Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
1. The document discusses different types of batteries - primary batteries that cannot be recharged, secondary batteries that can be recharged, and reserve batteries that have separated electrolytes.
2. It provides examples of different battery technologies like lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, zinc-air, lithium-ion batteries.
3. The key components and operating principles of batteries are explained along with characteristics like voltage, current, capacity, energy efficiency, cycle life, and shelf life.
This document discusses different types of batteries including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides definitions and examples of each type. Primary batteries include lithium cells and Leclanche cells which produce electricity through a non-reversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged. Secondary batteries like lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries allow for recharging through a reversible reaction. Fuel cells like hydrogen-oxygen continuously produce electricity through redox reactions as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. It describes the Leclanche cell (zinc-carbon battery), the lead-acid battery, and the nickel-metal hydride battery. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrochemical reactions, components, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The lead-acid battery discussion includes how it works in its charged and discharged states. The nickel-metal hydride battery section explains the chemical reactions during charging and discharging.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
1. The document discusses different types of batteries - primary batteries that cannot be recharged, secondary batteries that can be recharged, and reserve batteries that have separated electrolytes.
2. It provides examples of different battery technologies like lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, zinc-air, lithium-ion batteries.
3. The key components and operating principles of batteries are explained along with characteristics like voltage, current, capacity, energy efficiency, cycle life, and shelf life.
This document discusses different types of batteries including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides definitions and examples of each type. Primary batteries include lithium cells and Leclanche cells which produce electricity through a non-reversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged. Secondary batteries like lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries allow for recharging through a reversible reaction. Fuel cells like hydrogen-oxygen continuously produce electricity through redox reactions as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. It describes the Leclanche cell (zinc-carbon battery), the lead-acid battery, and the nickel-metal hydride battery. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrochemical reactions, components, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The lead-acid battery discussion includes how it works in its charged and discharged states. The nickel-metal hydride battery section explains the chemical reactions during charging and discharging.
This document defines batteries and describes three main types: primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides examples for each type. Primary batteries, like lithium and lead-acid cells, produce current through a non-reversible chemical reaction and are disposable. Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, are rechargeable through the reversal of their chemical reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions and can include hydrogen-oxygen cells. The document focuses on the chemistry, components, reactions, and uses of common battery types.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The document discusses different types of batteries, including nickel-cadmium, alkaline, lithium-iodine, mercury, and lead-acid batteries. It provides the chemical reactions, components, and properties of each battery type. In particular, it notes that nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries are rechargeable because their reaction products cling to the electrodes, allowing the reactions to be run in reverse when an external voltage is applied. Alkaline batteries are not rechargeable because their reaction products do not remain attached to the electrodes.
Batteries store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy. They are composed of electrochemical cells with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Primary batteries can be used once while secondary batteries can be recharged and used multiple times. Common battery types include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are used widely in electronics.
This document discusses different types of batteries and their components and reactions. It provides details on primary batteries like Leclanche cell and mercury cell. It also describes secondary batteries like lead-acid battery and nickel-cadmium battery. Fuel cells and their working are explained. Corrosion and its prevention are discussed. Hydrogen economy and methods of hydrogen production are mentioned.
This presentation summarizes the history and workings of batteries. It discusses how batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reactions. Key battery types include alkaline batteries used in devices and lithium-ion batteries that have higher energy density. Rechargeable batteries can be reused, saving money and resources compared to disposable batteries. Research is ongoing to develop lithium-air batteries that could significantly increase energy storage capacity over lithium-ion batteries.
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. It consists of two or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel. The key components of a battery are the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator. During discharge, oxidation occurs at the anode and release of electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode with absorption of electrons. Rechargeable batteries can be charged by passing a current in the opposite direction of discharge. Common types include lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and nickel-metal hydride batteries.
This document discusses different types of battery technology. It introduces batteries and their components. There are three main types of batteries: primary cells which are not rechargeable, secondary cells which are rechargeable, and reserve batteries which have a long shelf life. Two specific battery technologies discussed are nickel-metal hydride batteries, which use metal hydrides as the anode, and lithium-ion batteries. Key characteristics of batteries include their emf, current, capacity, efficiency, cycle life, power density, and shelf life.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 12 on batteries. It discusses the basic components and chemical reactions of voltaic cells and how they produce electricity. It also summarizes different types of primary cells like carbon-zinc dry cells and alkaline cells, as well as secondary cells like lead-acid wet cells, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries. The document explains how cells can be connected in series and parallel to increase voltage and current capacity. It also discusses how the load resistance impacts the current drain from a battery.
This document summarizes different types of batteries - primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It describes that primary batteries have an irreversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged, secondary batteries have a reversible reaction and can be recharged, and fuel cells continuously convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy as long as fuel is supplied. Examples of each type are provided, including the dry cell/Leclanche cell, lithium-ion battery, and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. Their components, reactions, and applications are briefly outlined.
This document provides information about different types of batteries. It begins with an overview of the basic electrochemistry involved in batteries, including the components (electrolyte, anode, cathode, container) and redox reactions. It then discusses various primary (non-rechargeable) batteries like zinc-carbon, silver oxide, and alkaline batteries. Rechargeable batteries covered include nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lead-acid, and lithium-ion. Specifications discussed are voltage, size, capacity (amp-hours), and rechargeability. Concerns with different battery types like toxicity (cadmium) and memory effect are also summarized.
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
The document discusses various types of energy storage and conversion devices including lithium cobalt oxide batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and dye sensitized solar cells. It provides an introduction and overview of these topics, describing their basic components, mechanisms, and applications. Specifically, it outlines the syllabus for a course covering lithium cobalt oxide and metal air batteries, supercapacitors, and energy conversion devices like fuel cells and dye sensitized solar cells.
The document discusses energy storage as a prerequisite for harnessing renewable energy. It summarizes various methods of energy storage including chemical, heat, electric, electrochemical, and gravitational. It then focuses on batteries as a form of electrochemical energy storage. Batteries can store electrical energy chemically and convert it back to electrical energy when needed. The document discusses lead-acid batteries in detail, covering their fundamental principles, classifications based on plate type and electrolyte, uses, and factors that affect battery capacity over time.
Cells and batteries produce electricity through chemical reactions. Primary cells like zinc-carbon and alkaline cells are disposable, while secondary cells like lead-acid batteries can be recharged. Zinc-carbon cells use zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes with a paste electrolyte, producing 1.5 volts. Alkaline cells last longer with zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. Fuel cells like alkaline fuel cells continuously supply reactants to produce electricity, avoiding energy losses of power stations. Fuel cells may power vehicles as an alternative to combustion engines.
This document discusses energy storage systems and batteries. It begins with an overview of the components of a battery, including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. Batteries are then classified as either electrochemical, physical, biological, primary, or secondary. Common cell reactions in battery systems involve oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. Two specific battery types are described in more detail - lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries. Their electrode reactions, electrolytes, and applications are outlined. The document concludes with looking ahead to discussing pumped hydroelectric storage and compressed air energy storage in the next session.
EV range is affected by cold weather and use of air conditioning and lights, which use battery energy. Most EV batteries are expected to last over 10 years, with capacity decreasing to 80% of original after that time. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in EVs due to their higher energy density and lower environmental impact compared to other battery technologies.
This document discusses different types of secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries. It describes lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrode materials and chemical reactions involved in charging and discharging. Secondary batteries are able to undergo reversible chemical reactions, allowing them to be recharged by applying electrical energy and providing power when needed.
Module 1 ppts Energy system.pdf engineeringakholmes2104
The document discusses sensors and energy systems. It defines a battery and describes its components like anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator. It explains how batteries operate through recharge and discharge processes. Batteries are classified as primary, secondary or reserve. Specific battery types like lithium-ion and sodium-ion are described in detail including their construction, working principles and applications. Quantum dot sensitized solar cells are also introduced along with their working principle, properties and applications.
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including nickel-cadmium, alkaline, lithium-iodine, mercury, and lead-acid batteries. It provides the chemical reactions, components, and properties of each battery type. In particular, it notes that nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries are rechargeable because their reaction products cling to the electrodes, allowing the reactions to be run in reverse when an external voltage is applied. Alkaline batteries are not rechargeable because their reaction products do not remain attached to the electrodes.
Batteries store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy. They are composed of electrochemical cells with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Primary batteries can be used once while secondary batteries can be recharged and used multiple times. Common battery types include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are used widely in electronics.
This document discusses different types of batteries and their components and reactions. It provides details on primary batteries like Leclanche cell and mercury cell. It also describes secondary batteries like lead-acid battery and nickel-cadmium battery. Fuel cells and their working are explained. Corrosion and its prevention are discussed. Hydrogen economy and methods of hydrogen production are mentioned.
This presentation summarizes the history and workings of batteries. It discusses how batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reactions. Key battery types include alkaline batteries used in devices and lithium-ion batteries that have higher energy density. Rechargeable batteries can be reused, saving money and resources compared to disposable batteries. Research is ongoing to develop lithium-air batteries that could significantly increase energy storage capacity over lithium-ion batteries.
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. It consists of two or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel. The key components of a battery are the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator. During discharge, oxidation occurs at the anode and release of electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode with absorption of electrons. Rechargeable batteries can be charged by passing a current in the opposite direction of discharge. Common types include lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and nickel-metal hydride batteries.
This document discusses different types of battery technology. It introduces batteries and their components. There are three main types of batteries: primary cells which are not rechargeable, secondary cells which are rechargeable, and reserve batteries which have a long shelf life. Two specific battery technologies discussed are nickel-metal hydride batteries, which use metal hydrides as the anode, and lithium-ion batteries. Key characteristics of batteries include their emf, current, capacity, efficiency, cycle life, power density, and shelf life.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 12 on batteries. It discusses the basic components and chemical reactions of voltaic cells and how they produce electricity. It also summarizes different types of primary cells like carbon-zinc dry cells and alkaline cells, as well as secondary cells like lead-acid wet cells, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries. The document explains how cells can be connected in series and parallel to increase voltage and current capacity. It also discusses how the load resistance impacts the current drain from a battery.
This document summarizes different types of batteries - primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It describes that primary batteries have an irreversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged, secondary batteries have a reversible reaction and can be recharged, and fuel cells continuously convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy as long as fuel is supplied. Examples of each type are provided, including the dry cell/Leclanche cell, lithium-ion battery, and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. Their components, reactions, and applications are briefly outlined.
This document provides information about different types of batteries. It begins with an overview of the basic electrochemistry involved in batteries, including the components (electrolyte, anode, cathode, container) and redox reactions. It then discusses various primary (non-rechargeable) batteries like zinc-carbon, silver oxide, and alkaline batteries. Rechargeable batteries covered include nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lead-acid, and lithium-ion. Specifications discussed are voltage, size, capacity (amp-hours), and rechargeability. Concerns with different battery types like toxicity (cadmium) and memory effect are also summarized.
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
The document discusses various types of energy storage and conversion devices including lithium cobalt oxide batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and dye sensitized solar cells. It provides an introduction and overview of these topics, describing their basic components, mechanisms, and applications. Specifically, it outlines the syllabus for a course covering lithium cobalt oxide and metal air batteries, supercapacitors, and energy conversion devices like fuel cells and dye sensitized solar cells.
The document discusses energy storage as a prerequisite for harnessing renewable energy. It summarizes various methods of energy storage including chemical, heat, electric, electrochemical, and gravitational. It then focuses on batteries as a form of electrochemical energy storage. Batteries can store electrical energy chemically and convert it back to electrical energy when needed. The document discusses lead-acid batteries in detail, covering their fundamental principles, classifications based on plate type and electrolyte, uses, and factors that affect battery capacity over time.
Cells and batteries produce electricity through chemical reactions. Primary cells like zinc-carbon and alkaline cells are disposable, while secondary cells like lead-acid batteries can be recharged. Zinc-carbon cells use zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes with a paste electrolyte, producing 1.5 volts. Alkaline cells last longer with zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. Fuel cells like alkaline fuel cells continuously supply reactants to produce electricity, avoiding energy losses of power stations. Fuel cells may power vehicles as an alternative to combustion engines.
This document discusses energy storage systems and batteries. It begins with an overview of the components of a battery, including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. Batteries are then classified as either electrochemical, physical, biological, primary, or secondary. Common cell reactions in battery systems involve oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. Two specific battery types are described in more detail - lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries. Their electrode reactions, electrolytes, and applications are outlined. The document concludes with looking ahead to discussing pumped hydroelectric storage and compressed air energy storage in the next session.
EV range is affected by cold weather and use of air conditioning and lights, which use battery energy. Most EV batteries are expected to last over 10 years, with capacity decreasing to 80% of original after that time. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in EVs due to their higher energy density and lower environmental impact compared to other battery technologies.
This document discusses different types of secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries. It describes lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, it provides details on the electrode materials and chemical reactions involved in charging and discharging. Secondary batteries are able to undergo reversible chemical reactions, allowing them to be recharged by applying electrical energy and providing power when needed.
Module 1 ppts Energy system.pdf engineeringakholmes2104
The document discusses sensors and energy systems. It defines a battery and describes its components like anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator. It explains how batteries operate through recharge and discharge processes. Batteries are classified as primary, secondary or reserve. Specific battery types like lithium-ion and sodium-ion are described in detail including their construction, working principles and applications. Quantum dot sensitized solar cells are also introduced along with their working principle, properties and applications.
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
Similar to Electrochemical energy systems.pptx (20)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
3. Introduction to battery
Classification of batteries
Primary batteries
Dry/Leclanche battery
Zn-HgO battery
Zn-Ag2O battery
Secondary batteries
Ni-Cd Battery
TOPICS
4. Battery is an electrochemical cell or several
electrochemical cells connected in series to produce an
electric current.
An electrochemical cell is a device that can generate
electrical energy from the chemical reactions occurring in
it, or use the electrical energy supplied to it to facilitate
chemical reactions in it. These devices are capable of
converting chemical energy into electrical energy, or vice
versa.
A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and
converts it to electrical energy. Any galvanic cell could be
used as a battery.
Introduction
5. Batteries are mainly classified into 3 types.
Primary batteries
Secondary Batteries
Fuel cells
Classification
6. Primary batteries
In primary cells the cell reaction is not
reversible.
No electricity is produced after complete
conversion of the reactants to products and
the cell becomes dead.
These batteries are used as source of DC
power.
Examples:
Dry cell (Leclanche cell),
Alkaline cells (Zn-HgO, Zn-Ag2O)
7. Secondary batteries
The cells in which the cell reaction is reversed by
passing direct current in opposite direction.
It can operate both as a voltaic cell and as an
electrolytic cell.
The secondary batteries can be used through a large
number of cycles of discharging and charging. They are
used as a source of DC power.
Examples:
Ni-Cd Battery
Lead-acid battery
Li-ion battery
8. Fuel Cells
A fuel cell is a galvanic cell in which chemical energy
of a fuel – oxidant system is converted directly into
electrical energy in a continuous electrochemical
process.
The fuel and oxidants are continuously and
separately supplied to the electrodes of the cell where
they undergo reactions.
Fuel cells are capable of supplying current as long as
reactants are supplied.
Examples:
H2-O2 Fuel cell
Alkaline fuel cell
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
Propane-oxygen fuel cell
9. S.No. Primary Cell Secondary Cells Fuel Cells
1
Cell reaction is
irreversible
Reversible Combustion
reaction of fuel
takes place.
2
Cannot be recharged Can be recharged Cannot be
recharged
3
Cannot be reused Can be reused Cannot be
reused
4
Can act as galvanic
cell
Act as both galvanic
cell as well electrolytic
cell
Act as only
galvanic cell
5
Cannot be used as
storage devices
Used as energy
storage devices
Do not store
energy
6
Relative short shelf-
life
Longer shelf-life As long as fuel is
supplied
7
Eg: Dry cell Eg: Lead – acid
battery
Eg: H2-O2 fuel
cell
Comparison
10. Mechanism of working
All the batteries are made up of three basic
components: an anode (-ve terminal), a cathode (+ve
terminal), and an electrolyte (the substance
that chemically reacts with the anode and cathode).
The chemical reactions in batteries create a flow of
electrons in a circuit which results the production of
electric energy.
An ideal battery Never run down, produces an
unchanging voltage, and be capable of withstanding
environmental extremes of heat and humidity.
Real batteries strike a balance between ideal
characteristics and practical limitations
11. Primary batteries
Dry cell / Leclanche cell:
Anode: Zn-container
Cathode: Graphite rod
Electrolyte: Mixture of MnO2(s), NH4Cl (aq) and
ZnCl2(s) to which starch is added to make a
paste
Voltage: 1.5 V
14. Advantages:
Low price;
gives voltage of about 1.5 V;
normally works without leaking (leak proof cells);
possess high energy density;
non- toxic;
contains no liquid electrolytes.
Applications: Dry cell is used in consumer electronic devices like
calculators, transistor radios, flash lights, quartz wall clocks,
walkman etc. and in small portable appliances where small
amount of current is needed.
15. Disadvantages:
Not rechargeable
The products of the cell reaction will
accumulated on the walls of the battery. Thus
1.5V of electricity cannot be drawn
continuously. (Less shelf-life, No flat discharge
curve)
Because of the acidic nature of electrolyte the
Zinc container will get corrode results the
decrease in shelf-life.
18. Advantages:
Flat discharge curve
Holding constant 1.35 V voltage until
about the last 5% of their lifetime
Disadvantages:
It is becoming obsolete due to the
hazards associated with proper disposal
of mercury
19. Zn-Ag2O battery
Anode: Zn-container
Cathode: Ag2O
Electrolyte: Mixture of KOH
Voltage: 1.5 V
Construction:
A zinc-mercury amalam is the anode,
cathode is a paste of HgO, graphite and
water. Mercury batteries are smaller than a
pencil eraser, deliver about 1.34V.
21. Advantages:
1. Zinc does not dissolve readily in a basic medium.
2. The life of alkaline battery is longer than the dry cell, because
there is no corrosion on zinc.
3. Alkaline battery maintains its voltage, as the current is drawn
from it.
Disadvantages:
It is becoming obsolete due to the hazards associated with proper disposal of
mercury.
Applications:
This battery is used in consumer electronic devices like calculators, transistor
radios, flash lights, quartz wall clocks, walkman etc. and in small portable
appliances where small amount of current is needed.
22. Secondary Batteries
Ni-Cd Battery:
Anode: Cd (s)
Cathode: NiO(OH) (s),
Electrolyte: aqueous KOH
Voltage: 1.4 V
It can be prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) hydroxide with
aqueous potassium hydroxide and bromine as the oxidant:
2 Ni(OH)2 + 2 KOH + Br2 → 2 KBr + 2 H2O + 2 NiO(OH).
The oxidation state of nickel is 3+.
23. Construction
The positive and negative
plates, which are prevented
from shorting by the
separator, are rolled together
and put into the case as
shown in the figure. This is a
“jelly-roll” design and allows
the Ni-Cd cell to deliver much
more current than a similar-
sized alkaline battery.
Source:
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/1
7-5-batteries-and-fuel-cells/
24. Cell Reactions:
Since this is a rechargeable battery it can acts
galvanic cell while discharging and acts
electrolytic cell while charging.
Discharging (Galvanic cell):
Anode(-):
Cd(s) + 2OH- (aq ) -------- Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e-
Cathode(+):
NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O + 2e- -------- Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH- (aq)
Net Reaction:
Cd(s) + NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O -------- Cd(OH)2(s)+ Ni(OH)2(s)
26. Advantages:
1. This battery discharges about 1.2 V to 1.25 V of
voltage
2. When properly treated, a Ni-Cd battery can be
recharged about 1000 times.
3. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal so Ni-Cd batteries
should never be opened or put into the regular
trash.
27. Applications:
1. It is used - in flash lights, photoflash units and
portable electronic equipments.
2. Emergency lighting systems, alarm systems.
3. Aircrafts and space satellite power systems.
4. For starting large diesel engines and gas turbines etc.