Understanding the Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

UnderstandingData
and Ways to
Systematically Collect
Data
PracticalResearch2

LearningGoal
Choose appropriate quantitative
research design
2
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3
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
1
Dela Cruz, A. R. D. (2018). Applications and practice of research for Senior High School: Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
What is a research design?
• A research design refers to the action
plan and research procedures
developed by the researcher in order
to successfully answer the research
problem1
.
• Two Major Types of Research Design:
• Qualitative Research Design
• Quantitative Research Design

4
1
Quantitative Research Design
• In quantitative research, objective theories as well as
hypotheses are tested through the examination of the
relationship among concepts or variables, which can
be measured through the use of research instruments
and statistical procedures1
.
• The measures are standardized and systematically
created before the collection of data1
.
• The data are in numerical form and based on precise
measurement1
.
• The theories are usually causal; the researcher follows
the deductive approach for testing in which inquiry
starts from abstract ideas and general principles
toward more concrete, empirical, and verifiable
evidence1
.
• To analyze data, one uses statistics, tables, and charts1
.
• The statistics are used to prove or disprove the
research hypothesis1
.

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1
Elements of a Research Design
• A good research design must have a
well-defined and clearly stated
research problem1
.
• It should explain the research method
and technique to be used for the
collection and analysis of data1
.
• It must explain the approach to be
implemented in the processing and
analysis of data1
.

6
1
Luzano, R. A. (2020). Practical research 2: Quarter 4 - module 4. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines: Department of Education.
Types of Quantitative Research Design
• Quantitative research designs have 5
general classifications1
:
• Descriptive research
• Correlational research
• Ex post facto
• Quasi-experimental
• Experimental

Descriptive Research
• When little is known about the research
problem, then it is appropriate to use
descriptive research design1
. It is a design
that is exploratory in nature1
. The purpose
of descriptive research is basically to
answer questions such as who, what,
where, when, and how much1
. So this
design is best used when the main
objective of the study is just to observe
and report a certain phenomenon as it is
happening1
.
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1

Correlational Research
• The main goal of this design is to
determine if variable increases or
decreases as another variable increases or
decreases1
. This design seeks to establish
an association between variables1
. It does
not seek cause and effect relationship like
descriptive research; it measures variables
as it occurs1
. It has two major purposes:
(a) to clarify the relationship between
variables and (b) predict the magnitude of
the association1
. However, the extent of
the purpose of correlational research
depends on the scope and delimitation of
the study1
. 8
1

Ex Post Facto
• If the objective of the study is to measure
a cause from a pre-existing effects, then
Ex Post Facto research design is more
appropriate to use1
. In this design, the
researcher has no control over the
variables in the research study1
. Thus, one
cannot conclude that the changes
measured happen during the actual
conduct of the study1
.
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1

• The last two types of quantitative research
designs are identifiable for the existence
of treatment or intervention applied to
the current research study1
.
• Intervention or treatment pertains to
controlling or manipulating the
independent variable in an experiment1
.
It is assumed that the changes in
dependent variables were caused by
the independent variable1
.
• There are also two groups of subjects,
participants, or respondents in quasi-
experimental and experimental research1
.
The treatment group refers to the group
subjected to treatment or intervention1
.
The group not subject to treatment or
intervention is called the control group1
.
10
1

Quasi-Experimental
• This research design aims to measure the
causal relationship between variables1
. The
effect measured is considered to have
occurred during the conduct of the current
study1
. The partiality of quasi-experimental
design comes from assigning subjects,
participants, or respondents into their
groups1
. The groups are known to be already
established before the study, such as age
educational background and nationality1
.
Since the assignment of subjects, participants,
or respondents are not randomly assigned
into an experimental or control groups, the
conclusion of results is limited1
.
11
1

Experimental
• This research design is based on the scientific
method called experiment with a procedure of
gathering data under a controlled or
manipulated environment1
. It is also known as
true experimental design since it applies
treatment and manipulation more extensively
compared to quasi-experimental design1
.
Random assignment of subjects or
participants into treatment and control group
is done increasing the validity of the study1
.
Experimental research, therefore, attempts to
affect a certain variable by directly
manipulating the independent variable1
.
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1

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1
Chua, V. C. G. (2017). #7 Research design [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-research-2.html
Writing this section…
• What is the general methodology or
research design do you intend to utilize
in your proposed study1
?
• Why did you choose this research
design1
?
• What specific type of the research
design will you use1
?
• Why did you choose this specific
methodology1
?
Example1
:
This study is quantitative in
nature since the research
question we seek to answer lead
to numerical data.
Specifically, the study is
correlational as it aims to
determine if there is an
association between senior high
school students’ use of social
media and their attention span in
class and assess whether the
degree of association between
these variables is significant.

References
Chua, V. C. G. (2017). #7 Research design [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-
research-2.html
Dela Cruz, A. R. D. (2018). Applications and practice of research for Senior High School: Inquiries, Investigations, and
Immersion. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Luzano, R. A. (2020). Practical research 2: Quarter 4 - module 4. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines: Department of
Education.
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