1. The document discusses various verb tenses in English including present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. It explains how the tenses are used to indicate different times and provides examples. 2. Consistency of tense is important, and verbs within a paragraph should be in the same tense if events occur simultaneously or different tenses if events occur at different times. 3. Modals are helping verbs that express attitudes like ability, permission, possibility, requirement, obligation, likelihood, and condition. Common modals include can, may, must, should, would, etc. and their uses are explained.

1. Understanding verb tense
What are the verb tenses?
Present and present perfect
Past and past perfect
Future and future perfect
Consistency of tense
Modals
Review A
Review B

2. What are the verb tenses?
Verbs do a lot of work in sentences. They show
actions and states of being. They even take
different forms to show time.
flies
flew will fly

3. Gwen plays guitar in a jazz band.
The tense of a verb indicates the time of the
action or state of being expressed by the verb.
Past Future
Present
Present Perfect
She has played in the band for three years.
Future
Future Perfect
Perfect tenses indicate that something happened
or existed before a specific point in time.
Gwen will play in a concert tomorrow.
She will have played in ten concerts by April.
Past
Gwen played last year as well.
Past Perfect
She had played violin before then.
Present
What are the verb tenses?

4. The tenses of verbs are formed from the four
principal parts of verbs.
Present Participle
Base Form
Past
Past Participle
smile choose
[is] smil [is] choos ing
smile d cho se
[have] smile d [have] cho sen
ing
What are the verb tenses?

5. Each tense has a progressive form, which is
used to express continuing action or state of
being.
What are the verb tenses?
Present progressive am, are, is talking
Past progressive was, were talking
Future progressive will (shall) be talking
Present perfect progressive has, have been talking
Past perfect progressive had been talking
Future perfect progressive will (shall) have been talking

6. What are the verb tenses?
Present and present perfect
The present tense expresses an action or a
state of being that is occurring now, at the
present time.
Today we honor our veterans.
Polly is marching in the parade.
(Progressive form)

7. What are the verb tenses?
Present and present perfect
The present tense is also used in these ways:
In Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck
shows us the extremes of life
during the depression.
to discuss a literary work
(literary present)
In 1927, Charles Lindbergh
flies nonstop across the
Atlantic.
to make historical events
seem current (historical
present)
The sun rises in the east.
to express a general truth
We recycle our aluminum
cans.
to show a customary or
habitual action or state of
being
We travel to Utah next month.
to express future time

8. What are the verb tenses?
Present and present perfect
The present perfect tense
• is usually formed using the helping verb have or
has plus the past participle
• expresses an action or a state of being that
occurred at an indefinite time in the past
Mike has been in several parades.
He has played the drum in all of them.

9. What are the verb tenses?
Present and present perfect
The present perfect tense is also used to
express an action or state of being that began in
the past and continues into the present. In this
case, perfect means complete.
Yoko has been taking flute lessons for
six years.
Mr. Lee has taught music at our
school since 2004.
(Progressive form)

10. What are the verb tenses?
Past and past perfect
The past tense expresses an action or a state of
being that occurred in the past but did not
continue into the present.
They were swinging for a long time.
The two friends shared the large swing.
(Progressive form)

11. What are the verb tenses?
Past and past perfect
The past perfect tense
• is usually formed using had plus the past
participle
• expresses an action or a state of being that
ended before another past action or state of
being occurred
After Maria had gone home, Kim was bored.
She asked her dad about the time that he
had been a lifeguard at the beach.

12. What are the verb tenses?
Future and future perfect
The future tense
• is usually formed using will or shall plus the
base form
• expresses an action or a state of being that will
occur
My family will ride the train to Chicago.
We will be arriving at five o’clock.
(Progressive form)

13. What are the verb tenses?
Future and future perfect
The future perfect tense
• is usually formed using will have or shall have
plus the past participle
• expresses an action or a state of being that will
end before another future action or state of
being
By the time you receive this letter, she will have
returned home.
After this trip, he will have been to Chicago
three times.

14. [End of Section]
Change the tense of the verb in each sentence, as indicated
in parentheses.
1. I do not miss the bus. (Change to future.)
2. Were they at the party? (Change to past perfect.)
3. By then, Keith had returned. (Change to future perfect.)
4. The team will practice for an hour with no break. (Change
to future perfect progressive.)
5. My sister dances well. (Change to past.)
On Your Own
What are the verb tenses?

15. Consistency of tense
Do not change needlessly from one tense to
another.
To describe events that occur at the same time,
use verbs in the same tense.
Sara peeked over the fence and saw a cornfield.
Sara peeks over the fence and sees a cornfield.
past tense past tense
present tense present tense

16. Consistency of tense
For events that occur at different times, use
verbs of different tenses to show the sequence of
events.
The pitcher wished that he had practiced more
before the game.
past tense past perfect tense
The action of wishing happened after the action of
practicing was complete.

17. Consistency of tense
For events that occur at different times, use
verbs of different tenses to show the sequence of
events.
Yesterday, Nina told us that her brother works
every week at the senior center.
past tense
The action of telling occurred at a specific time in the
past. The action of working occurs now.
present tense

18. Consistency of tense
[End of Section]
On Your Own
Proofread the paragraph for unnecessary changes of verb
tense. Change the verbs to make the tenses consistent.
(1) I was in my room Saturday morning, planning to
study for two hours. (2) To my surprise, Nancy Chang drops
by. (3) She dashed into the house, runs up the stairs, and
calls my name. (4) What she wanted was a fishing
companion. (5) As I get my fishing gear together, I was so
happy. (6) On our way to the lake, we notice some dark
clouds. (7) We wished we checked the weather first.

19. Modals
A modal is a helping verb that is joined with a
main verb or an infinitive to express an attitude
toward the action or state of being of the main
verb.
Helping verbs used as modals
can could may might must
ought shall should will would

20. Modals
The modal can or could is used to express ability.
Tammy can play point guard in the second half.
The team could have made better shots.

21. Modals
The modal may is used to express permission or
possibility.
Yes, you may borrow my sweater.
I might give some of my clothing to charity.
The modal might is used to express possibility.
Permission
My clothes closet may be too full.
Possibility

22. Modals
The modal must is used most often to express a
requirement. Sometimes, must is used to express
an explanation.
We must conserve energy in our homes.
My brother must have left the lights on.
Requirement
Explanation

23. Modals
The modal ought is used to express an obligation
or a likelihood.
Reggie ought to study harder for math
quizzes.
The next quiz ought to be more difficult
than the last one.
Obligation
Likelihood

24. Modals
The modal will or shall is used to express future
time.
After reviewing the entries, the
panel will announce the winner.
I shall enter my painting in the contest.

25. Modals
The modal should is used to express a
recommendation, an obligation, or a possibility.
Terrell should leave soon to catch
the bus.
All students should get to school
on time.
Recommendation
Obligation
Possibility Should you arrive late, please go
to the office first.

26. Modals
The modal would is used to express the
conditional form of a verb. In other words, it is
used to express a situation that is contrary to fact.
If the weather had been more pleasant,
they would have gone on a picnic.
Mrs. Chang would be happy to prepare
food if you bring the plates and forks.

27. Modals
Would can also be used to express future time in
a subordinate clause when the main verb in the
independent clause is in the past tense.
They promised us that they would bring the music.
past tense verb
Main clause
They promised us that they would bring the music.
Subordinate clause
modal expresses future time

28. Modals
Would is sometimes used to express
Every day she would wake early and feed the hens.
Would you like a nice, fresh salad?
• an action that was repeated in the past
• an invitation or offer
• a polite request
Would you please bring me those books?

29. Modals
[End of Section]
Supply an appropriate modal for each sentence.
1. Jen _____ have cleaned out the garage yesterday.
2. _____ you please help Merrill with that large box?
3. You _____ probably guess what I am about to say.
4. If the train had been faster, we _____ have arrived
sooner.
5. I’m not certain, but I think Dad _____ be cooking stew
for dinner tonight.
On Your Own

30. Review A
Change the tense of each boldface verb to the tense
indicated in parentheses.
1. The otter swam to the edge of the pond. (present
perfect)
2. Our class will read Shakespeare’s Macbeth. (future
progressive)
3. The three sisters regularly meet for lunch. (past)
4. Each student chooses a lab partner. (past perfect)
5. Wasps were entering the house through the torn screen.
(present)

31. Review B
[End of Section]
1. Colleen _____ almost reach the light bulb. (shows ability)
2. Jack _____ repair the bicycle tomorrow. (future tense)
3. Most of the girls _____ already left. (present perfect)
4. I _____ attend the concert if only I had more time.
(shows a condition)
5. Tamara opens the refrigerator and _____ inside.
(consistent tense)
Supply an appropriate modal, helping verb, or main verb to
complete each sentence correctly. The hints in parentheses
will help you.

32. The End