The document discusses the three basic structures of any programming logic: sequence, selection, and loop. A sequence structures tasks in a specific order, selection (or "if-then-else") structures allow for branching depending on a condition, and a loop structures repetitive tasks while a condition is true. These three structures can be combined and nested within each other to diagram any programming task no matter the complexity. Programs can be represented visually with flowcharts or in text with pseudocode to show the logical flow using these basic structures.
Data & Information, Drawbacks of File system, What is Database Management Systems, What is the need of DBMS, Examples of DBMS, Database Types, Applications of DBMS, Advantage of DBMS over file system, Disadvantages of DBMS, DBMS vs. File System
Data & Information, Drawbacks of File system, What is Database Management Systems, What is the need of DBMS, Examples of DBMS, Database Types, Applications of DBMS, Advantage of DBMS over file system, Disadvantages of DBMS, DBMS vs. File System
In DBMS (DataBase Management System), the relation algebra is important term to further understand the queries in SQL (Structured Query Language) database system. In it just give up the overview of operators in DBMS two of one method relational algebra used and another name is relational calculus.
C Programming - Decision making, LoopingMURALIDHAR R
Execution of a statement or set of statement repeatedly is called as looping.
The loop may be executed a specified number of times and this depends on the satisfaction of a test condition.
A program loop is made up of two parts one part is known as body of the loop and the other is known as control condition.
Depending on the control condition statement the statements within the loop may be executed repeatedly.
Depending on the position of the control statement in the loop, a control structure may be classified either as an entry controlled loop or as an exit controlled loop.
Entry Controlled Loop:
When the control statement is placed before the body of the loop then such loops are called as entry controlled loops.
If the test condition in the control statement is true then only the body of the loop is executed.
If the test condition in the control statement is not true then the body of the loop will not be executed. If the test condition fails in the first checking itself the body of the loop will never be executed.
ntroduction to Ethology Part 2 Quantifying BehaviorBio 112 Lab, S.docxgabriellabre8fr
ntroduction to Ethology Part 2: Quantifying Behavior
Bio 112 Lab, Spring 2016
Describing Action Patterns
In order to study and measure behavior you must break the behavior up into units, called
action patterns
. These become evident to you when you watch an animal. As you become familiar with its behavior, you immediately see that its behavior is not continuous. Instead, the animal performs discrete, repeatable acts that you can identify. These discrete, repeated acts or bodily postures are what we call
action patterns
.
Action Patterns
, then are:
•
discrete, complex muscular movements involving many muscular contractions that are closely associated temporally
•
repeated in essentially the same manner time after time (i.e. they are stereotyped) and
•
they are similar among individuals of the same species (i.e. they are species-typical).
Action patterns
are often defined in terms of the following characteristics:
•
the
form
of the action.
•
the
velocity
of the action -- how rapid are the movements of the action pattern?
•
the
duration
or how long the movements are held in different positions.
•
the
amplitude
or the height of the action.
•
the
orientation
of the behavior towards objects in the environment, including conspecifics.
Look at the action patterns for mallard ducks depicted below. One is a posture (head-round) while the others all involve motions from simple head shaking to more complex motions that involve much of the body:
Major Approaches to Quantifying Behavior: Survey vs. Focal
Once you have completed your catalog of behaviors, you are ready to quantify how your animal spends its time. There are two main methods to do this:
Survey approach:
Watch many individuals at the same time. At systematic (or randomized) times, you count the number of individuals performing each possible behavior that you previously cataloged. For example, if you are watching a flock of ten geese in a lake, you might set your timer to alert you at one minute intervals. When the timer goes off, you note what each of the geese in the flock are doing at that instant, as well as the context and consequences of their actions. You will repeat this every minute for your entire observation period. Taking survey data in the field also is facilitated by creating a data form that can be filled in quickly.
We are less likely to use the survey method in this course, but it can be used if necessary.
Focal approach:
Locate a single individual and follow its behavior for a standard time (or as long as possible up to that time). If a focal individual moves out of your view, then you start a new sequence of observations on a new focal individual. Selecting the focal animal can be systematic (e.g. only watch males) or randomized (select a random number from a table, then follow the nth individual encountered). During a focal study, you should record the following data as they occur:
the context (date, time, location, weather, habitat, social .
In DBMS (DataBase Management System), the relation algebra is important term to further understand the queries in SQL (Structured Query Language) database system. In it just give up the overview of operators in DBMS two of one method relational algebra used and another name is relational calculus.
C Programming - Decision making, LoopingMURALIDHAR R
Execution of a statement or set of statement repeatedly is called as looping.
The loop may be executed a specified number of times and this depends on the satisfaction of a test condition.
A program loop is made up of two parts one part is known as body of the loop and the other is known as control condition.
Depending on the control condition statement the statements within the loop may be executed repeatedly.
Depending on the position of the control statement in the loop, a control structure may be classified either as an entry controlled loop or as an exit controlled loop.
Entry Controlled Loop:
When the control statement is placed before the body of the loop then such loops are called as entry controlled loops.
If the test condition in the control statement is true then only the body of the loop is executed.
If the test condition in the control statement is not true then the body of the loop will not be executed. If the test condition fails in the first checking itself the body of the loop will never be executed.
ntroduction to Ethology Part 2 Quantifying BehaviorBio 112 Lab, S.docxgabriellabre8fr
ntroduction to Ethology Part 2: Quantifying Behavior
Bio 112 Lab, Spring 2016
Describing Action Patterns
In order to study and measure behavior you must break the behavior up into units, called
action patterns
. These become evident to you when you watch an animal. As you become familiar with its behavior, you immediately see that its behavior is not continuous. Instead, the animal performs discrete, repeatable acts that you can identify. These discrete, repeated acts or bodily postures are what we call
action patterns
.
Action Patterns
, then are:
•
discrete, complex muscular movements involving many muscular contractions that are closely associated temporally
•
repeated in essentially the same manner time after time (i.e. they are stereotyped) and
•
they are similar among individuals of the same species (i.e. they are species-typical).
Action patterns
are often defined in terms of the following characteristics:
•
the
form
of the action.
•
the
velocity
of the action -- how rapid are the movements of the action pattern?
•
the
duration
or how long the movements are held in different positions.
•
the
amplitude
or the height of the action.
•
the
orientation
of the behavior towards objects in the environment, including conspecifics.
Look at the action patterns for mallard ducks depicted below. One is a posture (head-round) while the others all involve motions from simple head shaking to more complex motions that involve much of the body:
Major Approaches to Quantifying Behavior: Survey vs. Focal
Once you have completed your catalog of behaviors, you are ready to quantify how your animal spends its time. There are two main methods to do this:
Survey approach:
Watch many individuals at the same time. At systematic (or randomized) times, you count the number of individuals performing each possible behavior that you previously cataloged. For example, if you are watching a flock of ten geese in a lake, you might set your timer to alert you at one minute intervals. When the timer goes off, you note what each of the geese in the flock are doing at that instant, as well as the context and consequences of their actions. You will repeat this every minute for your entire observation period. Taking survey data in the field also is facilitated by creating a data form that can be filled in quickly.
We are less likely to use the survey method in this course, but it can be used if necessary.
Focal approach:
Locate a single individual and follow its behavior for a standard time (or as long as possible up to that time). If a focal individual moves out of your view, then you start a new sequence of observations on a new focal individual. Selecting the focal animal can be systematic (e.g. only watch males) or randomized (select a random number from a table, then follow the nth individual encountered). During a focal study, you should record the following data as they occur:
the context (date, time, location, weather, habitat, social .
Introduction to Ethology Part 2 Quantifying BehaviorBio 112 Lab.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Ethology Part 2: Quantifying Behavior
Bio 112 Lab, Spring 2016
Describing Action Patterns
In order to study and measure behavior you must break the behavior up into units, called action patterns. These become evident to you when you watch an animal. As you become familiar with its behavior, you immediately see that its behavior is not continuous. Instead, the animal performs discrete, repeatable acts that you can identify. These discrete, repeated acts or bodily postures are what we call action patterns.
Action Patterns, then are:
• discrete, complex muscular movements involving many muscular contractions that are closely associated temporally
• repeated in essentially the same manner time after time (i.e. they are stereotyped) and
• they are similar among individuals of the same species (i.e. they are species-typical).
Action patterns are often defined in terms of the following characteristics:
• the form of the action.
• the velocity of the action -- how rapid are the movements of the action pattern?
• the duration or how long the movements are held in different positions.
• the amplitude or the height of the action.
• the orientation of the behavior towards objects in the environment, including conspecifics.
Look at the action patterns for mallard ducks depicted below. One is a posture (head-round) while the others all involve motions from simple head shaking to more complex motions that involve much of the body:
Major Approaches to Quantifying Behavior: Survey vs. Focal
Once you have completed your catalog of behaviors, you are ready to quantify how your animal spends its time. There are two main methods to do this:
Survey approach: Watch many individuals at the same time. At systematic (or randomized) times, you count the number of individuals performing each possible behavior that you previously cataloged. For example, if you are watching a flock of ten geese in a lake, you might set your timer to alert you at one minute intervals. When the timer goes off, you note what each of the geese in the flock are doing at that instant, as well as the context and consequences of their actions. You will repeat this every minute for your entire observation period. Taking survey data in the field also is facilitated by creating a data form that can be filled in quickly. We are less likely to use the survey method in this course, but it can be used if necessary.
Focal approach: Locate a single individual and follow its behavior for a standard time (or as long as possible up to that time). If a focal individual moves out of your view, then you start a new sequence of observations on a new focal individual. Selecting the focal animal can be systematic (e.g. only watch males) or randomized (select a random number from a table, then follow the nth individual encountered). During a focal study, you should record the following data as they occur:
· the context (date, time, location, weather, habitat, social context)
· the focal an.
In order to study and measure behavior you must break the behavi.docxrochellscroop
In order to study and measure behavior you must break the behavior up into units, called
action patterns
. These become evident to you when you watch an animal. As you become familiar with its behavior, you immediately see that its behavior is not continuous. Instead, the animal performs discrete, repeatable acts that you can identify. These discrete, repeated acts or bodily postures are what we call
action patterns
.
Action Patterns
, then are:
• discrete, complex muscular movements involving many muscular contractions that are closely associated temporally
• repeated in essentially the same manner time after time (i.e. they are stereotyped) and
• they are similar among individuals of the same species (i.e. they are species-typical).
Action patterns
are often defined in terms of the following characteristics:
• the
form
of the action.
• the
velocity
of the action -- how rapid are the movements of the action pattern?
• the
duration
or how long the movements are held in different positions.
• the
amplitude
or the height of the action.
• the
orientation
of the behavior towards objects in the environment, including conspecifics.
Look at the action patterns for mallard ducks depicted below. One is a posture (head-round) while the others all involve motions from simple head shaking to more complex motions that involve much of the body:
Major Approaches to Quantifying Behavior: Survey vs. Focal
Once you have completed your catalog of behaviors, you are ready to quantify how your animal spends its time. There are two main methods to do this:
Survey approach:
Watch many individuals at the same time. At systematic (or randomized) times, you count the number of individuals performing each possible behavior that you previously cataloged. For example, if you are watching a flock of ten geese in a lake, you might set your timer to alert you at one minute intervals. When the timer goes off, you note what each of the geese in the flock are doing at that instant, as well as the context and consequences of their actions. You will repeat this every minute for your entire observation period. Taking survey data in the field also is facilitated by creating a data form that can be filled in quickly.
We are less likely to use the survey method in this course, but it can be used if necessary.
Focal approach:
Locate a single individual and follow its behavior for a standard time (or as long as possible up to that time). If a focal individual moves out of your view, then you start a new sequence of observations on a new focal individual. Selecting the focal animal can be systematic (e.g. only watch males) or randomized (select a random number from a table, then follow the nth individual encountered). During a focal study, you should record the following data as they occur:
the context (date, time, location, weather, habitat, social context)
the focal animal ID (if you can identify them uniquely, or just by #1, #2, etc)
the sequence of behaviors.
This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
A time series is a progression of information focuses listed in time request. Normally, a time series is a grouping taken at progressive similarly dispersed focuses in time. In this way, it is a succession of discrete-time information
Wk 5 Individual Preparing for Working in Teams [due Day#]Top of.docxhelzerpatrina
Wk 5 Individual: Preparing for Working in Teams [due Day#]
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Assignment Content
1.
Top of Form
Collaboration is everywhere, especially in the health care industry. It is important to learn how to work and communicate in a collaborative environment. As you progress through your program, you will experience learning teams in your courses. Learning teams provide you with valuable experiences that will prepare you for working collaboratively in the health care industry.
Navigate to the University Library homepage.
Locate the Learning Team Toolkit on the upper right side of the homepage.
Create a 7- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation that identifies the Learning Team resources provided by the University and the importance of working effectively in a team. A presentation format has been provided for this assignment; however, you may choose to format your presentation in another professional manner.
Include the following in your presentation:
Slide One: Title Slide
· Title of presentation
· Your name
· Course abbreviation and course number
· Due date
· Your facilitator’s name
Slide Two: Introduction
· Describe what the Learning Team Toolkit is.
· Provide screenshots of the Learning TeamToolkit.
Slides Three and Four: Review the Learning Team Charter
· Explain the importance of the Learning Team Charter.
· Why is it created?
· Why is it important in collaborative environments?
· How can it be used during team conflicts?
· Why is it important to communicate with your faculty?
Slides Five and Six: Review the Learning Team Evaluation
· Explain the importance of the Learning Team Evaluation form.
· Why is it important to rate the members of your team?
· Why is it important that your faculty know how you would rate your team members?
Slide Seven: Learning Team Toolkit Resources
· Explain the resources available in the LearningTeam Toolkit.
Slide Eight: Importance of Team Work
· Explain the importance of team work in education and the workplace.
· Identify some strategies you would use when working in a team.
· Identify effective communication you would use when working in a team.
Slide Nine: References
· Cite 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references.
· Format your references according to APA guidelines.
Note: Speaker notes are to be provided for each slide. Refer to the “Tutorial: Adding Speaker Notes to Microsoft® PowerPoint® Presentations” document for more information on how to add speaker notes to your presentation.
Note: The University’s Center for Writing Excellence provides samples of different deliverables. Under Samples, you will find a sample Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation to use as a reference while creating your presentation.
Cite 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references to support your presentation.
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines. Include a title slide, detailed speaker notes, and a reference slide.
Submit your assignment.
Bottom of Form
PLEAS ...
To understand about conditional statement.
To learn about if statement , if else , nested if else , if elseif else etc.
To learn about break and continue statement.
To use of switch statement in C.
To learn about Loop in C.
To learn about for loop in C.
To learn about while loop in C.
To learn about Do While in C (Entry and Exit control loop) in C.
To learn about goto statement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
In the mid-1960s, mathematicians proved that any program, no matter how
complicated, can be constructed using one or more of only three structures.
A structure is a basic unit of programming logic; each structure is one of the
following:
• Sequence
• Selection
• Loop
With these three structures alone, you can diagram any task, from doubling
a number to performing brain surgery. You can diagram each structure with
a specific configuration of flowchart symbols.
3. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
The first of these three basic structures is a sequence, as
shown in the figure. With a sequence structure, you
perform an action or task, and then you perform the next
action, in order. A sequence can contain any number of
tasks, but there is no option to branch off and skip any of
the tasks. Once you start a series of actions in a sequence,
you must continue step by step until the sequence ends.
4. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
As an example, driving directions often are listed as a sequence. To tell a
friend how to get to your house from school, you might provide the
following sequence, in which one step follows the other and no steps can be
skipped:
go north on First Avenue for 3 miles
turn left on Washington Boulevard
go west on Washington for 2 miles
stop at 634 Washington
5. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
The second of the three structures is a
selection structure or decision
structure, as shown in the figure. With
this structure, you ask a question and,
depending on the answer, you take one of
two courses of action. Then, no matter
which path you follow, you continue with
the next task.
6. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
Some people call the selection structure an if-then-else because it fits the
following statement:
if someCondition is true then
do oneProcess
else
do theOtherProcess
endif
7. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
For example, you might provide part of the directions to your house as
follows:
if traffic is backed up on Washington Boulevard then
continue for 1 block on First Avenue and turn left on Adams Lane
else
turn left on Washington Boulevard
endif
8. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
Similarly, a payroll program might include a statement such as:
if hoursWorked is more than 40 then
calculate regularPay and overtimePay
else
calculate regularPay
endif
9. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
These if-else examples can also be
called dual-alternative ifs (or
dual-alternative selections),
because they contain two
alternatives—the action taken when
the tested condition is true and the
action taken when it is false. Note
that it is perfectly correct for one
branch of the selection to be a “do
nothing” branch. In each of the
following examples, an action is
taken only when the tested
condition is true:
if it is raining then
take an umbrella
endif
if employee participates in the dental plan then
deduct $40 from employee gross pay
endif
10. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
The previous examples without else clauses
are single-alternative ifs (or single-
alternative selections); a diagram of their
structure is shown in the figure. In these
cases, you do not take any special action if
it is not raining or if the employee does not
belong to the dental plan. The case in
which nothing is done is often called the
null case.
11. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
The last of the three basic structures, shown in Figure 3-5, is a loop. In a
loop structure, you continue to repeat actions while a condition remains
true. The action or actions that occur
within the loop are the loop body. In
the most common type of loop, a
condition is evaluated; if the answer is
true, you execute the loop body and
evaluate the condition again. If the
condition is still true, you execute the
loop body again and then reevaluate the
original condition. This continues until
the condition becomes false, and then you exit the structure.
12. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
You may hear programmers refer to looping as repetition or iteration.
Some programmers call this structure a while…do, or more simply, a while
loop, because it fits the following statement:
while testCondition continues to be true
do someProcess
endwhile
13. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
When you provide directions to your house, part of the directions might be:
while the address of the house you are passing remains below 634
travel forward to the next house
look at the address on the house
endwhile
14. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
You encounter examples of looping every day, as in each of the following:
while you continue to be hungry
take another bite of food
determine whether you still feel hungry
endwhile
while unread pages remain in the reading assignment
read another unread page
determine whether there are more pages to be read
endwhile
15. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
All logic problems can be solved using only these three structures—
sequence, selection, and loop. The structures can be combined in an infinite
number of ways. For example, you can have a sequence of tasks followed by
a selection, or a loop followed by a sequence. Attaching structures end to
end is called stacking structures.
16. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
For example, the figure shows a
structured flowchart achieved by
stacking structures, and shows
pseudocode that follows the
flowchart logic.
The pseudocode shows a sequence,
followed by a selection, followed by
a loop.
17. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
First stepA and stepB execute in sequence. Then a selection structure starts
with the test of conditionC. The instruction that follows the if clause (stepD)
occurs when its tested condition is true, the instruction that follows else
(stepE) occurs when the tested condition is false, and any instructions that
follow endif occur in either case. In other words, statements beyond the
endif statement are “outside” the decision structure. Similarly, the
endwhile statement shows where the loop structure ends. While conditionF
continues to be true, stepG continues to execute. If any statements
followed the endwhile statement, they would be outside of, and not a part
of, the loop.
18. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
Besides stacking structures, you can
replace any individual steps in a
structured flowchart diagram or
pseudocode with additional structures.
In other words, any sequence,
selection, or loop can contain other
sequences, selections, or loops. For
example, you can have a sequence of
three tasks on one side of a selection,
as shown. Placing a structure within
another structure is called nesting
structures.
19. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
In the pseudocode for the logic
shown, the indentation shows
that all three statements (stepJ,
stepK, and stepL) must execute
if conditionH is true. The three
statements constitute a block,
or a group of statements that
executes as a single unit.
20. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
In place of one of the steps in
the sequence, you can insert
another structure. In the figure,
the process named stepK has
been replaced with a loop
structure that begins with a test
of the condition named
conditionM.
21. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
In the pseudocode shown, notice that if and endif are vertically aligned.
This shows that they are all “on the same level.” Similarly, stepJ, while,
endwhile, and stepL are aligned, and they are evenly indented. In the
flowchart, you could draw a vertical line through the symbols containing
stepJ, the entry and exit points of the while loop, and stepL. The flowchart
and the pseudocode represent exactly the same logic.
22. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
There is no limit to the number of levels you
can create when you nest and stack
structures. For example, the figure shows
logic that has been made more complicated
by replacing stepN with a selection. The
structure that performs stepP or stepQ
based on the outcome of conditionO is
nested within the loop that is controlled by
conditionM. In the pseudocode, notice how
the if, else, and endif that describe the
condition selection are aligned with each
other and within the while structure that is
controlled by conditionM.
23. Understanding the Three Basic Structures
The possible combinations of logical structures are endless, but each
segment of a structured
program is a sequence, a
selection, or a loop. The
three structures are shown
together. Notice that each
structure has one entry
point and one exit point.
One structure can attach to
another only at one of these
points.
24. Summary
A structured program has the following characteristics:
• A structured program includes only combinations of the three basic
structures— sequence, selection, and loop. Any structured program might
contain one, two, or all three types of structures.
• Each of the structures has a single entry point and a single exit point.
• Structures can be stacked or connected to one another only at their entry
or exit points.
• Any structure can be nested within another structure.