This document provides an overview of the introduction chapter of a study on the coping mechanisms of residents in Purok Barikir, Yeban Norte after typhoons. It introduces the statement of the problem, which aims to understand residents' experiences during and after typhoons and how their coping mechanisms help them overcome disasters. It also presents the conceptual framework, which is based on literature about disaster risk reduction and management. The significance of the study is that it will help provide residents with adequate coping strategies to deal with natural hazards like landslides and floods they often face.

1. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III

2. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
RESEARCH PARADIGM
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE
AND DELIMITATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS

3. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Historically, Disasters often connote destruction, pain,
loss, and trauma to every individual which gave them the test to
make necessary strategies and coping solutions. In the aftermath
of natural disasters, many internally displaced people lose their
homes and need to be relocated to temporary resettlement areas.
There are adverse impacts of natural disasters in physical,
emotional and most importantly psychological aspect of
individual. These concepts learned in our history give us a
message that proper coping strategies are essential factors for
every individual towards the resilience, recovery, and
rehabilitation of their community especially in their individual
lives.

4. The Conservation of Resources Theory states that people
should strive to retain, protect and recover all of the destructed
resources and coping psychologically with the destructions made by
the typhoon (Hobfol, 2002). The COR theory posits that individuals
possess both internal and external resources and the loss of these
resources reduces one’s options and leads to distress. Resilient
individuals call for their internal resources to adapt to stress, which
may include self-esteem, locus of control, empathy and cognitive
hardiness. They may also draw on their external resources including
social and family support, employment and other material resources
(Fernando & Herbert, 2011). These factors are really significant for
coping the harm that was made by natural disasters.
Natural Disasters have caused adverse economic impact,
damage to properties and loss of life that we really need a proper
and effective coping strategies to cope with these disasters easily.

5. The coping mechanisms of the residents have a great effect in
different aspects of their lives and it helps them to solve personal
and interpersonal problems, in order to minimize or tolerate
stress and conflict. Purok Barikir of Yeban Norte is prone to
landslides and floods, therefore it is important to study and
determine their coping mechanisms to natural disasters
especially during and after typhoons.
The current situation in the Philippines reveals that
natural disasters are very susceptible. Every year, there are 20
estimated typhoons striking in our country. Hence, there is a
need for us to have necessary actions and responses for the risk
that can be brought by the typhoons. Proper and effective coping
mechanisms have a vital role for the residents in a community in
taking necessary steps to reduce, or minimize stressful events
(psychological).

6. The researchers conducted the study in Purok
Barikir, Yeban Norte of Benito Soliven for the reason
that there is a possibility that harms or hazards (e.g.
landslides) could happen to the place.It is important
to conduct this study to help the residents in Purok
Barikir to give an adequate and effective coping
mechanisms in natural disasters. Landslides and
floods are very prone in this area of Yeban Norte and
proper coping strategies for the residents are essential
in overcoming different hazards and risks in their
place (like ground subsidence).
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7. ignatius joseph n estroga
Statement of the Problem
Coping mechanisms refers to the specific efforts
that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce, or
minimize stressful events. However, people use
appropriate strategies to alleviate stressful circumstances
and to combat for the adverse impacts of typhoons. This
study aims to know the coping mechanisms that the
residents actually do in Purok Barikir, Yeban Norte.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following
questions:
1.What are the experiences of the residents during and
after a typhoon?
2.How do the coping mechanisms of the residents help
them in overcoming the disaster?
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8. Conceptual Framework
As stipulated in Republic Act 10121, otherwise known as
the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of
2010, this paved the way for the institutionalization of the
proactive Disaster Risk Reduction and Management or “DRRM”
approach, in emphasizing the systematic process of using
administrative directives, organizations, operational skills, and
coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards
and the possibility of disaster. In Section 2, Republic Act 10121
aims to promote the involvement and participation of all sectors
and all stakeholders concerned at all levels, especially the local
community. In this section, it emphasizes that all stakeholders and
all sectors in a certain locality are responsible in minimizing
hazards and achieving development.
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9. According to the Office of the Civil Defense (OCD) of the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (2011),
ninety-one (91) of the one hundred seventy five (175) destructive
tropical cyclones that hit the country from 2004 to 2011 brought
billions of pesos in damages and a number of casualties. Some tropical
cyclones are very strong with maximum winds of more than 185 km/h
near the center, which could damage houses and buildings and topple
down power lines over a wide area. When a typhoon hit a certain place
in a municipality and it also has a maximum winds of more than 185
km/h, this can lead to the adverse behaviours of the residents, like
difficulty in relaxing, decision making difficulty, confusion, and
avoiding activities, places, thoughts or feeling that remind you of the
trauma. But these feelings will usually become less intense after a few
weeks. They might hard to cope and it might take a while to come to
terms with what has happened. It is important to know the needs of the
victims during and aftermath of the disaster. The identified needs will
anchor whatever appropriate psychosocial intervention programs to be
developed. HOMEignatius joseph n estroga

10. From the concepts stated above, this research on the
coping mechanisms of the residents in Purok Barikir, during and
after the typhoon is based. The research paradigm below is used
in the study.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Coping Mechanisms
of the residents
During After
Natural disasters
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12. • It is important to understand the coping mechanism of the said
barangay to know what adjustments and how they adjust after a
struggle from a major disaster.
• It is important for us to understand how they dwell and accept
how things that was ruined by the typhoon could not get back
again, in terms of casualties because we could not get back the
life of the dead.
• The conduct of this study will directly benefit to the residents of
the Purok Barikir, Yeban Norte.
• This study will provide for the residents an adequate and proper
coping strategies to have necessary steps in coping with the
disasters.
• Therefore, that coping mechanism would be a big factor in
rebounding themselves from a great fall. HOME
Significance of the Study

13. This study focused in investigating and
understanding the coping mechanism of the residents in
Purok Barikir, Brgy. Yeban Norte, Benito Soliven
before and during the typhoon.
The Data-gathering instrument was administered
in June-August 2017 at Purok Barikir, Yeban Norte.
This study is limited only to the residents living in
Purok Barikir, Yeban Norte, Benito Soliven and the
researchers only choosing one hundred residents to
answer our provided questionnaires.
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Scope and Delimitation

14. Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the study, the
following terms are hereby operationally defined.
•Coping Mechanism. An adaptation to environmental
stress that is based on conscious or unconscious choice
and that enhances control over behaviour or give
psychological comfort.
•Ground Subsidence. Something similar with soil
erosions and landslides wherein the ground collapse or
sink.
•Hazard. A source of danger, that gives harm to an
individual. Usually occurs during accidents or the
negative effects of natural disasters.
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15. • Landslides. It is a large mass of soil and rocks that
suddenly and quickly moves down the side of a
mountain or hill.
• Natural Disaster. Something ( such as floods,
landslides, and soil erosion) that happens suddenly and
causes much suffering or lost to many people.
• Psychological Coping Mechanisms. An specific efforts
or strategies that people employ to master, tolerate,
reduce, or minimize stressful events both behavioural
and psychological.
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16. CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED
STUDIES

17. Review of Related Literature
Disaster Management as a subject essentially deals with
management of resources and information as far as a disastrous event
is concerned and also how effectively and seamlessly one coordinates
these resources. Disaster management, at the individual and
organisational level, deals with issues of planning, coordinating,
communication and risk management. This book covers all these
subjects in order to enhance the ability of people and the residents of a
certain barangay for better disaster response.
Under the Republic Act 10121 Section 3, disaster prevention,
disaster preparedness, and disaster mitigation. It states the Prevention
and Mitigation (P&M) which provides key strategic actions that give
importance to activities revolving around hazards evaluation and
mitigation, vulnerability analyses, identification of hazard prone areas
and mainstreaming DRRM into development plans. It is based on

18. sound and scientific analysis of the different underlying factors which
contribute to the vulnerability of the people and eventually, their risks
and exposure to hazards and disasters. Disaster preparedness helps the
community and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and
recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events
or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out within the context of
DRRM and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage
all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response
to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of
DRR and good linkages with early warning systems and includes such
activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and
supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation
and public information and associated training and field exercises.
Likewise, preparing our communities and ourselves for calamities will
help our mind set to be fully responsible in having a good coping
mechanism during and after for any disasters especially typhoons,

19. landslides, and floods. In this section, it is also stated the Disaster
Response which there is a provision of emergency services and
public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order
to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and
meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. This
phase is about the first reactions after the disaster. It also entails
humanitarian assistance from external parties. Some examples of
activities in this phase are rescue and retrieval operations,
evacuation, clearing roads and pathways and the distribution of
relief goods and food. This was really a good factor for the
people in making a solid and firm coping mechanism during and
after a disaster. The rehabilitation and recovery was also
mentioned in this section. In this aspect, it covers the area like
employment, livelihood, infrastructure and lifeline facilities,
housing and resettlement, among others.

20. This phase is characterised by the rebuilding of damaged houses and
public property. As well as the recovery of livelihoods and
psychological well-being. This can really help for the residents to
bring back the normal and healthy condition of their lives, and
livelihoods and their good recovery in their coping mechanism
psychologically after the typhoon.
According to Flavia, Cynthia, et, al (2004) Defense
mechanisms mostly occur at an unconscious level, and people are
generally unaware they are using them. One’s use of coping
mechanisms, on the other hand, is typically conscious and purposeful.
Coping mechanisms are used to manage an external situation that is
creating problems for an individual. Defense mechanisms can change a
person’s internal psychological state. When a natural disaster,
particularly a typhoon hits a certain place (like PurokBarikir of
YebanNorte) this concept of coping mechanisms can really help to the
residents in this place because they are very prone in landslides and

21. ground subsidence and helping their mind set to cope with the risk of
natural disaster.
Amadore (2011) developed an Idealized Typhoon Damaged
Model (ITDM) to simulate the location, maximum winds,
direction/speed of movement, radius and size/shape of a tropical
cyclone and come up with a typhoon wind profile which became the
basis for the degree of hazard. A vulnerability map was generated
showing areas at the municipal level with the most number of nipa
houses. The typhoon risk mapping model was limited to wind damage
risk, areas on flat/ocean surface and residential structures only. This
model can really help the improvement of the psychological coping
mechanisms of people because they already knew about the strength
and the profile of the typhoon striking in their place and they would
really prepare for it.
Pierce S. Docena (2015), express that “Disasters often bring
destructions, loss, and trauma to individual.” However, not everyone
is

22. affected by disasters in the same way as there are those who are more
vulnerable to their impact. This only connotes the importance of coping
mechanisms to the risky impacts of natural disasters.
On June 21, 2010, through Executive Order Number 888, the
Strategic National Action Plan
(SNAP) on DRR, consist of vision and tactical objectives of the
country for the next 10 years and is based on an assessment of the
disaster risks, vulnerability, and capacity, gap analysis that identifies
and maps out significant on-going initiatives; and DRR activities that
are considered by the stakeholders as achievable priorities for the
country, with adequate relevant resources and capacity for
implementation over the next three to ten years. SNAP on disaster
risk reduction aims to build the resilience of communities to disasters in
order to “reduce disaster losses in lives, in the social, economic and
environmental assets of communities and countries.”

23. Justin Goldman (2014) said that “Filipino smile comes
within the heart”. It is our own culture, that’s why we have this
kind of strong defense mechanism. The reason why Filipinos are
still smiling even they are suffering under the state of calamity is
that, they believe that after a rain there will always be a rainbow
behind on it. Other nationality admires us because of this trait
and this can only be found within us. Filipinos even after many
tragic experiences are still living strong and striving. To smile
even after a typhoon is natural for Filipinos, though some would
cry after losing their family members. But this kind of trait of
Filipinos and a strong defense strategy can make us to alleviate
and minimize the stressful circumstances and to reduce the
adverse impacts of the typhoon.
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24. Review of Related Studies
Adaptive coping beyond adopts an agentic perspective to
disaster adaptation. Ryan &Deci (2000), defined the agency as the
inherent tendency to seek out novel challenges, explore, learn, and
extend one’s capacities. In addition, agency is manifested by the
individuals when they able to harness their strengths and abilities in
order to confront and survive to their traumatic experiences
(Fernando & Herbert, 2011). Adaptive coping refers to cognitive
and behavioural efforts to manage internal and external demands
that are taxing or exceeding the resources of the person.
Bankoff (2003), express that coping can refer to strategic
actions and it also includes “disaster phases” which are the
preparedness and prevention, response and relief, and rehabilitation
and recovery.

25. In understanding these three phases, preparedness and prevention
aims to prevent the adverse impact of landslides by anti-erosion
measures like planting of trees and the construction of irrigation
systems and stonewalls. As well as conducting proper risk
assessments. It can also contain communication and early warning
systems and awareness and capability trainings. These can be a
good factor for the people to have a good mind set during and after
the typhoon and people can really think for a good solution to cope
with these disasters psychologically. For response and relief, this
phase is about the first reactions after the disaster. The activities of
people include rescue and retrieval operations, evacuation, clearing
roads and pathways and the distribution of relief goods and food.
And for rehabilitation and recovery, the emergency situation
stabilises somewhat and there is a gradual shift from immediate
response and relief to rehabilitation and recovery.

26. This phase is characterised by the rebuilding of damaged houses
and public property. As well as the recovery of livelihoods and
psychological well-being.
The World Bank Study (2008), stated that the Philippines
was identified as a natural disaster hot-spot with approximately
50.3% of its total area and 81% of its population vulnerable to
natural disasters. This implies that people in our country should
have a prior response to it and how the harms of these disasters be
avoided. It was expanded by the United Nations University Institute
of Environment and Human Security’s (UNU-EHS, 2012) that “The
Philippines ranks third as one of the most disaster risk country
worldwide. This only indicate that our country has many adverse
impacts on natural disasters and coping strategies was such an
important factor for all the Filipinos to cope with different natural
disasters especially typhoons.
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27. CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH LOCALE
SELECTION AND
DESCRIPTION OF THE
RESPONDENTS
DATA GATHERED
INSTRUMENTS
DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURES
SAMPLING

28. CHAPTER III
This chapter presents the method used, research locale,
selection and description of the respondents, the data gathered
instruments, and the data gathering procedures.
METHOD USED
In determining the coping mechanisms of the Purok Barikir,
Brgy. Yeban Norte residents during and after the typhoon and to secure
adequate and reliable information for the evaluation of the objectives of
this study, the researchers made use of the descriptive method using
questionnaires. Descriptive method of research is a fact-finding study
with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings (Calderon and
Gonzales, 1993). Descriptive method is the most appropriate method
used in the study because the researchers wanted to know how the
residents cope during and after the typhoon at the Purok Barikir, Yeban
Norte, Benito Soliven, Isabela.

29. RESEARCH LOCALE
At present, Benito Soliven is a fourth class
municipality subdivided into 29 barangays.
Yeban Norte is one of the twenty-nine
barangays and it consists of six Purok. Purok
Barikir is one of the Purok of Yeban Norte and
this Purok was very prone in landslides and
floods during the paasage of the typhoon.

30. SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE
RESPONDENTS
The informants of this study were the
residents of Purok Barikir, Brgy. Yeban Norte of
Benito Soliven. Respondents are identified by
the researchers through qualitative observations.
The study involved 100 residents of the
Purok Barikir, Yeban Norte, Benito Soliven,
Isabela.

31. DATA GATHERED INSTRUMENTS
The questionnaire is used as the primary source of
information to gather relevant data for the study. The structure
type of questionnaire is prepared wherein lists of written
questions are asked and several answers are provided for the
respondents to simply check the appropriate answers and
indicate what is ask in the questions. This questionnaire will
determine the coping mechanisms of the residents in Purok
Barikir, Brgy. Yeban Norte, Benito Soliven. Likewise, to
supplement the data to gather through questionnaires, formal
interview is also conducted with the floating of the
questionnaires to clarify the respondents and lead them to the
accurate response and for further comments and
recommendations.

32. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
All data are carefully studied for reliability to avail
the relevant response related to data study. The following
steps and procedures below were undertaken by the
researchers in gathering data for the study:
•Formulate questionnaires.
•Validate and distribute personally the questionnaires.
•Retrieve the answered questionnaires.
•Organize the data gather.
•Analyze and interpret the data.

33. SAMPLING USED
We prefer to used the Quota sampling as our
sampling. Quota Sampling is a sampling technique that
sets a specific number of certain types of individuals to
be interviewed.
We used Quota sampling because we have just
set a number of respondents to be interviewed.
We also include as our sampling is the accidental
sampling because any residents in Purok Barikir that we
will encounter will be interviewed as long as we will
meet a 100 respondents in Purok Barikir.

34. Researchers:
Carmelito C. Amistoso
Kim B. Melad
Melody Payawal
Carla Mae Hilario
Kriza Joyce Valdez
Alliah Cayetano
Arthur Alcain
Jayson Baccay
Jobert Laguisma
Anthony Languido
Gerald Fernandez

35. Thank You for Watching