The document discusses population and its distribution across the world. It begins by introducing key concepts like population density and factors influencing population distribution. It then covers three main topics: 1) The historical development of the world's population from slow growth to rapid increases due to declining mortality rates. 2) The uneven distribution of population globally, with dense areas in services/industry and sparse areas like deserts and rainforests. 3) Natural population movements defined by birth and mortality rates, with developing areas having high birth rates and developed areas having lower rates and increased life expectancy.

1. UNIT 3
POPULATION

2. INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY Look at the map and photos and answer
in groups:
 What does the map show us? Define
population density.
 What are the causes of the unequal
distribution of the population in the
world?
 What kind of settlement (rural or
urban) is increasing? Why?
 What do we see in the picture?
Where would you locate it on the
map?
 What are the fundamental
differences between urban and
rural settlement?

3. CONTENTS
AND
ACTIVITIES

4. 1. The historical development of the
world’s population

5. 1. The historical development of the world’s
population
• Old demographic regime: high birth rate (old mentality: women don’t
work, children for working, religious influence) and high mortality rate
(epidemic, famines, wars, no technologies) = SLOW POPULATION
GROWTH.

6. 1. The historical development of the world’s
population
• Demographic transition regimen to modern: At first, it has high birth rates and decrease
in mortality rate (better foods, hygiene and health) = POPULATIONGROWTH.
But at the end birth rates decreases because of the new mentality (women work,
children cost money, no religious influence, leisure time) = ZERO OR LITTLE GROWTH.

7. 1. The historical development of the world’s
population
• Regressive demographic stage: negative growth and ageing population
(no births and long life expectancy) = DECREASE IN POPULATION.
• Immigrants can increase the birth rates because of the mentality.

8. 1. The historical development of the world’s
population
1.1.The world’s population until the Industrial Revolution
•From the Neolithic Revolution onwards, population growth has been determined by
agriculture (food production), the natural environment and its climate (warm or cold periods,
droughts) and catastrophic events such as wars and epidemics.
•The world’s population grew slowly and unevenly until the 19th century (516 million
inhabitants).

9. 1. The historical development of the world’s
population
1.2.The world’s population between the 19th and 21st centuries
•The Industrial Revolution was a great force for transformation of human society.
•Birth rate increased and mortality rate decreased.
•The population exceeded 7.5 billion in 2017.
http://www.worldometers.info/es/
http://countrymeters.info/es/World
http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SP.POP.TOTL

10. 1. The historical development of the world’s
population
• CURRENT
DEMOGRAPHIC
TRENDS PAG46

11. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 46-47
• ACTIVITIES: 2,4
• Glossary: population.

12. FACTORS
O
N
SE
Q
U
E
N
CE
S
2. Distribution of the population
THE POPULATION IS NOT VERY WELL
DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE WORLD,
NEARLY THE 90% OF THE POPULATION
LIVES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.
LIKEWISE, ASIA HAS THE 60% OF THE
HUMANS BEING.
IMBALANCES
- Economic
- Ecological
- Social
Redistribution politics

13. 2. Distribution of the population
The world’s population is distributed unevenly across the globe. Some regions
have very little human population and others are densely populated.
2.1.High-density areas
• Services and industrial areas.These
are the most populated areas.
• Intensive-agriculture areas
• Areas rich in mineral resources
• Conurbations. Urban agglomerations:
Tokyo, Guangzhou, Ciudad de México,
Buenos Aires and Johannesburg
• Deserts. Absence of water and extreme temperatures
2.2.Low-density areas
• Rainforests. High temperatures,large amounts of
rainfall and lack of transport links.
• Boreal forests. Very small populations
because of cold, although rich in resources.
• Areas of extreme heat and cold. Lack of water.
Steppe regions.
• Mountainous areas
• Extensive agriculture and livestock areas

14. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 48-49
• ACTIVITIY:
• Looking at the map on page 48:
• Make a list of the regions that are more populated and the ones that have low density, matching
them with some of the factors and areas that you have studied.
• Example: - Sahara desert > desert (climate)
• Glossary: megalopolis, conurbation.

15. 3. Natural movements of the population
• The natural movements of the population refer to the natural process of life: birth and mortality
rates.
• The birth rate is the total number of births per 1000 inhabitants (%0) that occur during a year in a
particular place.
• The mortality rate is the total number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants that occur in a year in a
particular place.
• Natural population growth is the difference between births and deaths, and it is expressed
as a percentage (%).
• Life expectancy describes how long a person may live in years.

16. 3. Natural movements of the population
• High birth rate: less
developed countries.
• Low birth rate: Developed
countries.
• Wars.
• Migrations.

17. 3. Natural movements of the population

18. 3. Natural movements of the population
• High mortality rate: less
developed countries.
• Wars.
• Nutrition and health.
• Epidemics.
• Ageing (developed)
• Low mortality rate:
Developed countries.

19. 3. Natural movements of the population

20. 3. Natural movements of the population

21. 3. Natural movements of the population

22. 3. Natural movements of the population
• Natural growth: the population
keeps on growing.
• Africa and Near East grow
over 2%.
• Europe and Japan decrease.
• Life expectancy: health system,
nutrition, work conditions, social
justice.

23. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 50-51
• ACTIVITIIES: 11, 12, 13, 14.
• Glossary: birth rate, fertility rate, mortality rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy,
natural population growth.

24. 4. Migrations
• Migrations are the movements of people from their native countries to
other places.
EMIGRATIONS IMMIGRATIONS
•Duration: Although
there are seasonal
migrations, most
migrations last a few
years or are permanent.
•Causes: Economic,
political, ethnic or
religious reasons
•Destination: National
or international.
•Consequences:
•Positive: workforce (immigration) and increase the birth rate
(immigration).
•Negative: racism (immigration) and lost of the young population
(emigration)

25. 4. Migrations
•Areas which are less developed produce many emigrants.
• Africa, Central and South America, India, China, South-East Asia and certain European
countries are the main emigration areas.
•Immigration countries are the developed ones.
• U.S.A., southern Canada, Western Europe,Australia and the oil-producing countries of the
Arabian Peninsula.

26. 4. Migrations

27. 4. Migrations (19th century)

28. http://chartsbin.com/view/2080

29. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 52-53
• ACTIVITIY: 18*.
• Glossary: migration, emigration, immigration.

30. 5. Current demographic problems
5.1. DISORGANISED
POPULATIONGROWTH
The growth on each
continent varies
greatly.
Increase of
population in Africa,
Asia, Oceania and
America.
5.2. AGEINGANDYOUTH
Increase in ageing,
increases in life
expectancy and in
number of
pensioners.
The opposite situation
exists in manyAfrican
countries where
people rarely live
more than 64 years.
5.3. FAMINES, ILNESSES,
WARSAND HEALTH
DEFICIENCIES
Civil wars due to
religious, political or
ethnic reasons
Famine; lack of access
to food of under-
developed countries and
some collectives within
rich countries
Infectious illnesses
and a deficiency of
health services
5.4. FORCEDTO
EMIGRATE
Political problems,
lack of civil rights,
religious or ethnic
persecution are the
main causes
5.5. ETHNICANDGENDER
DISCRIMINATION
External
discrimination:
racism and
xenophobia
Internal
discrimination:
negative attitudes
towards people with
the same ethnicities
Gender
discrimination: it
affects women
because of their sex

31. RESEARCH
• Look for a new about demographic problems and share it with your
classmates. (bring the new cut out or printed)

32. END OF UNIT ACTIVITY
Thomas Robert Malthus, the founder of demographic studies
British economist and demographer (Dorking, 1766-Claverton, 1834). Their theories
allowed for the first demographic studies from a scientific nature to be carried out and to
start to take into account the possible difficulties that the growth of the world population
could create.
In his book “Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798), he put forward his idea that
population growth always tends to be greater than the food production, so that it is
impossible to maintain a constantly increasing population.
Likewise, he considered that when there is a surplus of food, the growth rate is
stimulated, although if the population grows too much this increase tends to be stopped
due to the appearance of famine, diseases and wars. For this reason, he proposed to take
measures of birth control; In particular, that people should marry later and have smaller
families.
Malthus’ theories represented a brake to the optimistic belief that a strong population
increase would give rise to the economic progress of the society.
READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER:
Do you think it is inviable that a country
can maintain a population in continuous
growth?
Do you think the relationship between
food and population growth is as close as
Malthus expressed?
Do you think it is right for governments
to introduce birth control measures or is it
a private matter that should not be
planned?
Read the following articles about the
one-child policy in China and express
your opinion:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/29/china-
abandons-one-child-policy
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-38714949

33. GLOSSARY
• Population
• Megalopolis
• Conurbation
• Birth rate
• Fertility rate
• Mortality rate
• Infant mortality rate
• Life expectancy
• Natural population
growth
• Migration
• Emigration
• Immigration

34. • FranciscoJavier Montaño Fernández
Geography and History teacher