The care provide during surgical intervention (pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative period) is known as Peri-operative Nursing Care.
Peri-operative Nursing Care includes :
Pre-operative Nursing Care
Intra-operative Nursing Care
Post-operative Nursing Care.
Anesthesia means “loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness” .
Medications that cause anaesthesia, are called Anesthetics.
Anesthesia is defined as a temporary state consisting of unconsciousness, loss of memory, lack of pain, and muscle relaxation.
Anesthesia is defined as a loss of feeling or awareness caused by drugs or other substances which keeps patient free from feeling pain during surgery or other procedures.
Management Of Patient Undergoing Surgerykalyan kumar
Preoperative care refers to health care provided before a surgical operation. The aim of preoperative care is to do whatever is right to increase the success of the surgery.
At some point before the operation the health care provider will assess the fitness of the person to have surgery.
During the perioperative period, specialised nursing care is needed during each phase of treatment. For nurses to give effective and competent care, they need to understand the full perioperative experience for the patient.
Perioperative refers to the three phases of surgery.
Preoperative stage
Intraoperative stage
Postoperative stage
Within these stages there are many different roles for nurses and different care needed for the patient dependent on which stage they are in.
As with any nursing care, the goal during these stages is to provide holistic and evidence based care as well as support to the individual.
There are different nursing roles throughout the perioperative process including: admissions nurse, anaesthetic nurse, circulating nurse or scout nurse, instrument or scrub nurse, post anaesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse and the surgical ward nurse. Other nurses may be included in the perioperative process such as pain management specialist nurses, diabetes educators.
at the end of this lecture, the learner will be able to Define the three phases of perioperative nursing.
Identify the members and functions of the surgical team.
Describe the principles of surgical asepsis.
Differentiate the three phases of post-anesthesia care.
Identify measures to manage postoperative complications.
Management Of Patient Undergoing Surgerykalyan kumar
Preoperative care refers to health care provided before a surgical operation. The aim of preoperative care is to do whatever is right to increase the success of the surgery.
At some point before the operation the health care provider will assess the fitness of the person to have surgery.
During the perioperative period, specialised nursing care is needed during each phase of treatment. For nurses to give effective and competent care, they need to understand the full perioperative experience for the patient.
Perioperative refers to the three phases of surgery.
Preoperative stage
Intraoperative stage
Postoperative stage
Within these stages there are many different roles for nurses and different care needed for the patient dependent on which stage they are in.
As with any nursing care, the goal during these stages is to provide holistic and evidence based care as well as support to the individual.
There are different nursing roles throughout the perioperative process including: admissions nurse, anaesthetic nurse, circulating nurse or scout nurse, instrument or scrub nurse, post anaesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse and the surgical ward nurse. Other nurses may be included in the perioperative process such as pain management specialist nurses, diabetes educators.
at the end of this lecture, the learner will be able to Define the three phases of perioperative nursing.
Identify the members and functions of the surgical team.
Describe the principles of surgical asepsis.
Differentiate the three phases of post-anesthesia care.
Identify measures to manage postoperative complications.
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
Peri operative nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who are having injuries, invasive procedures. Peri-operative nurses work closely with surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetist, surgical technologists, and nurse practitioners. They perform preoperative, intraoperative, post operative care primarily in the operating theater. The nurse assesses the patient data; establishing nursing diagnosis; identifies desired patient outcome; develop and implements a plan of care; and evaluates that care in terms of outcomes achieved by the patient
All aspects of peri operative care is described.
-preoperative care
-postoperative care
Role of nurse in pre operative nursing:
1.Pre operative assessment.
2.Obtaining informed consent.
3.Pre operative teaching.
4.Physical preparation of patients.
5.Psychological preparation
6.Informed Consent
POST OPERATIVE CARE: Post operative phase begins when the client is admitted to the post operative unit and ends with the client’s post operative evaluation in the physician’s office.
GOAL:
Restore homeostasis and prevent complication.
Maintain adequate cardio vascular and tissue perfusion
Maintain adequate respiratory function
Maintain adequate nutrition and elimination
Maintain adequate fluid electrolyte balance
Maintain adequate renal function
Promote adequate rest, comfort, and safety
Promote adequate wound healing
Promote and maintain activity and mobility
Provide adequate psychological support.
TRANSFER FROM OPERATION ROOM:
After sending the patient to operating room, prepare a bed to receive the patient undergone surgery.
Receive the patient without disturbing the devices attached to the patient.
Assessment A- Airway, B- Breathing, C- Circulation, C- Consciousness, S- Safety, D- Dressing, D- Drainage, D- Drugs , E- Elimination F- Foods, F- Fluids P- Pain.
Ask the theater staff about any complications during surgery.
Check vital signs.
Check the operation site for bleeding, discharge, etc. if drainage tube are filled.
Keep the patient well covered to prevent draught
Never leave the patient alone to prevent injury from fall
Observe the patient for swallowing reflexes
Quickly observe the functioning of all devices and make sure that they are in its functioning order.
Check the doctor’s order for other instruction and treatment.
POST OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS:
Haematological: Hemorrhage
Respiratory: Atelectesis, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism
Cardiovascular: Hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, venous thrombosis
Urinary: Urinary retention
Gastrointestinal: Constipation
Neurological: CVA/Stroke
Immunological: Infection
Wound healing: infection
Psychological: Body image problrms
POST OPERATIVE NURSING CARE:
Maintaining Respiratory function:
i.Encourage diaphragmatic breathing exercise at least every two hours while clients are awake
ii.Instruct to use incentive spirometers for maximum inspiration
iii.Encourage early ambulation
iv.Change position every one two hours.
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The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
Peri operative nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who are having injuries, invasive procedures. Peri-operative nurses work closely with surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetist, surgical technologists, and nurse practitioners. They perform preoperative, intraoperative, post operative care primarily in the operating theater. The nurse assesses the patient data; establishing nursing diagnosis; identifies desired patient outcome; develop and implements a plan of care; and evaluates that care in terms of outcomes achieved by the patient
All aspects of peri operative care is described.
-preoperative care
-postoperative care
Role of nurse in pre operative nursing:
1.Pre operative assessment.
2.Obtaining informed consent.
3.Pre operative teaching.
4.Physical preparation of patients.
5.Psychological preparation
6.Informed Consent
POST OPERATIVE CARE: Post operative phase begins when the client is admitted to the post operative unit and ends with the client’s post operative evaluation in the physician’s office.
GOAL:
Restore homeostasis and prevent complication.
Maintain adequate cardio vascular and tissue perfusion
Maintain adequate respiratory function
Maintain adequate nutrition and elimination
Maintain adequate fluid electrolyte balance
Maintain adequate renal function
Promote adequate rest, comfort, and safety
Promote adequate wound healing
Promote and maintain activity and mobility
Provide adequate psychological support.
TRANSFER FROM OPERATION ROOM:
After sending the patient to operating room, prepare a bed to receive the patient undergone surgery.
Receive the patient without disturbing the devices attached to the patient.
Assessment A- Airway, B- Breathing, C- Circulation, C- Consciousness, S- Safety, D- Dressing, D- Drainage, D- Drugs , E- Elimination F- Foods, F- Fluids P- Pain.
Ask the theater staff about any complications during surgery.
Check vital signs.
Check the operation site for bleeding, discharge, etc. if drainage tube are filled.
Keep the patient well covered to prevent draught
Never leave the patient alone to prevent injury from fall
Observe the patient for swallowing reflexes
Quickly observe the functioning of all devices and make sure that they are in its functioning order.
Check the doctor’s order for other instruction and treatment.
POST OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS:
Haematological: Hemorrhage
Respiratory: Atelectesis, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism
Cardiovascular: Hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, venous thrombosis
Urinary: Urinary retention
Gastrointestinal: Constipation
Neurological: CVA/Stroke
Immunological: Infection
Wound healing: infection
Psychological: Body image problrms
POST OPERATIVE NURSING CARE:
Maintaining Respiratory function:
i.Encourage diaphragmatic breathing exercise at least every two hours while clients are awake
ii.Instruct to use incentive spirometers for maximum inspiration
iii.Encourage early ambulation
iv.Change position every one two hours.
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Developmental Psychology is a branch of Psychology which focuses on how individuals grow and develop throughout their lives and examines the psychological processes of development from Infancy through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and into old age.
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Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
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VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
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to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
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3. The care provide during surgical intervention (pre-
operative, intra-operative and post-operative period) is
known as Peri-operative Nursing Care.
Peri-operative Nursing Care includes :
1. Pre-operative Nursing Care
2. Intra-operative Nursing Care
3. Post-operative Nursing Care.
4. 1.PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING CARE
The care before surgical intervention.
The phase begins from decision proceed with surgical intervention is made
and ends with transfer of patient on to the operating room table.
It includes the following nursing care :
1. Assessment of the patient.
2. Informed consent by the patient.
3. Reduce the anxiety level of the patient.
4. Maintain nutritional level of the patient.
5. Catheterization should be done.
6. Provide knowledge to the patient regarding the procedure.
7. Record and report vital signs and other investigations.
8. Provide psychological support to the patient and the family members.
9. Provide pre-operative medications to the patient such as pre-anesthetic drugs,
antibiotics.
5. EVALUATION OF PRE-OPERATIVE CHECKLIST :
History collection
Physical examination
Drug allergy
Laboratory investigations
ECG(Electrocardiograph)
Record/report the vital signs
Proper documentation
Checking of all articles/instruments.
PREPERATION OF THE PATIENT ON THE DAY OF SURGERY:
Psychological preparation
Informed consent
Physical preparation – CBC, X-ray, urinalysis.
PRE-OPERATIVE TEACHING:
IT INCLUDES INSTRUCTION ABOUT THE PRE-OPERATIVE PERIOD, THE SURGERY ITSELF, AND
THE POST-OPERATIVE PERIOD.
PAIN MANAGEMENT.
6. 2.INTRA-OPERATIVE NURSING CARE
Care starts from surgical intervention and ends with admission to
Post Anesthesia Care Unit [ PACU ].
It includes the following nursing steps :
1. Maintains aseptic, controlled environment.
2. Proper positioning of the patient.
3. Completes intra-operative documentation.
4. Ensures that the sponge, needle and instruments are correct and
working.
5. Report changes in patient’s vital signs.
6. Maintain fluid loss by IV infusion.
7. Provide psychological support to the patient.
8. Assessing patient’s emotional status.
9. Assist the surgeon during operation.
7. 3.POST-OPERATIVE NURSING
CARE
The post-operative period can be divided into :
Immediate post-operative ( day of surgery )
Early post-operative ( next day )
Late post-operative period.
GENERAL POST-OPERATIVE CARE
includes:
Monitoring of vital signs.
Ensure the surgical wound care.
Care of inserted devices.
Positioning
Rehabilitation
Pain management
Sleep and post-operative care
Maintain hygiene
Monitoring of nausea and vomiting
symptoms.
Monitoring flatulence
Administration of fluids
Monitoring of dietary therapy .
8. POST-OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS:
Post-operative complications are events that disrupt the post-operative course and occur
in connection with Anesthesia or surgery.
The post-operative complications are categorized into :
1. Early post-operative complications
2. Late post-operative complications
1.EARLY POST-OPEARATIVE COMPLICATIONS:
The complications occurs immediately after surgery, usually in relation to general
anesthesia, but may also be related to the actual surgical procedure.
These complications can includes:
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS like Laryngospasm, Bronchospasm, Upper airway
obstruction, inadequate breathing, Edema, Vocal cord paresis.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS like Hypotension, Hypertension, Shock, Arrhythmias,
Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack).
Hypothermia and shivering.
Hyperthermia
Post-operative nausea and vomiting.
Most of these complications occur in the OT and are treated by the Anesthesiologist or
the Surgeon ( bleeding ).
9. 2.LATE POST-OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS:
The patient may suffer late complications in days later after the surgery, either in the ICU or on
the ward.
Late complications include:
Ventilation complications
Cardiovascular disorders
Bleeding disorder complications
Surgical wound complications
Renal complications
Impaired hepatic function
Allergic reaction
Complications related to invasive inputs.
Nervous system disorders
Mental disorders – post-operative delirium.
PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS:
Correct pre-operative preparation: Breathing exercises, Transfusion, Bandages.
Post-operative period: Artificial ventilation, Drainage, NG tube feeding.
10. INFORMED CONSENT
DEFINITION:
Informed consent is a process of communication between the client and the
healthcare provider that often leads to agreement or permission for care,
treatment, surgeries, and other services.
NEEDS / IMPORTANCE / PURPOSES :
Every patient has the right to get information and ask questions before
procedures and treatment.
To make a voluntary decision about participation by the patient.
The informed consent process make sure that client’s health care provider
has given information about client’s condition along with testing and
treatment options before the client decide what to do.
Be informed purpose, risks and benefits, and about the alternative therapies.
Informed consent allows improved quality of care and increase safety.
11. DEFINITION:
Operating room or OT is a secure place in the hospital or a special facility
within the hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic
environment.
ORGANIZATION & PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF OT:
There is no standards design exists for OT.
Inside the OT must conform to basic parameters so as to maintain the
sterile OT environment:
The main objective of planning should be
Maximum standard of safety
High standard of asepsis
Optimise utilization of OT and staff time
Optimise working condition
Allow flexibility
Maintenance.
12. ZONES IN OT
STERILE ZONE :
Operating gown
Scrub room (proper hand
washing).
Anaesthesia's induction room .
CLEAR ZONE:
Pre-operative room
Recovery room
Staff room
Store
PROTECTIVE ZONE: area
include
Reception
Waiting area
Trolley
Changing room
DISPOSAL ZONE:
Dirty utility
Disposal corridor.
13. OT TEAM
STERILE TEAM MEMBERS:
Surgeons
assistant surgeons
Scrub person (registered nurse/theatre head nurse).
UNSTERILE TEAM MEMBERS:
Anesthetic team
• Chief anesthetist
• Assistant anaesthetist
• Anesthetist nurse.
Others nursing staff
Rediologist, technician.
14. PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF OT :
1. Staff amenities:
Separate area should be provided for male female staff
containing lockers, showers, toilets.
2. Anaesthetic room:
It is provide cleaning, testing and storing anaesthesia
equipment.
3. Blood store:
Provision for refrigerated blood storage.
4. Set up room:
It is a clean work room where clean/sterile material are
arranged piror to use in operating room.
5. Laboratory/ x-ray room:
An area preparation and examination is provided with
operation unit.
6. Storage:
For equipment and supplies utilized in the unit, adequate
store room should be provided.
15. INFECTIONCONTOLIN OT (THERAPEUTICENVIRONMENT)
OPERATING ROOM:
The unrestricted, semi-restricted and restricted areas within the department
in which surgical and or invasive procedures are performed.
OPERATING ROOM(OR) THEATRE:
A restricted area in which surgical or invasive procedures are performed,
including but not limited to the scrub area.
PURPOSE:
To maintain standards in infection control measures and minimize hospital
acquired infections in patients and staff.
To define policy and procedure regarding nosocomial infections.
METHODS OF INFECTION CONTROL:
1. DISINFECTION
2. STERILIZATION
3. FUMIGATION
4. CARBOLIZATION
16. 1. DISINFECTION:
Disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic
microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects in OT by
using disinfectants.
2. STERILIZATION:
Steam or autoclave sterilization is the most common method of OT
instrument sterilization.
Instruments are placed in a surgical pack and exposed to steam under
pressure.
3. FUMIGATION:
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilization which is used for killing of
micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or
floor.
4. CARBOLIZATION:
Carbolization is a procedure to wash or treat with carbolic acid all the
furniture and floors of OT.
17. MEANING:
Anesthesia means “loss of sensation with or without loss of
consciousness” .
Medications that cause anaesthesia, are called Anesthetics.
DEFINITION:
Anesthesia is defined as a temporary state consisting of
unconsciousness, loss of memory, lack of pain, and muscle
relaxation.
Anesthesia is defined as a loss of feeling or awareness caused by
drugs or other substances which keeps patient free from feeling
pain during surgery or other procedures.
20. 1.GENERAL ANESTHESIA:
General anesthesia is a reversible unconsciousness state involves sensual loss of the overall body
required for extensive surgeries.
General anesthesia is commonly produced by a combination of IV drugs and inhales gaseous
Anesthetics.
STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA:
1. Analgesia stage (Induction) :-
Begins with administration of anesthetic agents and ends with loss of consciousness.
Good stage for MAC.
2. Excitement or Delirium stage :-
Loss of consciousness to loss of eyelid reflex and regular breathing.
Patient movements are uninhibited.
Might see vomiting, laryngospasm, hypertension, tachycardia.
3. Surgical Anesthesia Stage :-
From regular breathing and loss of eyelid reflex to cessation of breathing.
Patient unresponsive and hearing is last to go.
4. Medullary Depression stage :-
Severe CVS and respiratory depression .
The patient require pharmacological and ventilatory support.
21. 2.REGIONAL ANESTHESIA:
Regional anesthesia numbs a large area, or region, of the body and is used for more extensive
and intensive surgery.
A regional anesthetic is injected to block or anesthetic a nerve fibres.
It implies a major nerve block, such as spinal, epidural, caudal or major peripheral block;
administered by an anesthesiologist.
SPINAL ANESTHESIA:
This anesthesia is very suitable for surgeries involving lower parts of the body.
It is highly preferred in surgeries of lower half of the body and for the clients unsuitable for general
anesthesia.
INDICATIONS:
Orthopedic surgery on the pelvis, hip, femur, knee, tibia and ankle, including arthroplasty
and joint replacement.
Vascular surgery on the legs.
Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.
Inguinal hernia and epigastric hernia .
Haemorrhoidectomy
Transurethral resection of the prostate and transurethral resection of bladder tumours.
Pain management during vaginal birth and delivery.
22. EPIDURAL AENESTHESIA:
This is also a major conduction anesthesia involving epidural space.
This is the space in the spinal cord which is outside the dura-matter .
An epidural is the most common type of anesthetic used for pain relief during labor.
Epidural anesthesia is often used as an alternative to general anesthesia for surgery in the pelvic area or
legs.
Advantages:
being awake and responsive during the operation,
less nausea and vomiting, and
a quicker recovery afterwards.
Disadvantages:
• Low blood pressure
• Loss of bladder control.
• Itchy skin.
• Feeling sick.
• Inadequate pain relief.
• Headache.
• Slow breathing.
• Temporary nerve damage.
23. 3.LOCAL ANESTHESIA:
This is the most common form of anaesthesia used in day to day
hospital procedures.
It is usually a one-time injection of medicine that numbs a small area
of the body.
This method interferes with neural transmission to produce its effects.
Local anesthetic agents such as lignocaine, lidocaine, xylocaine, is
infiltrated into the skin and the subcutaneous tissue site where
amnestic effect is to be achieved.
There are two main types of local anesthetics, depending on how
they’re administered:
1. Topical anesthetic
2. Injection
24. 1. Topical anesthetics:
Topical anesthetics are applied directly on skin or mucus membranes, such as the
inside of mouth, nose, or throat.
They can also be applied to the surface of eye.
Topical anesthetics come in the form of LIQUIDS, CREAMS,GELS, SPRAYS, PATCHES.
2. Injection:
Local anesthetics can also be given as an injection. Injectable anesthetics are typically
used for numbing during procedures, rather than pain management.
Procedures that might include an injection of a local anesthetic include:
dental work, such as a root canal
skin biopsy
removal of a growth under your skin
mole or deep wart removal
pacemaker insertion
diagnostic tests, such as a lumbar puncture or bone marrow biopsy.
26. Infection Control
Patient Handling Techniques
Safe Medication Management
Emergency Preparedness
Needlestick Prevention
Violence Prevention
Chemical Safety
Fire Safety
Confidentiality and Privacy
Mental Health and Wellbeing
STANDARD SAFETY MEASURES
Maintaining stringentsafetymeasuresiscrucialnotonlyfortheprotection ofpatients but alsoforthesafetyofhealthcarepersonnel.
Herearesomestandard safetymeasuresspecificallytailoredforhealthcareenvironments:
27. Infection Control
Patient Handling
Techniques
Safe Medication
Management
Emergency
Preparedness
Needlestick
Prevention
This includes regular handwashing, using hand sanitizers, and adhering to strict guidelines
about sterilization and disinfection of tools, equipment, and surfaces. Personal protective
equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection should be used
appropriately.
Proper training in lifting and moving patients can prevent injuries. Using assistive
devices like hoists or transfer boards when moving patients who are unable to
move themselves can help reduce the risk of falls or strains.
Implementing double-check systems for administering medications, maintaining
clear labeling, and keeping accurate records to prevent medication errors.
Regular training in emergency response procedures, including CPR, use of
defibrillators, and evacuation protocols. Ensuring that all staff know the locations
of emergency equipment and exit routes.
Using safety-engineered devices such as needles with protective sheaths, and
following proper sharps disposal procedures to minimize the risk of needlestick
injuries.
28. Violence
Prevention
Chemical Safety
Fire Safety
Confidentiality
and Privacy
Mental Health and
Wellbeing
Training staff to recognize signs of aggression or distress in patients and
implementing de-escalation techniques. Establishing clear protocols for dealing
with aggressive behavior.
Proper storage and handling of chemicals, including cleaning agents and
medications, with adherence to Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for
handling hazardous substances.
Regular fire drills and training on the use of fire extinguishers and other fire
suppression equipment. Ensuring fire exits and corridors are kept clear.
Adhering to policies that protect patient confidentiality and privacy, including
securing personal health information and being aware of regulations such as
HIPAA (in the US) or other local data protection laws.
Supporting the mental health of staff through programs that address burnout,
stress management, and emotional support, recognizing that the healthcare
environment can be particularly challenging.
CONCLUSION:
Maintaining safety in healthcare settings is pivotal for safeguarding both patients and healthcare workers
like nurses. By rigorously implementing standard safety measures such as infection control protocols,
safe medication management, patient handling techniques, and emergency preparedness, healthcare
facilities can minimize risks and enhance overall safety
29. PAIN MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
Pain management is an aspect of medicine and healthcare involving relief of
pain ( pain relief, analgesia, pain control ) up to an tolerate state.
TECHNIQUES:
1. PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE:
A wide range of drugs (ANALGESIC DRUGS) are used to manage pain
resulting from inflammation in response to tissue damage, chemical
agents/pathogens or nerve damage (neuropathic pain).
2. NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE:
Non- pharmacological pain therapy refers to interventions that do not
involve the use of medications to treat pain.
The goal of non-pharmacological interventions are to decrease fear,
distress, anxiety an to reduce pain and provide patients with a sense of
control.
30. Non-Opioid Analgesics:
Drugs used primarily for mild to moderate pain.
Examples:
o Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Effective for pain and
fever, non-anti-inflammatory.
o NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs):
Includes ibuprofen and naproxen, which reduce
inflammation, pain, and fever.
Opioid Analgesics:
Used for moderate to severe pain when non-
opioid analgesics are ineffective.
Examples:
o Morphine: Commonly used for acute pain post-
surgery or severe chronic pain.
o Hydrocodone and Oxycodone: Used for various
pain management scenarios.
Adjuvant Analgesics:
Medications that are not primarily analgesic but
can be effective in pain management.
Examples:
o Antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Duloxetine): Used
for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.
o Anticonvulsants (Gabapentin, Pregabalin):
Effective for nerve pain.
Local Anesthetics:
Block nerve impulses to reduce pain in a specific
area.
Examples:
Lidocaine: Available in various forms including
patches and injections.
Bupivacaine: Common in spinal anesthesia or
epidurals.
31. Muscle Relaxants:
Used to alleviate muscle spasms and pain.
Examples:
Cyclobenzaprine: Often prescribed for short-term relief of muscle pain.
Baclofen: Used for muscle spasticity in neurological conditions.
Topical Pain Relievers:
Applied directly to the skin for localized pain relief.
Examples:
Capsaicin Cream: Derived from chili peppers, helps in relieving joint and muscle pain.
Salicylate Creams: Contain compounds similar to aspirin.
Infusion Therapy:
Administered in severe cases via intravenous or direct nerve injections.
Examples:
IV opioids (Morphine, Fentanyl): Controlled administration in hospital settings.
Nerve block injections: Involves anesthetics or steroids for profound pain relief.
Conclusion:
Pharmacological pain management is a diversified field that necessitates a tailored
approach based on individual patient needs and types of pain. Effective management
involves careful selection, dosing, and monitoring of medications to maximize pain relief
while minimizing adverse effects.
32. NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
1. Coldand Heat:
These two methods are the traditional techniques of relieving pain for certain kinds of
injuries. The homemade hot or cold pack are the good versions of treatments, which
can penetrate deeper into the muscle and tissue.
2. Exercise:
Physical activity plays a crucial role in relieving pain and increase mobility in some
chronic conditions such as arthritis and fibromyalgia. Some gentle aerobic activities are
walking, swimming, or cycling.
3. Physicaltherapyand occupationaltherapy:
These two specialties are powerful tools to fight against pain. These are helpful to
preserve or improve your strength and mobility.
4. Mind-bodytechniques:
These techniques include meditation, mindfulness, and breathing exercises which
helps to restore a sense of control over the body. It turns down the "fight or flight"
response, which can worsen chronic muscle tension and pain.
33. 5. Yogaand tai chi:
These two exercise practices incorporate breath control, meditation, and gentle movements to
stretch and strengthen muscles. It helps to manage pain caused by a host of conditions, from
headaches to arthritis to lingering injuries.
6. Biofeedback:
This technique involves learning relaxation and breathing exercises by watching a graph, a
blinking light, or even an animation on a biofeedback machine. Watching and modifying the
visualizations gives a degree of control over body's response to pain.
7. Music therapy:
Music can help to relieve pain during and after surgery and childbirth. Listening to any kind of
music can distract a person from pain or discomfort.
8. Therapeutic massage:
Not just an indulgence, massage can ease pain by working tension out of muscles and joints,
relieving stress and anxiety, and possibly helping to distract you from pain by introducing a
"competing" sensation that overrides pain signals.