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Tissue culture is the growth of small pieces of animal or plant tissue in a sterile controlled medium. It is based on the principles of totipotency, dedifferentiation, and competency. The document also discusses Phoenix dactylifera, also known as date palm, which is a flowering plant species in the palm family.
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RHS Year 1 session 3 2011
This document discusses plant cells, tissues, and their structures and functions. It covers the structure of the basic plant cell including the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It states that active cell division occurs in the apical and lateral meristems. It defines plant tissue as a group of cells with a common function, such as transportation, strengthening, or protection. It describes the basic tissues in plants including meristematic, protective, vascular, strengthening, and packing tissues.
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This document provides information about plant structures and their functions. It discusses the key differences between dicots and monocots, including examples of plant types. It also outlines the main structures and roles of stems, leaves, roots, and root systems. Stems support leaves and reproductive structures, transport water and nutrients, and protect leaves. Leaves perform photosynthesis, maximize sunlight absorption, facilitate water transport, and provide pressure to draw up water. Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals, store food, and have root hairs that aid absorption. Root systems include taproots and fibrous roots among monocots and dicots.
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The document summarizes 5 different plant species: rose, chrysanthemum, crab tree, birch tree, and arborvitae pyramidalis. It provides details on how each plant reproduces such as through seeds, fruits, or cones. It also describes some adaptations each plant has made like thorns on roses or wings on birch tree seeds. While the plants differ in size, growth habits, and reproductive structures, they all share characteristics of being living organisms with cellular organization and vascular systems.
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DEFENCE MECHANISM IN PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS (STRUCTURAL & BIOCHEMICAL)
Plants have both structural and biochemical defense mechanisms against pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing traits like thick cuticles and presence of thick-walled cells, as well as induced responses like formation of cork layers and tyloses after infection. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitory compounds and enzymes, as well as induced responses like phytoalexins, hypersensitive response, and transgenic production of plantibodies after pathogen detection. Together these defenses provide multiple layers of protection against the wide variety of fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that plants encounter.
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2. Several plant families are listed including Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, and Asteraceae. Characteristics of different plant families like flower structure and leaf arrangements are provided.
3. Examples of plant species are given, such as Sagittaria cuneata, Alisma triviale, and Arenga australasica. Traits of monocots like herbaceous stems and lack of endosperm are mentioned.
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There are two main types of vascular plants with seeds: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include five phyla and have naked seeds contained in cones or scales, while angiosperms have seeds contained within fruits and flowers. They include one phylum, Anthophyta, which contains two classes: monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Monocots and dicots differ in terms of seed, leaf, flower, and vascular bundle characteristics.
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This document provides information about plant stems and leaves from a RHS Level 2 Certificate course. It defines key terms like cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, and vacuole. It describes the structure and function of stems, including how stems develop, the types of buds, the vascular system, and adaptations. It also details the structure and function of leaves, internal and external leaf structures, stomata, and leaf adaptations. The learning objectives cover describing the development, structure, and adaptations of stems and leaves.
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Vertebrates are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that do not have cell walls. They obtain their energy from consuming other organisms because they are heterotrophic. Vertebrates are distinguished by having a backbone and spinal cord that provides support for nerves on their back.
Defense Mechanism & Pollination pattern in plants ppt
This document provides an overview of defense mechanisms in plants and patterns of pollination. It discusses structural, chemical, and protein-based defenses plants use against pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It also outlines different pollination types including abiotic (wind, water), biotic (insects, birds, bats), and artificial pollination used in hybridization. The document contains detailed information on specific defense structures, chemicals, and the characteristics of different pollination methods. It aims to explain the complex interactions between plants and pathogens or pollinators.
Defence mechanism in plants
Defence mechanism in plants, defence against pathogens, defence against herbivores, structural defence mechanism, biochemical defence mechanism
Defense mechanism in plants
1. The document discusses various defense mechanisms in plants, including preexisting structural defenses like cuticular wax, cuticle thickness, and epidermal cell wall structures.
2. It also describes defense structures that develop after a pathogen attack, such as cytoplasmic reactions, cell wall thickening, gum deposition, and formation of layers.
3. Biochemical defenses are also summarized, including the release of inhibitory compounds and production of phenolic compounds and phytoalexins after infection.
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 week 5 2011
This document discusses the structure and purpose of stems and leaves in plants. It covers the internal structure of stems, including the vascular system and differences between monocot and dicot stems. It also discusses leaf structure, function, and adaptations, including the location of epidermis, stomata, vascular bundles and mesophyll in leaf cross-sections. The learning objectives are to understand stem and leaf development, structure, function, and adaptations that allow plants to perform different roles like support, transport, photosynthesis, storage, and protection.
Mycology3 converted
Fungal cells contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and complex internal membranes. Unlike plant cells, they do not have chloroplasts. The fungal cell wall is composed of mannoproteins, chitins, and various glucans. It provides structure, metabolism, and defense functions. Fungal hyphae form a branching network called a mycelium. Hyphae can be modified into specialized structures like sclerotia, sporophores, and haustoria. Sclerotia are dense masses of hyphae that allow fungi to survive unfavorable conditions. Sporophores bear spores and conidiophores bear conidia. Haustoria are absorbing structures formed by parasitic fungi.
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Nonvascular plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves due to the absence of vascular tissue. They are called thallophytes and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They must live in moist environments because they lack internal structures for transporting water and nutrients and generally only grow 1-2 cm tall. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transport and include both spore-bearing plants like ferns and seed-bearing plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds enclosed in cones while angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within flowers in an ovary.
Defence mechanism in plants: Preformed substances and structures.
This document discusses various types of plant disease resistance. It begins by defining resistance and describing non-host resistance and gene for resistance. It then discusses true resistance, which is genetically controlled, and divides it into horizontal and vertical resistance. Horizontal resistance is polygenic while vertical is monogenic. Apparent resistance is also discussed, relating to disease escape or tolerance. The document then examines preexisting and induced structural and chemical defenses in plants, providing examples for mechanisms like waxes, cell wall thickening, and pathogenesis-related proteins.
Unit 10: Plant kingdom
Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that undergo photosynthesis to produce their own food. They reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified as autotrophs that live in soil and lack mobility. Key parts of plants include vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, as well as reproductive organs that vary between seedless plants like moss and ferns, and seed-bearing plants such as gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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DEFENCE MECHANISM IN PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS (STRUCTURAL & BIOCHEMICAL)
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This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
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Root regeneration from callus can be achieved through tissue culture techniques. The process requires a callus formation from plant cells on nutrient-rich media supplemented with the appropriate phytohormones, especially auxins which play a central role in root regeneration. Upon the addition of auxins and cytokinins in precise concentrations, the callus undergoes de novo organogenesis to develop new roots through a process where adventitious roots regenerate from detached plant tissues.
Ubaid afzal (23)
Plant tissue culture is a technique to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile nutrient medium. It allows for cloning plants with desirable traits, rapid plant production without seeds, genetically modifying plants, and reducing disease. Explants are placed on solid culture media containing inorganic salts, organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Specific protocols describe sterilizing and culturing rice, sugarcane and cotton plant materials.
Ubaid afzal (22)
Heavy metals can cause toxicity and stress in plants. Some heavy metals like zinc and copper are necessary for plant growth, while others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Heavy metals induce oxidative stress in plant cells, disrupting metabolism and growth. Plants can activate anti-oxidative enzymes to counteract reactive oxygen species and minimize the impacts of oxidative stress. Tissue culture is used to rapidly propagate genetically identical plants that can be grown in small spaces and used for phytoremediation strategies like phytoextraction and phytostabilization to reduce heavy metal levels or leaching in soil. Factors like plant species, soil pH, addition of chelators, and root zone absorption influence phyt
Ubaid afzal (21)
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the rapid multiplication of plant material using sterile tissue culture techniques. It allows for the production of many exact genetic copies of plants with desirable traits quickly and without the need for seeds or pollinators. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive process, and there is a risk that diseases or abnormalities could infect or appear in the cloned plants.
Ubaid afzal (20)
In vitro propagation involves studying organisms or their components in artificial environments outside of their natural biological context. This allows scientists to isolate specific parts of an organism like cells or proteins to explore their basic functions. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are that they provide simplicity by removing complexity, allow for convenience through automation and high-throughput screening, and enable the mass production of cloned plants that are disease-free and genetically uniform.
Ubaid afzal (19)
Transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering processes to introduce genes from other species into a plant's genome. The tissue culture process is used because it allows a single transformed cell to be regenerated into an entire plant containing the transgene. A new gene is delivered into the nucleus of a plant cell and integrated into its chromosome. The transformed cell is then regenerated through tissue culture into a whole plant where the transgene becomes a permanent part of its genome, passing to its progeny.
Ubaid afzal (18)
Plant tissue culture provides a means to produce pathogen-free plants by eliminating contaminating bacteria. Bacteria that contaminate plant tissue cultures can originate from the explant tissue, the lab environment, operators, or ineffective sterilization techniques. Contaminants are identified and characterized using biochemical tests and purification methods to determine the source. Producing aseptic cultures involves indexing explants for contaminants, identifying and eliminating the contaminants, and maintaining pathogen-free plant stocks through tissue culture.
Ubaid afzal (17)
Limitations of plant tissue culture include: requiring sophisticated facilities and greater skill than conventional techniques; genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in some shoot-tip derived plants; expensive equipment costs for large-scale production; and variability in productivity dependent on species without trial experiments. The procedures also require special attention, infections may continue through generations, and decreased genetic diversity is possible if all plants are genetically similar.
Ubaid afzal (16)
This document discusses methods for screening plant tissue cultures for virus resistance. It introduces that plant viruses cause crop losses and that current protection methods are limited. It then describes that putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually screened in greenhouses but that the authors developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture screening to reduce costs and time. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing results to greenhouse screens, finding two transgenic potato lines showed strong resistance to potato virus Y infection with both methods. The in vitro methods were also used to infect other plant species with different viruses.
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Ubaid afzal (12)
- 2. The growth in an artificial medium of cells derived from living tissue. the growth of small pieces of animal or plant tissue in a sterile controlled medium. Based upon Totipotency Dedifferentiation competency
- 5. Phoenix dactylifera commonly known as date or date palm. flowering plant species in the palm family, Arecaceae