In this presentation, we will discuss various features and types of foreign trade. We will also discuss the favorable and unfavorable conditions for trading, important legal terms and agreements that needs to be maintained, methods of foreign trade, off-shore banking and overview on European currency units.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
Balance of trade and balance of payments are key economic indicators of international trade. Balance of trade refers specifically to physical goods, comparing the value of a country's exports to its imports. It is favorable if exports exceed imports. Balance of payments includes both physical goods and invisible items like services, income, and capital transfers. It always balances to zero and includes the current account for trade in goods/services and the capital account. Unfavorable balances can be caused by economic, political, and social factors but can be improved through export promotion, reducing imports, and exploring new markets.
In this presentation we will deal with “Trade Finance”, where in we will talk about Methods and Types of Trading, Trade Contracts and Agreements, Trade Zone and role of financial institutions and banks in the Trading Business.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
Balance of payment concept, components and trends shivakumar patil
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
The document discusses the concept of balance of trade. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports over a period of time. A positive balance of trade occurs when exports are greater than imports, while a negative balance happens when imports are greater than exports. The document also examines the importance of balance of trade, types of trade, factors that can affect a country's balance of trade, and provides examples of Pakistan's balance of trade over time.
Foreign trade refers to a country's imports and exports of goods and services between itself and other countries. No country produces everything it needs, so international trade allows countries to import goods they do not produce domestically in exchange for exports. There are two main types of trade: visible trade involving physical goods and invisible trade involving services. A country's balance of trade tracks the difference between the value of its exports and imports, running a surplus if exports exceed imports and a deficit if imports exceed exports. The balance of payments broader accounts for all international transactions, including the balance of trade, investment income, and financial transfers. Maintaining a favorable balance of payments involves managing factors that influence imports, exports, and international capital flows.
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
Balance of trade and balance of payments are key economic indicators of international trade. Balance of trade refers specifically to physical goods, comparing the value of a country's exports to its imports. It is favorable if exports exceed imports. Balance of payments includes both physical goods and invisible items like services, income, and capital transfers. It always balances to zero and includes the current account for trade in goods/services and the capital account. Unfavorable balances can be caused by economic, political, and social factors but can be improved through export promotion, reducing imports, and exploring new markets.
In this presentation we will deal with “Trade Finance”, where in we will talk about Methods and Types of Trading, Trade Contracts and Agreements, Trade Zone and role of financial institutions and banks in the Trading Business.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
Balance of payment concept, components and trends shivakumar patil
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
The document discusses the concept of balance of trade. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports over a period of time. A positive balance of trade occurs when exports are greater than imports, while a negative balance happens when imports are greater than exports. The document also examines the importance of balance of trade, types of trade, factors that can affect a country's balance of trade, and provides examples of Pakistan's balance of trade over time.
Foreign trade refers to a country's imports and exports of goods and services between itself and other countries. No country produces everything it needs, so international trade allows countries to import goods they do not produce domestically in exchange for exports. There are two main types of trade: visible trade involving physical goods and invisible trade involving services. A country's balance of trade tracks the difference between the value of its exports and imports, running a surplus if exports exceed imports and a deficit if imports exceed exports. The balance of payments broader accounts for all international transactions, including the balance of trade, investment income, and financial transfers. Maintaining a favorable balance of payments involves managing factors that influence imports, exports, and international capital flows.
This document provides information about a seminar presentation on the balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It discusses the key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and official reserve account. It also covers topics such as balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium, and causes of imbalance.
This document discusses different types of exchange rate systems and how exchange rates are determined. It outlines fixed exchange rates where a government sets the rate, floating/flexible rates where market forces determine the rate, and managed rates where a government intervenes to influence the rate. It then provides details on how demand and supply impact exchange rate equilibrium and can cause currency appreciation or depreciation under flexible systems.
- India's foreign trade can be traced back to the Indus Valley civilization. The 1991 reforms aimed to liberalize trade and attract foreign investment.
- The direction of India's trade refers to its major export and import partners. Exports have diversified to many countries. Major import sources are European countries.
- The composition of trade analyzes product groups. Exports have diversified from primary goods to manufactured goods. Imports now include more capital goods and industrial inputs.
- The balance of trade is favorable if exports exceed imports, and unfavorable if imports exceed exports. The balance of payments includes current accounts like trade plus capital and financial flows. India has recently experienced a lower trade deficit and falling exports and imports
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
The document defines and explains the key concepts of a country's balance of payments (BOP). It states that BOP is the systematic accounting of all economic transactions between a country's residents and the rest of the world over a period, usually a year. For accounting purposes, transactions are grouped under current transactions, capital transactions, reserves accounts, and errors and omissions. Current transactions include exports, imports and unilateral transfers, while capital transactions involve foreign investment, borrowing and lending, and banking transactions. The reserves account shows a country's foreign exchange holdings and the errors and omissions entry balances any reporting discrepancies.
A good slide on export vs import it will help you more to understand about export vs import. just look at this slide and you automatically see how worthy this slides are . Thank you
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items. The balance of payments is important as it provides indications of a country's past trade performance and guides monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. It is made up of the current account, capital account, and reserves and errors account. A balanced balance of payments means the total credits equal total debits, while a surplus or deficit represents an imbalance.
This document discusses foreign exchange and exchange rates. It defines foreign exchange as currencies other than a country's domestic currency used in international trade. Exchange rates are the prices of currencies expressed in terms of other currencies and can fluctuate based on supply and demand. The document outlines factors that influence exchange rates and why foreign exchange is needed for international trade. It also defines and compares different exchange rate systems and discusses how exchange rates are determined in currency markets through the interaction of demand and supply of foreign currencies.
This document provides an overview of recent trends in India's foreign trade since 2000. It discusses India's foreign trade policy, the importance of foreign trade, documents used in foreign trade transactions, key features of India's foreign trade, benefits and limitations of foreign trade, and India's export and import performance by key commodities and countries. The conclusion is that India's foreign trade has undergone positive changes since implementing its foreign trade policy in 2000, with exports and imports among foreign countries increasing and becoming more secure, helped by the establishment of special economic zones.
A fantastic PPT on balance of payments. The PPT includes a complete of the meaning and various concepts of balance of payments. It also discusses about the type of transactions recorded in BOP and various types of accounts.
The document summarizes India's balance of payments (BOP) over several years. It finds that:
1. India's trade balance has consistently been in deficit as imports have exceeded exports. Imports of petroleum products in particular have increased steadily.
2. The current account, which includes both visible and invisible items, recorded deficits from 1990-2001 but surpluses in 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Invisibles like services and remittances have helped cover trade deficits.
3. Capital account has remained positive due to large inflows of foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, and deposits from non-resident Indians. Foreign exchange reserves have fluctuated depending on current and capital accounts.
The balance of payments records international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has three main components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. A deficit occurs when payments are greater than receipts, while a surplus is when receipts are greater. Disequilibria can be caused by economic, political, and social factors. Countries use automatic and deliberate measures to correct imbalances, with deliberate measures including monetary, trade, and other policies.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It allows countries to specialize in what they can produce at a lower cost based on their resources and advantages. According to the theory of absolute advantage, if one country can produce a good at a lower absolute cost than another country, then both countries benefit from trade. The document discusses the types, characteristics, benefits, barriers, and theories of international trade.
The document provides information on India's foreign trade policies and trends over several decades. It discusses the evolution of India's trade balance from deficits in the early decades to surpluses more recently. Key points include:
- India had trade deficits from the 1950s through 1980s as imports grew faster than exports due to developmental needs and oil shocks. Deficits peaked in the 1980s, making India one of the most indebted countries.
- Liberalization began in the 1990s with policies promoting exports and attracting foreign capital. This reduced deficits and led to surpluses in the 2000s as exports grew rapidly, especially for software and manufactured goods.
- More recent foreign trade policies have aimed to
Corrective measures of BOP disequilibriumKunthavai ..
To correct a balance of payments deficit, a country has monetary and trade measures available. Monetary measures include deflation, devaluation, exchange rates, and exchange depreciation. Trade measures involve export promotions and import controls such as quotas. Deflation lowers prices to make exports cheaper abroad. Devaluation reduces the value of the home currency to boost exports and curb imports. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported to reduce the deficit and improve the balance of payments.
This document discusses foreign exchange rates and foreign exchange markets. It defines foreign exchange as currencies other than a country's domestic currency. The foreign exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. The foreign exchange market allows for the trading of national currencies. Equilibrium in the foreign exchange market occurs where demand and supply of foreign currencies are equal. Exchange rates can be fixed by a government or float based on market forces.
The balance of payments is a record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items like services, capital inflows and outflows. The balance of payments statement has a current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and a capital account. India's balance of payments was positive in the early five-year plans but turned negative later as imports grew.
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
The document discusses the concept of purchasing power parity (PPP). It defines PPP as the exchange rate between two currencies that would equalize the purchasing power of the currencies in their respective countries. The document notes that under PPP, a given amount of one currency should have the same purchasing power whether used directly to purchase goods in that country or converted to the other currency at the PPP rate. It then asks several questions about how inflation, interest rates, and other factors may impact exchange rates. The rest of the document provides explanations of absolute and relative PPP, how PPP is used to make cross-country comparisons, and some limitations of the PPP theory.
The document summarizes India's strategy to increase exports of marine products by strengthening domestic production capabilities and developing effective marketing arrangements abroad. It notes that India's seafood exports have grown significantly in recent years but could reach over $3.5 billion by 2009 with focus on areas like aquaculture expansion, technology upgrades, and tapping new resources. Major exporting states include Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, which send products like shrimp, frozen fish, cuttlefish, and squid to over 90 import countries globally.
The document discusses India's foreign trade policy. It outlines the objectives of the foreign trade policy for 2009-2014, which include arresting the decline in exports and achieving annual export growth targets of 15% by 2013 and 25% by 2014. It also discusses India's export and import controls, composition of exports and imports, regional trade agreements, and various export promotion measures implemented by the Indian government like incentives, institutional support, and special economic zones.
This document provides information about a seminar presentation on the balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It discusses the key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and official reserve account. It also covers topics such as balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium, and causes of imbalance.
This document discusses different types of exchange rate systems and how exchange rates are determined. It outlines fixed exchange rates where a government sets the rate, floating/flexible rates where market forces determine the rate, and managed rates where a government intervenes to influence the rate. It then provides details on how demand and supply impact exchange rate equilibrium and can cause currency appreciation or depreciation under flexible systems.
- India's foreign trade can be traced back to the Indus Valley civilization. The 1991 reforms aimed to liberalize trade and attract foreign investment.
- The direction of India's trade refers to its major export and import partners. Exports have diversified to many countries. Major import sources are European countries.
- The composition of trade analyzes product groups. Exports have diversified from primary goods to manufactured goods. Imports now include more capital goods and industrial inputs.
- The balance of trade is favorable if exports exceed imports, and unfavorable if imports exceed exports. The balance of payments includes current accounts like trade plus capital and financial flows. India has recently experienced a lower trade deficit and falling exports and imports
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
The document defines and explains the key concepts of a country's balance of payments (BOP). It states that BOP is the systematic accounting of all economic transactions between a country's residents and the rest of the world over a period, usually a year. For accounting purposes, transactions are grouped under current transactions, capital transactions, reserves accounts, and errors and omissions. Current transactions include exports, imports and unilateral transfers, while capital transactions involve foreign investment, borrowing and lending, and banking transactions. The reserves account shows a country's foreign exchange holdings and the errors and omissions entry balances any reporting discrepancies.
A good slide on export vs import it will help you more to understand about export vs import. just look at this slide and you automatically see how worthy this slides are . Thank you
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items. The balance of payments is important as it provides indications of a country's past trade performance and guides monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. It is made up of the current account, capital account, and reserves and errors account. A balanced balance of payments means the total credits equal total debits, while a surplus or deficit represents an imbalance.
This document discusses foreign exchange and exchange rates. It defines foreign exchange as currencies other than a country's domestic currency used in international trade. Exchange rates are the prices of currencies expressed in terms of other currencies and can fluctuate based on supply and demand. The document outlines factors that influence exchange rates and why foreign exchange is needed for international trade. It also defines and compares different exchange rate systems and discusses how exchange rates are determined in currency markets through the interaction of demand and supply of foreign currencies.
This document provides an overview of recent trends in India's foreign trade since 2000. It discusses India's foreign trade policy, the importance of foreign trade, documents used in foreign trade transactions, key features of India's foreign trade, benefits and limitations of foreign trade, and India's export and import performance by key commodities and countries. The conclusion is that India's foreign trade has undergone positive changes since implementing its foreign trade policy in 2000, with exports and imports among foreign countries increasing and becoming more secure, helped by the establishment of special economic zones.
A fantastic PPT on balance of payments. The PPT includes a complete of the meaning and various concepts of balance of payments. It also discusses about the type of transactions recorded in BOP and various types of accounts.
The document summarizes India's balance of payments (BOP) over several years. It finds that:
1. India's trade balance has consistently been in deficit as imports have exceeded exports. Imports of petroleum products in particular have increased steadily.
2. The current account, which includes both visible and invisible items, recorded deficits from 1990-2001 but surpluses in 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Invisibles like services and remittances have helped cover trade deficits.
3. Capital account has remained positive due to large inflows of foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, and deposits from non-resident Indians. Foreign exchange reserves have fluctuated depending on current and capital accounts.
The balance of payments records international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has three main components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. A deficit occurs when payments are greater than receipts, while a surplus is when receipts are greater. Disequilibria can be caused by economic, political, and social factors. Countries use automatic and deliberate measures to correct imbalances, with deliberate measures including monetary, trade, and other policies.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It allows countries to specialize in what they can produce at a lower cost based on their resources and advantages. According to the theory of absolute advantage, if one country can produce a good at a lower absolute cost than another country, then both countries benefit from trade. The document discusses the types, characteristics, benefits, barriers, and theories of international trade.
The document provides information on India's foreign trade policies and trends over several decades. It discusses the evolution of India's trade balance from deficits in the early decades to surpluses more recently. Key points include:
- India had trade deficits from the 1950s through 1980s as imports grew faster than exports due to developmental needs and oil shocks. Deficits peaked in the 1980s, making India one of the most indebted countries.
- Liberalization began in the 1990s with policies promoting exports and attracting foreign capital. This reduced deficits and led to surpluses in the 2000s as exports grew rapidly, especially for software and manufactured goods.
- More recent foreign trade policies have aimed to
Corrective measures of BOP disequilibriumKunthavai ..
To correct a balance of payments deficit, a country has monetary and trade measures available. Monetary measures include deflation, devaluation, exchange rates, and exchange depreciation. Trade measures involve export promotions and import controls such as quotas. Deflation lowers prices to make exports cheaper abroad. Devaluation reduces the value of the home currency to boost exports and curb imports. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported to reduce the deficit and improve the balance of payments.
This document discusses foreign exchange rates and foreign exchange markets. It defines foreign exchange as currencies other than a country's domestic currency. The foreign exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. The foreign exchange market allows for the trading of national currencies. Equilibrium in the foreign exchange market occurs where demand and supply of foreign currencies are equal. Exchange rates can be fixed by a government or float based on market forces.
The balance of payments is a record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items like services, capital inflows and outflows. The balance of payments statement has a current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and a capital account. India's balance of payments was positive in the early five-year plans but turned negative later as imports grew.
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
The document discusses the concept of purchasing power parity (PPP). It defines PPP as the exchange rate between two currencies that would equalize the purchasing power of the currencies in their respective countries. The document notes that under PPP, a given amount of one currency should have the same purchasing power whether used directly to purchase goods in that country or converted to the other currency at the PPP rate. It then asks several questions about how inflation, interest rates, and other factors may impact exchange rates. The rest of the document provides explanations of absolute and relative PPP, how PPP is used to make cross-country comparisons, and some limitations of the PPP theory.
The document summarizes India's strategy to increase exports of marine products by strengthening domestic production capabilities and developing effective marketing arrangements abroad. It notes that India's seafood exports have grown significantly in recent years but could reach over $3.5 billion by 2009 with focus on areas like aquaculture expansion, technology upgrades, and tapping new resources. Major exporting states include Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, which send products like shrimp, frozen fish, cuttlefish, and squid to over 90 import countries globally.
The document discusses India's foreign trade policy. It outlines the objectives of the foreign trade policy for 2009-2014, which include arresting the decline in exports and achieving annual export growth targets of 15% by 2013 and 25% by 2014. It also discusses India's export and import controls, composition of exports and imports, regional trade agreements, and various export promotion measures implemented by the Indian government like incentives, institutional support, and special economic zones.
This document summarizes India's potential for foreign trade and exports in several key industries. It notes that India has the potential to become one of the top 5 export countries by 2030, with top export destinations being the US, Europe, and parts of Africa and the Middle East. Key promising export sectors include agriculture, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, textiles, transportation equipment, and services. The document then focuses on India's strengths in the agricultural and food industries, describing its leading global positions in producing foods like milk, buffalo, mangoes, bananas, fruits, and vegetables. It outlines opportunities for India to increase agro-exports and highlights some of the major domestic players and multinationals in the food industry.
This document outlines key concepts related to foreign trade for Malaysian SMEs. It defines SME categories based on annual sales turnover or number of employees. Foreign trade involves the import and export of goods and services between countries. The benefits of exports include cost reduction, increased profits from larger markets, and gaining new market information and reputation. Imports allow for cheaper supplies and new market sources. Managing foreign trade requires consideration of objectives, regulations, delegation of authority, documentation, financial plans, marketing research, and cultural factors in target markets.
India's import and export system is governed by the Foreign Trade Act and Export Import Policy. Imports and exports require an Import Export Code obtained from regional licensing authorities. Goods are classified as restricted, canalized, or prohibited for imports, and restricted, prohibited, or state trading enterprise for exports. There are various duties involved in imports and exports including basic duty, additional customs duty, additional duty (VAT), anti-dumping duty, countervailing duty, safeguard duty, protective duties, and education and higher education cess. Customs value is determined based on transaction value or tariff value set by authorities.
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEr. Vaibhav Agarwal
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) was created in 1944 to help rebuild Europe after World War II. Today, IBRD provides loans and assistance to middle-income countries to reduce poverty and promote economic growth. As the largest development bank, IBRD aims to end extreme poverty by 2030 through loans, expertise, and coordination. India is a long-standing member and borrower of IBRD, receiving over $42 billion in loans for projects across multiple sectors. IBRD raises most of its funding through bond issuances and maintains a AAA credit rating.
IFC
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset management services to encourage private sector development in developing countries.The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. It was established on July 20, 1956 as the private sector arm of the World Bank Group to advance economic development by investing in strictly for-profit and commercial projects that purport to reduce poverty and promote development.The IFC's stated aim is to create opportunities for people to escape poverty and achieve better living standards by mobilizing financial resources for private enterprise, promoting accessible and competitive markets, supporting businesses and other private sector entities, and creating jobs and delivering necessary services to those who are poverty-stricken or otherwise vulnerable. Since 2009, the IFC has focused on a set of development goals that its projects are expected to target. Its goals are to increase sustainable agriculture opportunities, improve health and education, increase access to financing for microfinance and business clients, advance infrastructure, help small businesses grow revenues, and invest in climate health.
The IFC is owned and governed by its member countries (184), but has its own executive leadership and staff that conduct its normal business operations. It is a corporation whose shareholders are member governments that provide paid-in capital and which have the right to vote on its matters.Originally more financially integrated with the World Bank Group, the IFC was established separately and eventually became authorized to operate as a financially autonomous entity and make independent investment decisions.It offers an array of debt and equity financing services and helps companies face their risk exposures, while refraining from participating in a management capacity. The corporation also offers advice to companies on making decisions, evaluating their impact on the environment and society, and being responsible.It advises governments on building infrastructure and partnerships to further support private sector development. The IFC is governed by its Board of Governors which meets annually and consists of one governor per member country.Each member typically appoints one governor and also one alternate.[ International Finance Corporation (2010). IFC Annual Report 2010: Where Innovation Meets Impact (Report). World Bank Group. Retrieved 2012-06-09.] Although corporate authority rests with the Board of Governors, the governors delegate most of their corporate powers and their authority over daily matters such as lending and business operations to the Board of Directors.The IFC's Board of Directors consists of 25 executive directors who meet regularly and work at the IFC's headquarters, and is chaired by the President of the World Bank Group.
The Bretton Woods system established the international monetary order that existed from the end of World War II until the early 1970s. It was created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The system tied global currencies to gold and used adjustable peg exchange rates within 1% limits. It aimed to prevent competitive currency devaluations and economic nationalism that damaged the global economy in the 1930s. The US-led system reflected Harry Dexter White's plans over John Maynard Keynes' proposals, given the US's dominant power following World War II.
International Bank For Reconstruction And Developmentajithsrc
The document discusses two organizations that provide financial assistance to developing countries: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The IBRD helps nations recover from war and reduces poverty through loans, guarantees, and risk management services. The IDA, established in 1960 as part of the World Bank, provides interest-free credits and grants to the world's poorest countries to boost economic growth, reduce inequality, and improve living conditions. The IDA lends money on concessional terms to the 79 poorest countries, with 39 in Africa, and is a major source of funds for basic social services in these nations.
The document discusses various payment terms used in international trade: cash in advance, letter of credit, documentary collection, consignment, and open account. It provides details on the process and risks involved for exporters and importers for each payment method. A letter of credit is described as the most secure option, where payment is guaranteed by the importer's bank within a specified time upon presentation of shipping documents. The risks shift from the exporter to the importer the further down the list the payment terms move from cash in advance to open account.
The document provides information on the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDA). It discusses that IRDA was established in 1999 by an act of Parliament to regulate and develop the insurance industry in India. IRDA aims to protect policyholders' interests and ensure the orderly growth of the insurance sector for the benefit of the public. It oversees functions like issuing certificates to insurance companies, handling complaints, promoting efficiency, and regulating investment and solvency standards. The document also outlines IRDA's duties and powers under the law.
Foreign trade policy india & its impact on indian tradeMegha0000
The document provides an overview of India's foreign trade policy, including key objectives, schemes, and initiatives. Some of the main points covered include:
- The policy aims to double India's share of global trade by 2020 and achieve an export target of $200 billion.
- It introduces new incentive schemes like the Focus Market Scheme and Focus Product Scheme to promote exports.
- Special focus sectors include agriculture, handlooms, gems and jewelry, and electronics.
- The policy aims to encourage technological upgrades, support major exporters, and diversify markets.
International trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between parties located in different countries. It has several distinguishing features compared to domestic trade within a country, such as the immobility of production factors across borders, geographical and climatic differences between countries, and differing currency and political systems among trading nations. Managing the balance of payments, or the difference between a country's total imports and exports, is also a unique issue for international trade that does not apply to domestic trade within one country.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), also known as the World Bank, is an international financial institution established in 1944 to finance post-war reconstruction and development. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and has 188 member countries. The IBRD provides long-term loans, policy advice, technical assistance to middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries for sustainable projects focused on reducing poverty and promoting economic growth. It raises most of its funds through debt issuances on global capital markets. Key activities include projects focused on education, health, infrastructure, private sector development, and environment protection.
India’s Foreign Trade: Direction and Composition of Traderangegowda12345
India's foreign trade has grown substantially over the years. The document discusses key trends in India's exports and imports between 2004-2014. It notes that India's top export partners are the USA, UAE, and Saudi Arabia, with petroleum products, pearls/precious stones, and gold being the top exported commodities. For imports, China is the top source country, followed by Saudi Arabia and UAE, with crude petroleum, gold, and other commodities being the leading imports. The composition and direction of India's trade has changed significantly since the 1990s liberalization, with growing exports of manufactured goods and imports of capital goods and industrial materials.
This document discusses international trade and comparative advantage. It begins by introducing Paul Krugman's support for free trade and comparative advantage. It then discusses concepts like specialization based on comparative advantage, gains from trade including increased competition and economic growth. The document uses an example to illustrate how two countries can both benefit from specializing in different goods based on their relative costs of production. It acknowledges some of the assumptions and limitations of comparative advantage theory. Finally, it discusses patterns of exports for different countries and how the UK's comparative advantage has shifted over time.
International trade occurs between countries due to differences in factors of production and limited mobility between countries. There are three main reasons for international trade: diversity of production conditions between countries, increasing returns to scale, and differences in tastes for goods. International trade has advantages like increased world output, variety of goods and services, and economic growth. However, it also has disadvantages such as economic and political interdependence and depletion of national reserves. Countries employ protectionist policies and trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, and embargoes to protect domestic industries and employment.
International trade has been an important part of the Indian economy for centuries. After gaining independence in 1947, India followed socialist policies that protected domestic industries and heavily regulated foreign trade. Since the late 1980s, India has moved towards more open trade policies and liberalization. India's major exports include engineering goods, textiles, gems and jewelry, while major imports are crude oil, machinery, and chemicals. Though trade represents a smaller share of India's GDP compared to other countries, India's international trade has grown significantly in recent decades, with the Exim Bank established to support trade financing.
In this presentation, we will discuss about Instruments of Foreign Trades, focusing on the details of documents used, bills, insurance policies, claims, bills of exchange, invoices, certificates, packing lists.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
India has emerged as an attractive destination for foreign direct investment, especially in the services sector. However, it
has failed to become a major manufacturing hub, which could provide greater economic benefits. While FDI is an
important source of financing economic development, it is not a solution for issues like poverty, unemployment, and other
economic problems. To achieve its goals and attract more FDI, India needs a consistent long-term development strategy
and transparency in policymaking.
In this presentation, we will discuss about International Business Environment while focusing on the factors to globalize a business. Types of international business, growing importance to globalize, motivators to become an international company for a domestic firm will also be discussed here. Various favorable business environment and strategic decisions that influence and affect international business will be discussed along with.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Depository receipts represent ownership of shares in a foreign company that are held in trust by a domestic bank. There are three main types: American Depository Receipts (ADRs), which are issued and traded in the US; Global Depository Receipts (GDRs), which are issued and traded elsewhere; and Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs), which allow foreign companies to raise capital from the Indian market. ADRs/GDRs provide foreign companies access to international investors and capital markets. There are different levels of ADRs with increasing regulatory requirements associated with higher levels that provide greater visibility and trading opportunities in US markets. IDRs similarly allow Indian investors to invest in foreign companies.
Unit 1 international finance an overviewVipul Kumar
This document provides an overview of international finance. It defines international finance as the study of monetary interactions between countries, focusing on areas like foreign direct investment and currency exchange rates. The key features discussed are that international finance affects economic and monetary systems across borders, and involves major players like multinational corporations. It also involves methods of financing international business and foreign trade. Challenges in international finance mentioned include varied economic systems between countries, tariffs, political risks, and cultural/language differences. The document also discusses dumping, where a company sells goods at a high price domestically but a low price internationally, and anti-dumping measures countries employ in response.
FDI in retail refers to foreign investment in the retail sector of India. The document discusses the various forms of FDI in retail in India - single brand retail allowing up to 51% FDI, cash and carry wholesale allowing 100% FDI, and multi-brand retail which is currently not allowed. It also outlines the debates around the benefits and criticisms of allowing FDI in retail, such as job creation but also threats to small retailers. Overall, it examines both sides of the issue and suggests there are difficult questions for policymakers to address around how best to leverage FDI while supporting domestic industries and employment.
FDI in retail refers to foreign investment in the retail sector of India. The document discusses the various forms of FDI in retail in India - single brand retail allowing up to 51% FDI, cash and carry wholesale allowing 100% FDI, and multi-brand retail which is currently not allowed. It also outlines the debates around the benefits and criticisms of allowing FDI in retail, such as job creation but also threats to small retailers. Overall, it examines both sides of the issue and suggests there are difficult questions for policymakers to address around how best to leverage FDI while supporting domestic industries and employment.
In this presentation, we will discuss about the procedure of importing goods, acquiring licenses, various types of licenses, import evidence, acquisition of foreign currency. WE will also discuss about the rules and restrictions of import and exports.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
International trade involves the exchange of goods between countries. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods they have a comparative advantage in and import goods from other countries. International trade promotes economic growth and development by allowing for more efficient use of resources on a global scale. It also fosters cultural exchange and lowers prices for consumers worldwide. However, international trade also faces challenges such as currency exchange issues, legal barriers between countries, and greater risks associated with transporting goods over long distances. Overall, when managed properly, international trade provides significant benefits to participating countries.
At the most basic level, economics attempts to explain how and why we make the purchasing choices we do. Four key economic concepts—scarcity, supply and demand, costs and benefits, and incentives—can help explain many decisions that humans make
This document discusses international trade and the export process. It defines international trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries. It then outlines the key steps in the export process, including registering as an importer/exporter, understanding documentation and terms of sale, completing customs formalities, and receiving payment. It also provides information on several Indian institutions that support exports, such as the Export-Import Bank of India, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation, and India Trade Promotion Organisation.
This document discusses key concepts related to international trade, including balance of payments, protectionism, trade barriers, efforts to ease trade restrictions, and international organizations that influence the global trade environment. It defines balance of payments and explains that protectionism involves various legal and non-tariff barriers countries use to restrict imports. Common trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, standards and subsidies are outlined. Agreements like GATT and the WTO as well as the IMF and World Bank aim to reduce barriers and promote stable international trade.
This document discusses the potential effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail in India. It covers the historical trends in FDI in India, the current state of FDI, and the organization of India's retail industry. It then analyzes the potential impacts of FDI in multi-brand retail on different stakeholders, including retail workers who may lose jobs, local shopkeepers who may be put out of business, wholesale shopkeepers who will be disintermediated, and producers who may benefit from better market access. The document cautions that while producers may benefit, many retail and supply chain workers are likely to experience job losses or business closures if large foreign retailers enter the market.
The document summarizes several theories of international trade, including mercantilism, absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It also discusses the product life cycle theory proposed by Vernon. Mercantilism held that nations should aim for a trade surplus to accumulate gold and silver. Absolute advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good at a lower absolute cost. Comparative advantage argues that trade benefits all parties when each country specializes in what it can produce at the lowest relative cost. Heckscher-Ohlin suggests trade patterns are determined by differences in factor endowments like capital and labor. The product life cycle theory proposes that a good will be successively produced and exported from
International financial management involves managing finance in an international business environment through foreign currency exchange. The main objective is to maximize shareholder wealth. It includes functions like fund generation, deployment, and risk management of financing and investment decisions. Practitioners require knowledge of factors like exchange rates, interest rates, economic indicators, and political risks across countries. Common international business methods include licensing, franchising, subsidiaries and acquisitions, strategic alliances, and exporting.
This document provides an overview of factoring and forfaiting processes used in international trade finance. It discusses that factoring involves the sale of book debts or invoices by an exporter to a factor, who provides financing and collects payment. Forfaiting involves the purchase of export receivables by a financial intermediary without recourse to the exporter. The key differences are that factoring may involve credit risk transfer, while forfaiting is done on a non-recourse basis. Both tools help companies raise working capital by discounting outstanding receivables. The document outlines the various parties, documents, costs and applicable regulations for these financial services.
Global investing involves selecting international investment instruments to diversify a portfolio across foreign markets and companies. There are benefits like attractive opportunities and diversification, but also risks such as political risk, currency risk, and market volatility. To measure return on foreign investments, the realized rupee return depends on the foreign currency return and exchange rate change between the currency and rupee. Variance is used to measure investment risk and incorporates variance of foreign returns, exchange rates, and their covariance. Common ways for individuals to invest abroad include foreign stocks, funds, and ETFs listed on Indian exchanges.
The document discusses trends in the Indian financial system. It outlines that a modern economy relies on a sound financial system to facilitate the flow of funds from surplus to deficit areas. The Indian financial system consists of financial markets, instruments, and intermediaries. Financial markets include money markets, capital markets, forex markets, and credit markets. Key financial instruments are discussed for both money and capital markets. Major financial intermediaries that operate in India are also outlined. The evolution and growth of the Indian financial system is then discussed.
This document provides a summary of Colombia's foreign investment laws and policies:
1. Colombia protects foreign investment through its constitution and international agreements. Foreign investors have the same rights as domestic investors and are protected from discrimination.
2. Foreign investment is permitted in all sectors except national defense, security, and toxic waste. Some private industries have foreign ownership limits.
3. Colombia has signed numerous investment protection agreements and double taxation treaties to encourage investment and ensure investors are not subject to double taxation. It is also a member of investment protection organizations.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It has increased substantially over time to include trade in services like transportation, banking, and tourism in addition to physical goods. Countries engage in international trade because natural resources are unevenly distributed globally and different countries have comparative advantages in producing certain goods, leading them to specialize in those products and trade for other goods.
Welingkar's Online PGDM Program in Supply Chain Mgmt is designed to understand the levels involved in bringing a manufactured product to the right channel.
WeSchool's Online PGDM Program in E-Commerce Mgmt is designed to combine technology, business, marketing, logistics, etc to prepare you for jobs in ecommerce.
We School's Online PGDM Program in International Business Mgmt covers some of the advanced subjects like International Economics & International Business Environment.
We School's Online MBA Program in IT Projects Mgmt prepares IT, project managers, to provide leadership in planning, executing & directing complex IT projects.
WeSchool's Online PGDM Program in E-Business Mgmt will help students interested in getting into the e-business with expertise in e-commerce & online shopping.
WeSchool's Online PGDM Program in Business Administration extensively covers several topics on marketing, investment, functional administration, sales, etc.
Online PGDM Program in Finance Mgmt Descriptionibes the role of Finance Manager, beneficial for professionals interested in a career in finance-related sectors.
WeSchool offers AICTE approved Diploma in Marketing Management. It is a specialized Management program with focus on marketing as a core business function
WeSchool Offers Online MBA Program in Operations Mgmt. Production planning, project management & world-class manufacturing are among the critical concepts.
This document summarizes the PGDM in Marketing Management program offered by WeSchool. The 1-year hybrid learning program covers topics in marketing, social media marketing, marketing research, management, and accounting. Students gain strong understanding of marketing principles, exposure to branding strategies, learn CRM implementation, and develop soft skills through industry visits and experienced trainers. The program increases students' brand visibility and positions them as experts in their field.
This document discusses human resource management. It explains that HRM deals with understanding how to best utilize individuals to achieve organizational and human goals. It outlines some key challenges in HRM like dealing with heterogeneous humans with unpredictable behavior. It also discusses the benefits of HRM like improved recruitment and retention. Finally, it notes that the scope of HRM includes personnel management, employee welfare, and industrial relations.
This document provides information about the PGDM in Travel & Tourism program offered through WeSchool's hybrid learning model. The program covers topics related to travel and tourism including tourism marketing, travel agency management, and tour operation management. Through the hybrid edge, students gain access to an e-learning toolkit, industry visits, weekend workshops, online guest lectures, and virtual sessions on soft skills development. The degree in Travel & Tourism offers global opportunities in a fast-growing industry, teaches transferable business skills, allows students to make an impact through tourism, and provides a versatile career with opportunities to work in different sectors while traveling the world.
Personal budgeting involves tracking income and expenses to understand how to allocate money and achieve financial goals. It is important to prepare a budget to identify goals, manage money better, increase savings, and prepare for emergencies. A personal budget should determine income sources, average income over 6 months, categorize expenses as fixed, variable or discretionary, average expenses over 2-3 months, compare income to expenses, set financial goals, and regularly review progress. Proper budgeting leads to financial security.
In today's increasingly competitive business environment, organizations are engaged in a rat race to retain customers, build up clientele and simultaneously ensure steady growth. Unfortunately, they often get caught in a web of issues which may not be easily controlled and affect performance. Here comes the play of Financial Accounting. Professional accountants have a vital role in commercial success by using their valuable knowledge to provide their organizations/clients a competitive advantage and an accurate picture of their financial position and performance.
British Aerospace Asset Management Case study will tech you how important is asset management for your business. lern from the experts about the Asset management.
This document discusses the importance of team management and building in football/soccer. It provides examples of teams that were successful through cohesion, camaraderie, and understanding their roles, such as Greece's 2004 Euro victory. Total Football is described as an influential tactical theory where every team member assimilates principles. Sir Alex Ferguson is discussed for transforming Manchester United through a long-term rebuilding process focused on team spirit, high standards, and not being afraid to change. The 2005 Champions League final between Liverpool and Milan is used to show how teams can battle adversity with great cohesion. The document emphasizes that team building requires good management skills in areas like planning, communicating, and motivating to form a cohesive team.
McDonald's faces steady employee turnover at its restaurants. To address this issue, McDonald's strives to attract and hire the best employees through a strategic recruitment process. Each McDonald's restaurant is responsible for its own recruitment efforts through various avenues like advertising. McDonald's uses interviews to identify applicants' potential fit based on behavioral evidence of meeting job requirements. New employees then undergo training through a welcome meeting and probationary period. McDonald's aims to develop employees into managers through its management development curriculum, with over half of managers coming from promoted hourly employees.
More from We Learn - A Continuous Learning Forum from Welingkar's Distance Learning Program. (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
Foreign Trade
1. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 2
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FOREIGN TRADE
FOREIGN TRADE OF A COUNTRY IS :
ITS EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE FROM
AND TO OTHER COUNTRIES UNDER CONTRACT OF
SALE.
NO COUNTRY IN THE WORLD PRODUCES ALL THE
COMMODITIES IT REQUIRES.
THE COMMODITIES WHICH A COUNTRY PRODUCES IS
AT ADVANTAGE, BECAUSE IT CAN EXPORT.
2. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 2
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
INLAND TRADE:
IF THE PURCHASER AND THE SELLER ARE THE
RESIDENTS IN THE SAME COUNTRY AND DO THE
BUSINESS.
FOREIGN TRADE / INTERNATIONAL TRADE:
WHEN THE RESIDENTS OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES DO THE TRANSACTIONS OF SALE AND
PURCHASE OF GOODS OR SERVICES.
3. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 2
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FEATURES OF FOREIGN TRADE:
INVOLVEMENT OF DIFFERENT MONETARY UNITS.
IMPOSITION OF RESTRICTIONS IN IMPORT AND
EXPORT BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES.
IMPOSITION OF RESTRICTIONS ON RELEASE OF
FOREIGN CURRENCIES.
EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLE REGULATIONS, LEGAL
PRACTICES AND RULES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.
4. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 2
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
IMPORT
FOREIGN TRADE: EXPORT
IMPORT: IF THE SELLER IS ABROAD, AND THE BUYER IS IN
THE HOME COUNTRY.
EXPORT: WHEN THE SELLER IS IN THE HOME COUNTRY
AND THE PURCHASER IS ABROAD.
_____________________________________________________
VISIBLE TRADE : WHICH CAN BE SEEN e.g. TRADE OF
GOODS
INVISIBLE TRADE: WHICH CAN NOT BE SEEN e.g.
EXCHANGE OF SERVICES (TRANSFER OF TECHNICAL KNOW
HOW)
5. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 2
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
DUMPING:
MANUFACTURERS WHO SEND THEIR GOODS FOR
SALE AT PRICES BELOW THEIR COST OF PRODUCTION
TO MARKETS IN WHICH THEY DID NOT NORMALLY
SELL.
DUMPING
SPORADIC PREDATORY PERSISTENT
WHEN A MANUFACTURER SELLS ABROAD AT A HIGHER PRICE
THAN AT HOME IS A REVERSE DUMPING.
6. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 3
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
BALANCE OF TRADE:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COUNTRY’S IMPORTS OF
MERCHANDISE AND ITS EXPORTS.
WHEN A COUNTRY EXPORTS COMMODITIES IT GAINS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE.
IF THE IMPORTS EXCEEDS EXPORTS, IT RESULTS IN
NET PAYMENT BY THE COUNTRY OF FOREIGN
EXCHANGE TO OTHER COUNTRIES.
7. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 4
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
TO COME OUT OF
THE UNFAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE POSITION
CORRECTIVE MEASURES :
EXPORT PROMOTION.
IMPORT RESTRICTIONS.
FINANCE.
MONETARY MEASURES.
FISCAL MEASURES.
DEVALUATION.
8. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 5
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
IT IS A SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF ALL THE ECONOMIC
TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE RESIDENTS OF THAT
COUNTRY AND THE RESIDENTS OF FOREIGN
COUNTRIES DURING A GIVEN PERIOD.
THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT ACCOUNTING HAS TWO
TYPES:
1. CURRENT ACCOUNT.
2. CAPITAL ACCOUNT.
9. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 7
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
DISEQUILIBRIUM
THE DEBIT AND CREDIT ITEMS IN A BALANCE OF
PAYMENTS SELDOM BALANCE.
RESULT
THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IS EITHER IN SURPLUS
OR IN DEFICIT.
10. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 7
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
CORRECTING THE DEFICIT
IMPORT CURTAIL: RESULTS IN BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
IMPROVE, BUT WHEN IMPORTS CONSISTS OF RAW
MATERIALS IT MAY NOT BE WISE TO RESTRICT.
EXPORT PROMOTION: (MEASURES) REDUCING THE RATE
OF INTEREST, GIVING PACKING CREDIT AND EXPORT BILL
PURCHASES, DUTY DRAWBACKS, CASH INCENTIVES
ABOLISHING EXPORT DUTY.
MONETARY MEASURE: IF EXCESSIVE PURCHASING POWER
OF A COUNTRY COMPARED WITH THE AVAILABLE SUPPLY,
LENDING BANKS ARE RESTRICTED BY RAISING THE
STATUTORY LIQUIDITY RATIO AND / OR BY OPEN MARKET
OPERATIONS BY THE CENTRAL BANK.
CONT…..
11. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 8
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
CORRECTING THE DEFICIT
FISCAL MEASURES: THESE RELATE TO A GOVT.’S
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE AND INCLUDE
BUDGETING FOR A SURPLUS BY PRUNING ITS OWN
EXPENDITURE, LEVYING HIGH TAXES, EXTENDING THE
AREAS OF TAXES.
DEVALUATION: REDUCTION BY THE GOVT. IN THE
COUNTRY’S OFFICIAL RATE OF EXCHANGE BETWEEN
ITS OWN CURRENCY AND OTHER CURRENCIES. THIS IS
EFFECTED BY REDUCING THE PAR VALUE OF THE
CURRENCY IN TERMS OF GOLD.
12. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 9
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FOREIGN CONTRACTS
CONTRACTS SPECIFY:
QUALITY.
QUANTITY.
PRICE.
PERIOD OF SUPPLY.
MODE OF DELIVERY.
TERMS OF PAYMENT OF GOODS.
FREIGHT AND INSURANCE CHARGES AND THEIR MODE
OF PAYMENT.
13. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 9
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FOREIGN CONTRACTS
c.i.f. (COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT) :
COST: GOODS SHOULD BE INVOICED AT THE AGREED
PRICE.
INSURANCE: FULLY COVERED BY INSURANCE BY THE
SELLER.
FREIGHT: REQUIRED FREIGHT SHOULD BE PREPAID BY THE
SELLER.
c.& f. (COST AND FREIGHT)
COST: GOODS SHOULD BE INVOICED AT THE AGREED
PRICE.
FREIGHT: SHOULD BE PREPAID BY THE SELLER.
o INSURANCE IS THE CONCERN OF THE BUYER.
14. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 10
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FOREIGN CONTRACTS
f.o.b. (FREE ON BOARD)
BUYER NAMES THE VESSEL AND SPECIFIES THE DATE
BY WHICH THE GOODS ARE TO BE SHIPPED. THE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SELLER CEASES THE
MOMENT THE GOODS SOLD ARE PLACED ON BOARD.
ALL EXPENSES BORNE ARE INCLUDED IN THE
INVOICE.
f.a.s. (FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP)
SELLER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELIVERY OF THE
GOODS WITHIN THE SPECIFIED TIME ALONGSIDE THE
SHIP. ALL EXPENSES BORNE ARE TO THE ACCOUNT
OF BUYER.
15. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 10
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS / INSTITUTIONS
GATT
G.A.T.T. IS THE ABBREVIATION OF THE GENERAL
AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, WHICH WAS
SIGNED AT GENEVA BY 23 COUNTRIES IN 1947,
EFFECTIVE JANUARY 1948. IT IS A WORLD
ORGANIZATION DESIGNED TO BRING ABOUT THE
MAXIMUM POSSIBLE RATE OF GROWTH IN WORLD
TRADE BY REDUCING TARIFF BARRIERS AMONG THE
MEMBER COUNTRIES.
16. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 11
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
SPECIAL FEATURES OF DUNKEL DRAFT
a) REMOVING NON-TARIFF BARRIER TO TRADE OF
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES.
b) THE ORDINARY CUSTOMS DUTIES SHALL BE REDUCED BY
36% WITHIN A MINIMUM RATE OF REDUCTION OF 15% FOR
EACH TARIFF BETWEEN THE YEAR 1993 TO 1999.
c) EVERY COUNTRY WILL HAVE TO IMPORT MINIMUM 3% OF
THEIR CORRESPONDING DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.
d) EXPORT SUBSIDIES ON AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS SHALL
BE REDUCED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AT 24% OF
BUDGETARY OUTLAY AND 16% QUANTITATIVE OUTLAY
WITH ABOVE REQUIREMENTS.
17. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 12
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
SPECIAL FEATURES OF DUNKEL DRAFT
TRIMS: AS PER REQUIREMENTS ALL EXPORT
SUBSIDIES ARE PROPOSED TO BE
ABOLISHED.
TRIPS: THE INDIAN PATENTS ACT WOULD BE
REQUIRED TO BE AMENDED WITHIN A
PERIOD OF 5 TO 10 YEARS.
SERVICES: TELECOM, HOTEL, CONSTRUCTIONS,
COMPUTER AND MEDICAL SERVICES WILL
BE OPEN TO FOREIGN FIRMS. CONT….
18. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 12
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
SPECIAL FEATURES OF DUNKEL DRAFT
TEXTILE & CLOTHING:
QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ON TEXTILE IMPORTS FROM
INDIA BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. TARIFFS ON IMPORTS BY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ARE PROPOSED TO BE REDUCED.
AGRICULTURE:
DUE TO REDUCTION IN SUBSIDIES BY THE MEMBER
COUNTRIES, THE PRICE OF AGRO-PRODUCTS ARE
EXPECTED TO GO UP AND INDIAN EXPORTERS CAN FETCH
BETTER PRICES AND DUE TO SEED PATENTING, THE INDIAN
FARMERS CAN GET A BETTER QUALITY.
19. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 12
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
UNDER THE TERMS OF AGREEMENT
INDIA WAS TO MEET ALL OBLIGATIONS TILL YEAR 2005, OF THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT.
INDIA HAS TO ACCEPT APPLICATIONS FOR PRODUCT PATENTS
ON PHARMACEUTICALS AND AGRICULTURE CHEMICALS.
INDIA HAS TO GIVE EXCLUSIVE MARKETING RIGHTS FOR 5 YEARS
TO HOLDERS OF PRODUCT PATENTS ISSUED IN ANOTHER WTO
MEMBER COUNTRY.
AFTER 2005 INDIA WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE PATENT PROTECTION
TO PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS IN ADDITION TO PRODUCTION
PROCESSES UNDER INDIA PATENTS ACT 1970.
20. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 13
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)
(EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET)
THE TREATY PROVIDES FOR FREE MOVEMENT OF
GOODS, PERSONS, SERVICES AND CAPITAL AMONG
THE MEMBER COUNTRIES, AND HAS LED TO THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A CUSTOMS UNION AMONGST
THEM IN ORDER TO CORRECT THE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS.
(FRANCE, WEST GERMANY, ITALY, BELGIUM, HOLLAND AND
LUXEMBOURG)
21. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 13
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
OPEC
(ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES)
CONSISTS OF
IRAQ, SAUDI ARABIA, UAE, KUWAIT, ALGIERS, LIBYA,
NIGERIA, INDONESIA, VENEZUELA, EQUADOR etc.
CONTROLS THE PRICES OF PETROL AND PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS AND PROTECTS THE INTEREST.
22. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 14
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
ASIAN CLEARING UNION (ACU)
HEAD QUARTER TEHERAN (IRAN)
ESTABLISHED ON 9TH DECEMBER1947
MEMBERS:
THE RESERVE BANK OF INDIA.
THE BANGLADESH BANK.
THE BANK OF MARKAZI OF IRAN.
THE NEPAL RASHTRA BANK.
THE STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN.
THE CENTRAL BANK OF SRI LANKA.
THE UNION OF BURMA BANK. (JOINED IN APRIL 1977)
23. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 14
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
OBJECTIVES OF ASIAN CLEARING UNION (ACU)
TO FACILITATE PAYMENTS FOR CURRENT INTERNATIONAL
TRANSACTIONS WITHIN THE ESCAP REGION.
TO REDUCE / ELIMINATE USE OF EXTRA-REGIONAL
CURRENCIES TO SETTLE TRANSACTIONS BY PROMOTING
THE USE OF PARTICIPANTS CURRENCIES.
TO EFFECT THEREBY ECONOMIES IN THE USE OF FOREIGN
EXCHANGE AND A REDUCTION IN THE COST OF MAKING
PAYMENTS FOR SUCH TRANSACTIONS.
TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXPANSION OF TRADE AND
PROMOTION OF MONETARY COOPERATION AMONG THE
COUNTRIES OF THE AREA.
24. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 15
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
ALL ELIGIBLE PAYMENTS BETWEEN INDIA AND THE OTHER
MEMBER COUNTRIES EXCEPT NEPAL ARE REQUIRED TO BE
SETTLED THROUGH THE ACU.
PAYMENTS EXCLUDED FROM SETTLEMENT THROUGH THE
ACU ARE ON ACCOUNT OF :
TRAVEL.
CONTRACTS MADE UNDER LOANS FROM AN
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION LIKE THE WORLD
BANK.
EXPORT / IMPORT TRANSACTIONS UNDER BILATERAL
LINES OF CREDIT BETWEEN THE GOVT. OF INDIA AND THAT
OF OTHER MEMBER COUNTRY.
DEFERRED PAYMENTS FACILITIES EXTENDED BY ONE
MEMBER COUNTRY TO ANOTHER MEMBER COUNTRY.
25. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 16
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
BENEFITS ACCRUING FROM THE ACU
APPRECIABLE SAVINGS OF THE LIQUID FOREIGN
EXCHANGE RESERVES.
REDUCTION OF THE WORKING BALANCES IN THE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE.
ELIMINATION OF THE NEED FOR DOUBLE CONVERSION
OF CURRENCIES AND THEREBY SAVINGS IN THE COST
OF SETTLEMENT.
CURTAILMENT OF THE TIME NEEDED BEFORE FOR
SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS BY THE ELIMINATION
OF THE INTERMEDIARY CORRESPONDENTS.
26. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 16
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
EURO - MONEY
IT IS A MONETARY SYSTEM OF ELEVEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
STARTED FUNCTIONING SINCE JAN 1999.
THIS IS THIRD STRONG CURRENCY AFTER DOLLAR(U.S).
NEITHER IT HAS GOLD BACKING NOR ANY NATURAL
GOVERNMENT.
FROM JAN 2002, CURRENCIES OF ALL ELEVEN COUNTRIES ARE
CONVERTED INTO EUROS.
COUNTRIES- ITALY, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, FINLAND,
FRANCE, IRELAND, LUXEMBURG, NETHERLANDS, PORTUGAL
AND SPAIN.
GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, DENMARK, EGYPT AND SWEDEN HAVE
NOT JOINED THE EURO DUE TO ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
REASONS.
27. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 17
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
METHODS OF FOREIGN TRADE
ON OPEN ACCOUNT BASIS: WHERE THE CREDIT STATUS OF
THE IMPORTER IS HIGH, GOODS MAY BE SENT DIRECT TO
HIM IN EXPECTATION OF PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE ON
PRESENTATION OF RELATIVE DOCUMENTS THROUGH
BANK. EXPORTS ON THIS BASIS ARE NOT PERMISSIBLE IN
INDIA.
UNDER BILL OF EXCHANGE: THE EXPORTER MAY DRAW
BILL OF EXCHANGE ON THE IMPORTER FOR THE VALUE OF
THE EXPORTS AND COLLECT THE BILLS THROUGH A BANK.
UNDER LETTER OF CREDIT: THE EXPORTER MAY AGREE TO
EXPORT THE GOODS ONLY AGAINST A LETTER OF CREDIT
OPEN IN HIS FAVOUR.
28. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 18
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
EXIM BANK (IMPORTANT ITEMS)
GRANTING LOANS AND ADVANCES IN AND OUTSIDE INDIA
FOR PURPOSE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT.
REFINANCING LOANS AND ADVANCES GRANTED BY BANKS
AND OTHER NOTIFIED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FOR
EXPORT AND IMPORT.
REDISCOUNTING USANCE EXPORT BILLS OF BANKS.
PROVIDING INVESTMENT FINANCES TO INDIAN COMPANIES
TOWARDS THEIR EQUITY PARTICIPATION IN JOINT
VENTURES ESTABLISHED ABROAD.
GRANTING OBLIGATIONS, JOINTLY WITH BANKS ON
BEHALF OF PROJECT EXPORTERS ENGAGED IN THE
EXECUTION OF CONSTRUCTIONS AND TURNKEY
CONTRACTS ABROAD.
29. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 20
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FACILITIES PROVIDED BY EXIM BANK
a) CONSULTANCY AND TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
FINANCE PROGRAMME.
b) OVERSEAS INVESTMENT FINANCING PROGRAMME.
c) PRE-SHIPMENT CREDIT.
d) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO E.O.U.
e) COMPUTER SOFTWARE EXPORTS.
f) EXPORT MARKETING FUNDS.
g) EXPORT PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT.
h) PROJECT PREPARATORY SERVICES OVERSEAS.
30. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 23
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FREE PORT / FREE TRADE ZONE
A FREE PORT IS A PORT DECLARED BY THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRY IN WHICH IT IS LOCATED.
AT A FREE PORT SHIPS BELONGING TO ANY COUNTRY
MAY LOAD OR UNLOAD CARGO WITHOUT HAVING TO PAY
CUSTOMS OR ANY OTHER DUTIES BARRING THE
HARBOUR CHARGES.
FREE TRADE ZONE IS AN AREA DECLARED WITH A VIEW
TO GETTING THE BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE WITH OTHER
COUNTRIES.
THERE ARE NO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ON
IMPORTS INTO OR EXPORTS FROM FREE PORT OR A FREE
TRADE ZONE.
31. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 23
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
FREE TRADE ZONE IN INDIA
THERE ARE TWO FREE TRADE ZONES IN INDIA.
1. KANDLA FREE TRADE ZONE IN GUJARAT.
FOR THE IMPORT OF CAPITAL GOODS, RAW MATERIALS,
COMPONENTS etc. THE PROVISION OF FINANCE AT
CONCESSIONAL RATE. EXEMPTION FROM GUJARAT SALES
TAX ON SALES MADE WITHIN THE ZONE. ALLOTTED 92
TENEMENTS TO INDUSTRIALISTS, NUMBER OF UNITS NOW
OPERATING IS 40.
2. ELECTRONIC EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE (EEPZ)
SANTA CRUZ MUMBAI.
30 UNITS SET UP WITH 100% EXPORT ORIENTED
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS AND
CONSUMABLE DURABLES.
32. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 24
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
OFF-SHORE BANKING OPERATIONS
BENEFITS TO HOST COUNTRIES:
INFLOW OF INTEREST-FREE FOREIGN CAPITAL INTO THE
COUNTRY.
EARNING FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOR SERVICES IN
CONVERTING RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED GOODS.
EXEMPTION FROM MINIMUM RESERVE REQUIREMENTS.
LOW OR NON-EXISTENT TAXES AND LEVIES.
ENTRY IS RELATIVELY EASY, ESPECIALLY FOR LARGE
INTERNATIONAL BANKS.
LICENSE FEES ARE GENERALLY LOW.
CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE IMPORTANT LOAN OUTLETS OR
DEPOSIT SOURCES.
33. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 25
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
OFF-SHORE BANKING OPERATIONS
THE OFF-SHORE BANKING UNITS SET UP IN SEZs ARE ALSO
BE ALLOWED 100% INCOME-TAX EXEMPTION FOR 3 YEARS
AND 50% FOR NEXT 2 YEARS UNDER SECTION 80-LA OF
THE INCOME TAX ACT 1961.
THERE ARE 27 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN INDIA TILL
2005.
THEY ARE LOCATED IN :
KOLKATA, MADHYA PRADESH, U.P., RAJASTHAN, GUJARAT,
KARNATAKA, NEW MUMBAI, A.P.,ORISSA, KERALA,
TAMIL NADU, JHARKHAND, MUMBAI STATES.
34. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 25
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
IBU INTERNATIONAL FINANCE LTD.
THE FIRST EVER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
ORGANIZATION SPONSORED BY A CORPORATION OF
INDIAN NATIONALIZED BANKS, SUCH AS INDIAN BANK,
BANK OF BARODA AND UNION BANK OF INDIA WAS
ESTABLISHED IN HONG KONG AS A DEPOSIT TAKING
ORGANIZATION WITH OFF-SHORE AND OTHER
ACTIVITIES. THE ORGANIZATION IS ELIGIBLE TO
ACCEPT DEPOSITS OF HONG KONG DOLLARS 50,000
AND ABOVE.
35. Chapter No. 1 Page No. 26
International Finance
FOREIGN TRADE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA
EUROPEAN CURRENCY UNIT (ECU)
ECU HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A FOREIGN
CURRENCY OFFICIALLY BY ITALY, FRANCE, BELGIUM
AND LUXEMBOURG AND DE FACTO BY THE UNITED
KINGDOM, EIRE, NETHERLANDS AND DENMARK.
JAPAN AS WELL AS THE RESERVE BANK OF INDIA HAS
ALSO RECOGNIZED THE ECU FOR THE PURPOSE OF
FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS.
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