Half chair conformation: This is highly unstable
and strained conformation of Cyclohexane.
- Boat conformation: This is less stable
conformation than chair form by 6.8 kcal/mole is
due to flagpole interaction of hydrogen atoms.
3. Baeyer postulated
that any deviation
of bond angles
from the normal
tetrahedral value
would impose a
condition of
internal strain on
the ring.
4. The bond angle is of 1090 28'
(or 109.50) for carbon atom in
tetrahedral geometry
(methane molecule).
Baeyer proposed “any
deviation of bond angle from
ideal bond angle value
(109.50) will produce a strain
in molecule. Higher the
deviation lesser the instability.
5. These assumptions are helpful
to understand instability of
cycloalkane ring systems.
- The ring of cyclopropane is
triangle. All the three angles
are of 600 in place of 109.50
(normal bond angle for carbon
atom) to adjust them into
triangle ring system.
- In same manner, cyclobutane
is square and the bond angles
are of 900 in place of 109.50
(normal bond angle for carbon
atom) to adjust them into
square ring system.
6. As a result of this, the strain is
more in cyclopropane as
compare to cyclobutane. It will
make cyclopropane less stable
than cyclobutane. So,
cyclopropane easily undergoes
ring opening reaction as compare
to cyclobutane.
- According to Baeyer, the
relative order of stability for
some common cycloalkanes is as
under.
7. Limitation of Baeyer’s strain theory
Successfulness of Baeyer’s angle strain theory
- Baeyer rightly proposed that cyclopropane and
cyclobutane are flat molecule and having angle of
60˚ and 90˚ those are much deviated from the
ideal tetrahedral value of 109.50 hence these
ring systems are unstable and easily undergo
ring opening reactions. There is much angle
strain in cyclopropane and cyclobutane.
- Baeyer also proposed that Cyclopentane is not
need to be planar but it is planar as in that
condition the angle is much near to ideal
tetrahedral angle.
8. Orbital Picture of Angle Strain
- As we known that the bond formation effective
atomic orbital overlap is required.
- For carbon atom, in a molecule if it is sp3
hybridized then the bond angle is 109.50 and
orbital overlap is maximum.
- This is the reason for highly stable compounds.
- For an open chain compound, when carbon is
connected to other two carbon atoms, it is sp3
hybridized and utilize these hybrid orbitals to form
the bonds.
- In cyclopropane, the bond angle is 600 instead of
109.50.
- The carbon Atom don’t use sp3 hybridized orbital
hybridized to form the bond
- Hence, the bond is weaker as compare to usual
carbon-carbon bond
9. Coulson-Moffitt Model (Bent bond and Banana bond)
- Bent bond One of the first bent bond theories for
cyclopropane was the so-called Coulson-Moffitt
Model
- A bent bond, also known as a banana bond, is a
type of covalent chemical bond with a geometry
somewhat reminiscent of a banana.
- The term itself is a general representation of
electron density or configuration resembling a
similar "bent" structure within small ring molecules,
such as cyclopropane (C3H6) or as a representation
of double or triple bonds within a compound that is
an alternative to the sigma and pi bond model.
10. Sachse Mohr’s theory (Theory of strainless
rings)
- Baeyer suggested that both large and small
polymethylene rings should be strained, but
Hermann Sachse, soon pointed out that large
rings need not be strained, because the
carbons need not be coplanar.
- Sachse Mohr’s theory proposed that higher
member ring can become free from strain if
all the ring carbons are not forced into one
plane. They exhibit in two non-planar
puckered conformations both of which are
completely free from strain. These are called
the Chair Form and Boat Form
11. The chair conformation is the
most stable conformation of
cyclohexane.
- In chair cyclohexane there are
two types of positions, axial and
equatorial. The axial positions
point perpendicular to the plane
of the ring, whereas the
equatorial positions are around
the plane of the ring.
12. Strain means deformation of bond length and bond
angle from their ideal values under the influence of
internal force.
- This gives rise to an instability within a structure
with higher internal energy.
- Strain is term used for the energy associated with
a system due to its geometry.
- When a bond length or bond angle is distorted,
potential energy is stored in the molecule. this
potential energy that is stored in the molecules is
referred to as the strain or the strain energy.
- Type of Strain: (i) Torsional Strain or Eclipsed
Strain (ii) Angle Strain (iii) Steric Strain or Van-der
Walls Strain
13. Torsional strain or eclipsing strain is the increase
in potential energy of a molecule due to repulsion
between electrons in bonds that do not share an
atom
Steric strain can also be referred to as steric
hindrance, which is related to Van Der Waals
repulsion, or the strain that occurs as the distance
between two atoms or substituents decreases. Steric
strain occurs when multiple substituents are close
together, and cannot be separated by rotation.
Angle Strain: Strain caused when the actual bond
angles in the atoms of the molecule differ from the
ideal bond angles of their geometry.