Parathyroid for Nursing students made easy

2.  Typhoid fever is an acute infectious illness
caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria.

3.  Salmonella Typhi bacteria

4.  The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human
carrier and are then spread to other people
 Vehicle Transmission- Typhoid fever is contracted chiefly
through the medium of contaminated food or water.
 Vectors- typhoid fever may be transmitted by flies
 People with acute illness can contaminate the surrounding
water supply through stool, which contains a high
concentration of the bacteria. Contamination of the water
supply can, in turn, taint the food supply. The bacteria can
survive for weeks in water or dried sewage.
 About 3%-5% of people become carriers of the bacteria
after the acute illness. Others suffer a very mild illness
that goes unrecognized. These people may become long-
term carriers of the bacteria -- even though they have no
symptoms --

5.  After the ingestion of contaminated food or water,
the Salmonella bacteria invade the small intestine and
enter the bloodstream temporarily.
 The bacteria are carried by white blood cells in the
liver, spleen, and bone marrow, where they multiply
and reenter the bloodstream. People develop
symptoms, including fever, at this point.
 Bacteria invade the gallbladder, biliary system, and
the lymphatic tissue of the small intestine,
abdominal lymph glands, but may also affect any
organ.
 Here, they multiply in high numbers. The bacteria
pass into the intestinal tract and can be identified in
stool samples.

6.  The onset is insidious with
 Anorexia
 Headaches
 Generalized aches and pains
 Fever as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit
 Lethargy
 Diarrhea
 Abdominal pain and discomfort

7.  Stool culture
 A complete blood count (CBC) will show a
high number of white blood cells.
 A blood culture during the first week of the
fever can show S. typhi bacteria.


8.  Antibiotics eg. Ciprofloxacin, amoxycillin
 IV Fluids therapy
 Follow up care-examination of stool and
urine should be done for salmonella thyphi
3-4 months after discharge of the patient
and again after 12 months to prevent the
development of the carrier state

9.  Intestinal perforation
 Intestinal bleeding
 Peritonitis
 Thrombophlebitis
 Urinary infections
 Cholecystitis

10. Paratyphoid fever

11.  Paratyphoid fever,sometimes called
Salmonella paratyphi infection, is a serious
contagious disease caused by a gram-
negative bacterium.
 MODE OF TRANSMISISON
 Fecae oral route
 It can be transmitted from animals or animal
products to humans

12.  Paratyphoid fever is caused by any of three
strains of
 Salmonella paratyphi
 S. paratyphi A
 S. schottmuelleri (also called S. paratyphi C);
or S. hirschfeldii (also called S. paratyphi B).
 The incubation period is one to two weeks
but is often shorter in children.

13.  Symptom onset may be gradual in adults but is
often sudden in children.
 High fever
 Headache
 loss of appetite
 Vomiting
 Constipation or diarrhea.
 The patient typically develops an enlarged
spleen.
 Rose spots on the front of the chest during the
first week of illness.

14.  Stool culture to identify the paratyphoid
organism.
 Blood culture
 Urine culture

15. MEDICATION
 Paratyphoid fever is treated with antibiotics over a
two- to three-week period with
trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra);
amoxicillin (Amoxil, Novamoxin); and ampicillin
(Amcill). Thirdgeneration cephalosporins (ceftriaxone
[Rocephin], cefotaxime [Claforan], or cefixime
[Suprax]) or chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) may be
given if the specific strain is resistant to other
antibiotics.
 Careful monitoring for signs of complications
 Encourage bed rest and nutritional support.
 Patients with severe infections may require fluid
replacement eg iv fluids

16.  Immunization
 Vaccination against paratyphoid fever is
recommended for travel to countries with
high rates of enteric fever.
 Hygienic measures
 Handwashing before eating
 Ensure hygienic handling in the preparation
food