International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. Almost every product can be found in international markets, including food, clothes, oil, jewelry, and currencies. About 15% of the world's output is traded internationally in a typical year. The WTO helps facilitate international trade by implementing trade agreements, resolving disputes, and reviewing countries' trade policies. While international trade provides benefits like increased efficiency and choice, it also faces challenges such as job losses and high startup costs of entering new markets.

1. International Trade
DLSL- A2D Macecon. SY:2012-2013

2. An Overview to the International Trade

3. International Trade
• the branch of economics concerned with the
exchange of goods and services with foreign
countries
• purchase, sale, or exchange of goods and
services across national borders

4. International Trade
• Almost every kind of product can be found
on the international market such as:
 Food
 Clothes
 Spare Parts
 Oil Jewelry
 Wine
 Stock
 Currencies

5. Reference: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2012_e/its12_trade_category_e.htm

6. Reference: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2012_e/its12_trade_category_e.htm

7. The Growth in World Trade
• about 15 percent of the world's output is
traded in international markets in a typical
year.
• while the importance of the international
sector varies enormously from country to
country, the volume of international trade has
increased substantially.
Reference:
Sexton, R.L. (2011). The Exploration of Macroeconomics. (5th ed.) China:
China Translation & Printing

8. The Growth in World Trade
• Year 1947: saw the creation of the GATT
(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
as an attempt to reduce such barriers to trade
as quotas, subsidies, tariffs and taxes.
• In 1997 GATT was
replaced by the WTO
(World Trade
Organization), its mandate
expanded to include
intellectual property rights
and foreign investment.
Reference:
Sexton, R.L. (2011). The Exploration of Macroeconomics. (5th ed.) China:
China Translation & Printing

9. World Trade Organizations
• only global international
organization dealing with
the rules of trade between
nations.
Main Goal:
• to help producers of
goods and services,
exporters, and importers
conduct their business.
Reference: http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/what_we_do_e.htm

10. WTO: What They do?
• Implementation and monitoring trade
• Dispute settlement
• Building trade capacity
• Investment and Trade
• Trade Policy Reviews
Reference: http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/what_we_do_e.htm

11. TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
Philippines:
• continues to hold with importance its membership
in the WTO and recognizes the value of the
WTO's achievements in fostering a competitive
environment.
• with its membership in 1995, the Philippines made
substantial commitments on market access and
plans to seek technical assistance programs from
its donor agencies and bilateral partners to assist
in the compliance of Trade Facilitation
commitments.
Reference: http://http://docsonline.wto.org

12. Did you know that?
It was last Nov. 10, 2012
when Management Board
of the Advisory Center
on WTO Law (ACWL)
under Pres. Aquino
appointed Ambassador
Esteban B. Conejos Jr.
as Philippine permanent
representative to the
World Trade Organization
(WTO)
Reference: http://http://docsonline.wto.org

13. Reference: http://http://docsonline.wto.org

14. Absolute
Advantag
e
and
Comparati
ve
Advantage

15. 1
2
3
4
5
8
7
6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units of clothing (millions)
Unitsoffood(millions)
Units of food Units of clothing
(millions) (millions)
8m 0.0
7m
6m
2.2m
4.0m
5m
4m
3m
5.0m
5.6m
6.0m
2m
1m
6.4m
6.7m
0 7.0m

16. 1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units of clothing (millions)
Unitsoffood(millions)
Units of food Units of clothing
(millions) (millions)
a 8m 0.0
7m
6m
2.2m
4.0m
5m
4m
3m
5.0m
5.6m
6.0m
2m
1m
6.4m
6.7m
0 7.0m
a

17. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units of clothing (millions)
Unitsoffood(millions)
Units of food Units of clothing
(millions) (millions)
8m 0.0
b 7m
6m
2.2m
4.0m
5m
4m
3m
5.0m
5.6m
6.0m
2m
1m
6.4m
6.7m
0 7.0m
b

18. 1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units of clothing (millions)
Unitsoffood(millions)
Units of food Units of clothing
(millions) (millions)
8m 0.0
7m
c 6m
2.2m
4.0m
5m
4m
3m
5.0m
5.6m
6.0m
2m
1m
6.4m
6.7m
0 7.0m
c

19. Opportunity Cost

21. occurs when a person or country can
produce a good or service at a lower
opportunity cost than others.
occurs when one producer can do a
task using fewer inputs than the
other producer
Absolute
Advantage
Comparative
Advantage

22. Because of specialization, both
nations can be better off, even if
one nation has an absolute
advantage in both goods over the
other.
WhySpecialize?

23. WhyTrade?
Reasons countries benefit from foreign
trade: • They can import resources
they lack at home.
• They can import goods for
which they are a relatively
inefficient producer.
• Specialization sometimes
permits economies of large-
scale production.

24. Application:
Student A is an academic scholar who almost constantly gets
a GPA of 1.25 every semester. This he is able to get by
allotting 54 hours of study time every week. Supposedly,
student A is also good at dancing and was planning to join
their school’s dance troop. On the other hand, B is an average
student who was also planning to join the troop.
Unfortunately, only one of them can be qualified. Moreover,
the troop allots 20 hours for practice weekly. Student A is
undeniably better than Student B in both dancing and
academics. Should Student A join the troop? Explain and
apply the concepts of specialization, opportunity cost,
absolute and comparative advantage and trade.

25. Answer:
•Student A has an absolute advantage over Student B in both
academics and paperwork.
•Still, by joining the Dance troop, Student A’s allotted time for
studying will be reduced to 34 hours every week. If he lets
Student B join the Dance troop instead, he will not be robbed of
time for study and his grades will not be affected in the process.
•Even though Student A is both better at academics and
dancing, it is better for him to specialize in academics (if he
wants to maintain his academic standing) in which he has a
comparative advantage, and allow Student B to join the Dance
troop. If he allows the other, there will be trade.
•The opportunity cost to Student A of being in the Dance troop
is high. For Student B, who is an average student, the
opportunity costs of being in the Dance troop are lesser.

26. "Humans do not have to
experience everything
themselves but can benefit
from what others have
learned."

27. Trade Barriers
(tariffs, quotas, and subsidies)
• Tariff
• Non-tariff

28. Tariff Trade Barrier
• a tax on goods
shipped
internationally
• A price-based barrier

30. Tariffs: Types of tariffs
• Import and export tariffs: a tax
levied on imports or exports of a
country.
• Transit tariff: a tax levied on
goods passing through the country.

31. • Specific duty: a tariff based on the
number of items being imported.
• Ad valorem duty: a tariff based on a
percentage of the value of imported
goods.
• Compound duty: a tariff consisting
of both a specific and ad valorem
duty.
Tariffs: Types of tariffs

32. Non- Tariff Trade Barrier
• Quota
• Subsidies

33. Import Quotas
A legal limit on the imported quantity of
a good that is produced abroad and
can be sold in domestic markets

34. Export Subsidies
• Government payments made to
domestic firms to encourage exports.
• Closely related to subsidies is
dumping.
– A firm or industry sells products on the
world market at prices below the cost of
production.

35. Reasons for Trade
Barriers
• Domestic Employment
• Low foreign wages
• Infant Industry
• Unfair Trade
• National Security

36. In International
Trade

37. • Excess of what a consumer is willing to
pay to what he actually has to pay.
• Excess of what a supplier is willing to
receive at a minimum amount and what
he actually receives.

38. • Represents a collection of maximum
prices a consumer is willing and able
to pay for different quantities of
commodities.
• Represents a collection of maximum
prices that suppliers require to be willing
to supply different quantities of
commodities.

39. • Once the equilibrium output is reached at
the equilibrium price, all of the mutually
beneficial opportunities from trade
between suppliers and demanders will
have taken place.
• Total gains to the economy from trade is the
sum of consumer and producer surplus

40. Quantity
Price
$8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4

41. • Domestic producers gain more than
domestic consumers lose.

42. • Domestic consumers gain
more than domestic producers
lose.

43. • If the price of a good or service of Country X
increases, the quantity of goods or services
offered by suppliers, foreign and domestic,
increases and vice versa.
• If the prices of the goods of Country X increases,
the demand for those goods will decrease and
the demand of the goods of Country Y which
costs less will increase.

44. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

45. Advantages of International Trade
• Leads to more efficient resource allocation
and lower cost per unit of output as the
market becomes bigger and broader to
exercise economies of scale, etc.
• Non-economic advantages like political,
social and cultural advantages to be
gained by fostering trade in international
organizations like WTO, etc.

46. • It helps to widen the range of choice of goods
or products
• It allows the transfer of knowledge,
technologies and information between trading
partners
• It enables the countries to specialization
which increases the world output and
standard of living
Advantages of International Trade

47. • It increases the need to become efficient
and effective in the production process
because of competition
• It stimulates research and development
policies and more rapid adoption of new
technology to reduce cost of production
Advantages of International Trade

48. Disadvantages of
International Trade

49. • One may need to wait for long term gains
• Hiring professional staffs to launch international
trade is timely and costly to do
• Modifying product or packaging
• Develop new promotional material
Disadvantages of International Trade

50. • Incur added administrative costs
• Dealing with special licenses and regulations
• Apply for additional financing
Disadvantages of International Trade

51. THANK
YOU