This document provides an overview of type 1 diabetes, including:
- Type 1 diabetes results from the body's inability to produce insulin and insulin is required to use blood glucose as fuel.
- There are four main types of insulin that differ in their onset, peak time, and duration of lowering blood glucose levels.
- Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia can occur if blood glucose levels become too low or high, respectively.
- Ketoacidosis is a serious condition that can result from failure to treat hyperglycemia and leads to buildup of ketones.
- The Pennington Biomedical Research Center conducts research on nutrition, obesity, and chronic diseases like diabetes.
Insulin therapy in Diabetes Mellitus discusses various types of insulin, newer insulin analogs, and insulin regimens for managing type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rapid-acting insulin analogs have advantages over regular insulin such as quicker onset of action and less risk of hypoglycemia. Long-acting insulin analogs like glargine have advantages over NPH insulin such as a more consistent time action profile. The document discusses split-mix and basal-bolus insulin regimens and factors to consider when choosing a regimen. It also covers complications of insulin therapy, monitoring of blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and sick day management for patients with type 1 diabetes.
A detailed study of insulin medication from past to present & future.
Different types of insulin medications their storage & safety condition along with the sites for the administration of insulin dosage forms.
The topic of insulin is broken down. Learn about the different types of insulin, it's characteristics and more! Insulin pills? Painful injections? We answer all of your concerns and questions!
Liberty Medical
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows cells to use glucose for energy. There are two main types of diabetes based on insulin production and resistance. Insulin can be administered through injection into subcutaneous tissue using a syringe or insulin pen, through infusion into intravenous fluids in a hospital setting, or through inhalation though this route has safety concerns. Proper administration of insulin involves rotating injection sites, preparing and labeling insulin correctly, using proper injection technique, and taking precautions to prevent adverse effects like hypoglycemia.
Categories of insulin include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. Rapid-acting insulins have an onset of 10-15 minutes, a peak effect at 1 hour, and a duration of 3 hours. Short-acting regular insulin has an onset of 1/2 hour to 1 hour, a peak at 2-3 hours, and a duration of 4-6 hours. Intermediate-acting NPH insulin has an onset of 2-4 hours, a peak at 6-12 hours, and a duration of 16-20 hours. Long-acting insulin glargine has no peak effect and a duration of 24 hours. Proper preparation and administration of insulin injections
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its classification, current treatment approaches, and newer drugs. It begins with the historical discoveries related to DM and discusses the current burden of the disease. It describes the etiological classification of DM and covers current goals and approaches for treatment, including non-pharmacological methods, insulins, and oral hypoglycemic agents. The document then discusses some of the limitations of current therapies and provides details on newer drug classes for DM treatment, such as GLP-1 analogues like exenatide, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
The document summarizes insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. It describes the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin and other hormones. It details the discovery and purification of insulin in the 1920s which revolutionized treatment of diabetes. The document discusses different insulin formulations including short-acting and long-acting types. It explains factors that affect insulin absorption and common dosing regimens for insulin therapy.
This document discusses basics of insulin therapy including:
- The discovery of insulin in the 1920s and types of insulin including basal, mealtime, premixed, and newer combinations.
- Insulin action profiles, indications for insulin use, administration techniques using vials, syringes and pens, and common insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes including once or twice daily basal insulin +/- mealtime insulin or premixed insulin.
- Proper storage, mixing, and injection of insulin as well as recommended sites for injection are also reviewed.
Insulin therapy in Diabetes Mellitus discusses various types of insulin, newer insulin analogs, and insulin regimens for managing type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rapid-acting insulin analogs have advantages over regular insulin such as quicker onset of action and less risk of hypoglycemia. Long-acting insulin analogs like glargine have advantages over NPH insulin such as a more consistent time action profile. The document discusses split-mix and basal-bolus insulin regimens and factors to consider when choosing a regimen. It also covers complications of insulin therapy, monitoring of blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and sick day management for patients with type 1 diabetes.
A detailed study of insulin medication from past to present & future.
Different types of insulin medications their storage & safety condition along with the sites for the administration of insulin dosage forms.
The topic of insulin is broken down. Learn about the different types of insulin, it's characteristics and more! Insulin pills? Painful injections? We answer all of your concerns and questions!
Liberty Medical
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows cells to use glucose for energy. There are two main types of diabetes based on insulin production and resistance. Insulin can be administered through injection into subcutaneous tissue using a syringe or insulin pen, through infusion into intravenous fluids in a hospital setting, or through inhalation though this route has safety concerns. Proper administration of insulin involves rotating injection sites, preparing and labeling insulin correctly, using proper injection technique, and taking precautions to prevent adverse effects like hypoglycemia.
Categories of insulin include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. Rapid-acting insulins have an onset of 10-15 minutes, a peak effect at 1 hour, and a duration of 3 hours. Short-acting regular insulin has an onset of 1/2 hour to 1 hour, a peak at 2-3 hours, and a duration of 4-6 hours. Intermediate-acting NPH insulin has an onset of 2-4 hours, a peak at 6-12 hours, and a duration of 16-20 hours. Long-acting insulin glargine has no peak effect and a duration of 24 hours. Proper preparation and administration of insulin injections
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its classification, current treatment approaches, and newer drugs. It begins with the historical discoveries related to DM and discusses the current burden of the disease. It describes the etiological classification of DM and covers current goals and approaches for treatment, including non-pharmacological methods, insulins, and oral hypoglycemic agents. The document then discusses some of the limitations of current therapies and provides details on newer drug classes for DM treatment, such as GLP-1 analogues like exenatide, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
The document summarizes insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. It describes the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin and other hormones. It details the discovery and purification of insulin in the 1920s which revolutionized treatment of diabetes. The document discusses different insulin formulations including short-acting and long-acting types. It explains factors that affect insulin absorption and common dosing regimens for insulin therapy.
This document discusses basics of insulin therapy including:
- The discovery of insulin in the 1920s and types of insulin including basal, mealtime, premixed, and newer combinations.
- Insulin action profiles, indications for insulin use, administration techniques using vials, syringes and pens, and common insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes including once or twice daily basal insulin +/- mealtime insulin or premixed insulin.
- Proper storage, mixing, and injection of insulin as well as recommended sites for injection are also reviewed.
1. Insulin therapy is needed for all patients with type 1 diabetes and many with type 2 diabetes as their beta cell function declines.
2. Insulin can be initiated if diet and exercise fail to control blood sugar, and oral medications are not achieving target goals.
3. There are different types of insulin preparations that provide either basal insulin levels or rapid-acting insulin to cover meals. Intensive regimens separate these types of insulin to better mimic natural patterns.
This document discusses insulin therapy for diabetes, including indications, types of insulin, regimens, devices, side effects, and special considerations. It indicates insulin therapy is used for type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled by oral medications or with acute complications. Insulin regimens discussed include twice daily, multiple injection, and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Devices covered are insulin syringes, pens, pumps, and inhaled insulin. Side effects mentioned are hypoglycemia, weight gain, edema, antibodies, allergy, and lipodystrophy.
Human insulin is produced by growing insulin proteins in E. coli bacteria. There are three main types of insulin based on onset, peak effect, and duration: fast-acting insulin works within 15 minutes for meals; intermediate-acting insulin lasts over 12 hours for overnight control; and long-acting insulin has a stable effect for most of the day. Insulin is usually injected subcutaneously using a disposable insulin pen, ampoules for multi-use pens, or an insulin pump.
The document summarizes a randomized study comparing basal-bolus insulin therapy to sliding scale regular insulin for managing hyperglycemia in non-critically ill patients. The study found that 66% of patients treated with basal insulin glargine plus bolus insulin glulisine were within the glucose target of 140 mg/dL, compared to 38% of patients treated with sliding scale regular insulin. Basal-bolus therapy provides more effective glycemic control with no increase in hypoglycemia. The document then provides details on calculating and adjusting basal and bolus insulin doses.
This review article discusses optimal insulin therapy for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Intensive insulin therapy involving multiple daily injections or continuous pump therapy is recommended to achieve optimal glycemic control and reduce long-term complications. Various types of insulin are available including short-acting analogs like lispro and aspart, intermediate-acting insulins like NPH, and long-acting insulins like glargine and detemir. While insulin analogs provide some benefits like faster absorption, studies show they provide similar or only minor improvements in glycemic control compared to regular human insulin.
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas that helps the body use glucose from carbohydrates for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, and in type 2 diabetes the body does not properly use insulin. High blood glucose levels over long periods can damage blood vessels and organs. Different types of insulin have varying onsets and durations of action to maintain normal blood glucose. Nurses must properly administer insulin subcutaneously, monitor blood glucose levels, and document care to safely manage diabetes.
Different Types of Insulin, Presented by Homeland HealthCareHomeland HealthCare
There are different types of insulin that serve different purposes for managing blood sugar levels. Rapid-acting insulin works within 15 minutes and is well-suited for pre- or post-meal use, while short-acting insulin takes 30-60 minutes and controls blood sugar during meals. Intermediate-acting insulin lasts 12 hours and can be taken before bed, and long-lasting insulin takes effect within an hour but works for up to 26 hours. People should consult their physician to determine the best insulin type for their needs.
This document discusses insulin therapy for diabetes. It begins with a brief history of insulin's discovery in 1921 by Banting and Best in Toronto. It then covers normal insulin secretion patterns and the types of insulin available, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, premixed, basal, and extended long-acting analog insulins. The document discusses initiating and titrating insulin using the ADA treatment algorithm, beginning with basal insulin and adding bolus insulin as needed based on blood glucose levels and HbA1c targets. It also covers starting and adjusting premixed insulin doses.
An insulin regimen outlines the type and timing of insulin injections needed to manage blood sugar levels over 24 hours. A once a day regimen uses a long-acting insulin at bedtime and provides baseline coverage but does not control post-meal blood sugars. A twice a day split mix regimen uses an NPH insulin in the morning and evening for baseline coverage along with a rapid-acting insulin before meals. A three times a day combination uses NPH before breakfast and dinner with a rapid-acting insulin before each meal. A four times a day multiple dose regimen uses rapid-acting insulin before each meal along with an NPH at bedtime for flexibility and post-meal control.
Summary of the function, the history, the options and halal status of insulin. based on CPG Diabetes Mellitus 5th edition , Malaysia
what is insulin
what happenned in Type 1 and Type 2 DM
history of insulin production
Chronology of insulin production
human vs animal insulin
insulin in Malaysia
discussion about halal and haram concept in medicine
This document discusses insulin pens and proper injection techniques. It begins by introducing insulin pens and their importance for precise insulin dosing. It then discusses barriers to initiating insulin therapy, including concerns about hypoglycemia, weight gain, and complexity of treatment. The document provides tips for proper insulin pen use, such as priming the pen before injections, holding the needle in place for 10 seconds after injecting, and disposing of needles properly. It addresses issues like insulin dripping or leaking after injection and provides solutions. The key message is on the importance of proper injection technique for optimal insulin dosing and outcomes.
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
Glucommander
PID
Developed by University of Colorado. No published data.
Glycemic
Management
System
PID
Developed by University of Pittsburgh. No published data.
GlucoStabilizer
PID
Developed by University of Padua. No published data.
GlucoDose
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
28
References:
1. Klonoff DC. Automated insulin delivery: the perspective of the artificial pancreas project. J Diabetes Sci
Technol. 2011;5(5):10
The document provides information on various types of insulin, including their names, appearances, durations of action, and appropriate times for administration. It discusses basal insulins like glargine and detemir, mealtime insulins like lispro and aspart, and premixed insulins. Insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes are presented, ranging from a single basal insulin to multiple daily injections of basal and mealtime insulins or premixed insulins. Proper storage, preparation, and injection techniques are also reviewed.
The document discusses insulin therapy and glucose monitoring. It provides details on the different types of insulin including rapid, short, intermediate and long acting insulins. It describes insulin administration including sites, storage, precautions and complications. It also discusses glucose monitoring methods like fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and self monitoring of blood glucose. The normal values and nursing considerations for these tests are outlined.
Intensive insulin therapy is best defined as a comprehensive system of diabetes management with the patient and management team as partners. The system is directed at improvement of glycemia and patient well-being.
This document provides information about insulin therapy. It defines insulin as a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pancreas that has profound effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Insulin deficiency results in hyperglycemia and other metabolic defects. The discovery of insulin in the 1920s by Banting and Best was a major medical milestone. Insulin is now manufactured recombinantly and comes in various rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting forms to match physiological insulin secretion. Basal bolus regimens using basal and pre-meal bolus insulin are commonly used. New delivery methods like insulin pumps provide more flexibility but also challenges. Proper insulin storage and administration technique are important for effectiveness and safety.
Insulin is used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels. There are various types of insulin differentiated by their onset, peak time and duration of effect. Rapid-acting insulins work within 15 minutes, short-acting within 30 minutes to 1 hour, intermediate within 2-4 hours and long-acting up to 24 hours. Proper administration and storage of insulin is required to ensure safety and efficacy.
INSULIN DELIVERY METHODS _ For Medical/Pharma StudentsAaromal Satheesh
This document discusses various methods of insulin delivery, including subcutaneous, inhaled, oral, nasal, buccal, intraperitoneal, and transdermal routes. It focuses on subcutaneous delivery methods like vials and syringes, insulin pens, and insulin pumps. It provides details on the development of each method, how to administer them, their advantages and disadvantages. Inhaled insulins like Exubera and Afrezza are also summarized, including indications, side effects and limitations.
The document summarizes different types of insulin, including human insulin and newer insulin analogues. It describes the structure and production of human insulin and discusses problems with conventional insulins like regular insulin. It then provides details on various short-acting and long-acting insulin analogues like insulin lispro, insulin glargine, insulin detemir, and insulin degludec, including their structures, mechanisms of action, advantages over human insulin, dosing, and pregnancy categories. The document also briefly mentions other newer insulins under development or approval like inhaled insulin and insulin fusion proteins.
The document summarizes the history and types of insulin. It describes the key discoveries in insulin's development, including the identification of the islets of Langerhans in 1869, the discovery that removing the pancreas causes diabetes in 1889, and the isolation of insulin from the pancreas by Banting and Best in 1922. It also discusses the different types of human and analog insulins, including rapid-acting, long-acting, premixed, and biosimilar insulins. The document emphasizes that insulin comes in various preparations that can be tailored to individual patient needs.
This document defines key genetics terms including traits, heredity, dominant and recessive traits, genes, alleles, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, DNA, Punnett squares, meiosis, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, sex chromosomes, X and Y chromosomes. It provides examples of inherited traits like eye and hair color versus learned traits like language and manners. It also explains genetic concepts such as dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, meiosis, and Punnett squares.
This document discusses lipids, specifically triglycerides and phospholipids. It explains that triglycerides are formed from glycerol and three fatty acids joining together, while phospholipids are formed from glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The structure of triglycerides makes them insoluble in water and useful for energy storage, while the structure of phospholipids with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions allows them to form cell membranes. Membrane fluidity can be regulated based on the saturation of fatty acids in phospholipids.
1. Insulin therapy is needed for all patients with type 1 diabetes and many with type 2 diabetes as their beta cell function declines.
2. Insulin can be initiated if diet and exercise fail to control blood sugar, and oral medications are not achieving target goals.
3. There are different types of insulin preparations that provide either basal insulin levels or rapid-acting insulin to cover meals. Intensive regimens separate these types of insulin to better mimic natural patterns.
This document discusses insulin therapy for diabetes, including indications, types of insulin, regimens, devices, side effects, and special considerations. It indicates insulin therapy is used for type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled by oral medications or with acute complications. Insulin regimens discussed include twice daily, multiple injection, and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Devices covered are insulin syringes, pens, pumps, and inhaled insulin. Side effects mentioned are hypoglycemia, weight gain, edema, antibodies, allergy, and lipodystrophy.
Human insulin is produced by growing insulin proteins in E. coli bacteria. There are three main types of insulin based on onset, peak effect, and duration: fast-acting insulin works within 15 minutes for meals; intermediate-acting insulin lasts over 12 hours for overnight control; and long-acting insulin has a stable effect for most of the day. Insulin is usually injected subcutaneously using a disposable insulin pen, ampoules for multi-use pens, or an insulin pump.
The document summarizes a randomized study comparing basal-bolus insulin therapy to sliding scale regular insulin for managing hyperglycemia in non-critically ill patients. The study found that 66% of patients treated with basal insulin glargine plus bolus insulin glulisine were within the glucose target of 140 mg/dL, compared to 38% of patients treated with sliding scale regular insulin. Basal-bolus therapy provides more effective glycemic control with no increase in hypoglycemia. The document then provides details on calculating and adjusting basal and bolus insulin doses.
This review article discusses optimal insulin therapy for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Intensive insulin therapy involving multiple daily injections or continuous pump therapy is recommended to achieve optimal glycemic control and reduce long-term complications. Various types of insulin are available including short-acting analogs like lispro and aspart, intermediate-acting insulins like NPH, and long-acting insulins like glargine and detemir. While insulin analogs provide some benefits like faster absorption, studies show they provide similar or only minor improvements in glycemic control compared to regular human insulin.
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas that helps the body use glucose from carbohydrates for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, and in type 2 diabetes the body does not properly use insulin. High blood glucose levels over long periods can damage blood vessels and organs. Different types of insulin have varying onsets and durations of action to maintain normal blood glucose. Nurses must properly administer insulin subcutaneously, monitor blood glucose levels, and document care to safely manage diabetes.
Different Types of Insulin, Presented by Homeland HealthCareHomeland HealthCare
There are different types of insulin that serve different purposes for managing blood sugar levels. Rapid-acting insulin works within 15 minutes and is well-suited for pre- or post-meal use, while short-acting insulin takes 30-60 minutes and controls blood sugar during meals. Intermediate-acting insulin lasts 12 hours and can be taken before bed, and long-lasting insulin takes effect within an hour but works for up to 26 hours. People should consult their physician to determine the best insulin type for their needs.
This document discusses insulin therapy for diabetes. It begins with a brief history of insulin's discovery in 1921 by Banting and Best in Toronto. It then covers normal insulin secretion patterns and the types of insulin available, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, premixed, basal, and extended long-acting analog insulins. The document discusses initiating and titrating insulin using the ADA treatment algorithm, beginning with basal insulin and adding bolus insulin as needed based on blood glucose levels and HbA1c targets. It also covers starting and adjusting premixed insulin doses.
An insulin regimen outlines the type and timing of insulin injections needed to manage blood sugar levels over 24 hours. A once a day regimen uses a long-acting insulin at bedtime and provides baseline coverage but does not control post-meal blood sugars. A twice a day split mix regimen uses an NPH insulin in the morning and evening for baseline coverage along with a rapid-acting insulin before meals. A three times a day combination uses NPH before breakfast and dinner with a rapid-acting insulin before each meal. A four times a day multiple dose regimen uses rapid-acting insulin before each meal along with an NPH at bedtime for flexibility and post-meal control.
Summary of the function, the history, the options and halal status of insulin. based on CPG Diabetes Mellitus 5th edition , Malaysia
what is insulin
what happenned in Type 1 and Type 2 DM
history of insulin production
Chronology of insulin production
human vs animal insulin
insulin in Malaysia
discussion about halal and haram concept in medicine
This document discusses insulin pens and proper injection techniques. It begins by introducing insulin pens and their importance for precise insulin dosing. It then discusses barriers to initiating insulin therapy, including concerns about hypoglycemia, weight gain, and complexity of treatment. The document provides tips for proper insulin pen use, such as priming the pen before injections, holding the needle in place for 10 seconds after injecting, and disposing of needles properly. It addresses issues like insulin dripping or leaking after injection and provides solutions. The key message is on the importance of proper injection technique for optimal insulin dosing and outcomes.
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
Glucommander
PID
Developed by University of Colorado. No published data.
Glycemic
Management
System
PID
Developed by University of Pittsburgh. No published data.
GlucoStabilizer
PID
Developed by University of Padua. No published data.
GlucoDose
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
28
References:
1. Klonoff DC. Automated insulin delivery: the perspective of the artificial pancreas project. J Diabetes Sci
Technol. 2011;5(5):10
The document provides information on various types of insulin, including their names, appearances, durations of action, and appropriate times for administration. It discusses basal insulins like glargine and detemir, mealtime insulins like lispro and aspart, and premixed insulins. Insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes are presented, ranging from a single basal insulin to multiple daily injections of basal and mealtime insulins or premixed insulins. Proper storage, preparation, and injection techniques are also reviewed.
The document discusses insulin therapy and glucose monitoring. It provides details on the different types of insulin including rapid, short, intermediate and long acting insulins. It describes insulin administration including sites, storage, precautions and complications. It also discusses glucose monitoring methods like fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and self monitoring of blood glucose. The normal values and nursing considerations for these tests are outlined.
Intensive insulin therapy is best defined as a comprehensive system of diabetes management with the patient and management team as partners. The system is directed at improvement of glycemia and patient well-being.
This document provides information about insulin therapy. It defines insulin as a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pancreas that has profound effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Insulin deficiency results in hyperglycemia and other metabolic defects. The discovery of insulin in the 1920s by Banting and Best was a major medical milestone. Insulin is now manufactured recombinantly and comes in various rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting forms to match physiological insulin secretion. Basal bolus regimens using basal and pre-meal bolus insulin are commonly used. New delivery methods like insulin pumps provide more flexibility but also challenges. Proper insulin storage and administration technique are important for effectiveness and safety.
Insulin is used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels. There are various types of insulin differentiated by their onset, peak time and duration of effect. Rapid-acting insulins work within 15 minutes, short-acting within 30 minutes to 1 hour, intermediate within 2-4 hours and long-acting up to 24 hours. Proper administration and storage of insulin is required to ensure safety and efficacy.
INSULIN DELIVERY METHODS _ For Medical/Pharma StudentsAaromal Satheesh
This document discusses various methods of insulin delivery, including subcutaneous, inhaled, oral, nasal, buccal, intraperitoneal, and transdermal routes. It focuses on subcutaneous delivery methods like vials and syringes, insulin pens, and insulin pumps. It provides details on the development of each method, how to administer them, their advantages and disadvantages. Inhaled insulins like Exubera and Afrezza are also summarized, including indications, side effects and limitations.
The document summarizes different types of insulin, including human insulin and newer insulin analogues. It describes the structure and production of human insulin and discusses problems with conventional insulins like regular insulin. It then provides details on various short-acting and long-acting insulin analogues like insulin lispro, insulin glargine, insulin detemir, and insulin degludec, including their structures, mechanisms of action, advantages over human insulin, dosing, and pregnancy categories. The document also briefly mentions other newer insulins under development or approval like inhaled insulin and insulin fusion proteins.
The document summarizes the history and types of insulin. It describes the key discoveries in insulin's development, including the identification of the islets of Langerhans in 1869, the discovery that removing the pancreas causes diabetes in 1889, and the isolation of insulin from the pancreas by Banting and Best in 1922. It also discusses the different types of human and analog insulins, including rapid-acting, long-acting, premixed, and biosimilar insulins. The document emphasizes that insulin comes in various preparations that can be tailored to individual patient needs.
This document defines key genetics terms including traits, heredity, dominant and recessive traits, genes, alleles, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, DNA, Punnett squares, meiosis, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, sex chromosomes, X and Y chromosomes. It provides examples of inherited traits like eye and hair color versus learned traits like language and manners. It also explains genetic concepts such as dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, meiosis, and Punnett squares.
This document discusses lipids, specifically triglycerides and phospholipids. It explains that triglycerides are formed from glycerol and three fatty acids joining together, while phospholipids are formed from glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The structure of triglycerides makes them insoluble in water and useful for energy storage, while the structure of phospholipids with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions allows them to form cell membranes. Membrane fluidity can be regulated based on the saturation of fatty acids in phospholipids.
The document discusses the structure and function of four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It explains that carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage and structure. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Proteins have many functions including structure, movement, transport, and communication. Lipids compose cell membranes and are used for energy storage.
Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. Mendel performed dihybrid crosses involving two traits, like seed shape and color, and found independent assortment of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. A Punnett square represents the possible combinations of alleles from each parent that are passed on to offspring. It accurately predicts the probability but not absolute outcomes of genetic crosses.
Dihybrid crosses involve two different traits, like height and color. In the first generation, the offspring all show the dominant traits from the parents, like being tall and yellow. In the second generation, when the heterozygous offspring are crossed, they produce a mix of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio for the four possible combinations.
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics including:
1. Mendel's principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment as well as examples like flower color and dihybrid crosses.
2. Basic human genetics concepts such as blood types, single trait and two trait inheritance patterns, and karyotypes showing human sex chromosomes.
3. Important genetic diseases and disorders including cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Down syndrome, and others related to abnormal chromosome number or sex linkage.
This document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide and is influenced by factors like age, residence in urban vs. rural areas, obesity levels, physical activity levels, and ethnicity. It provides statistics on the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in various countries and populations over time. It also examines trends in obesity globally and its association with increased risk of diabetes.
1) Carbohydrates and lipids are organic compounds used to supply and store energy. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides joined together, and polysaccharides which are long chains of repeating units.
2) Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids which can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids also exist as cis or trans isomers. Triglycerides are formed from fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule.
3) Carbohydrates and lipids play important roles in energy storage. Glycogen and lipids store energy long-term in humans while glucose is used immediately. Lip
Crash tests are conducted to evaluate vehicle safety and reduce injuries. Standard tests include frontal impacts at 35 mph into a barrier, side impacts from a moving barrier at 31 mph, and offset frontal crashes where only one side hits a barrier at 40 mph. Advanced crash test facilities use dummies equipped with sensors, barriers, and high speed cameras to analyze crash forces and the likelihood of injury. Vehicle structures are designed to manage crash energy through elements like crumple zones that absorb the force of impacts. Star ratings indicate a vehicle's expected level of occupant protection based on test results.
The document summarizes key concepts related to cellular respiration. It discusses the four main stages: glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. In later stages, pyruvate fully oxidizes, producing much more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed through the electron transport chain. The fate of pyruvate depends on whether oxygen is present, determining whether aerobic or anaerobic respiration occurs.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart. It explains that deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava and is then pumped to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. The left atrium then pumps the blood to the left ventricle, which pumps it out to the body through the aorta. Valves prevent backflow of blood throughout the heart.
The document provides information about various biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids, glucose, ribose, and fatty acids. It includes diagrams of their structures and functions in animals and plants. Assessment statements are provided related to distinguishing organic and inorganic compounds, identifying biomolecule structures, examples of mono/di/polysaccharides and their functions, the roles of condensation and hydrolysis reactions, and comparing carbohydrate and lipid use for energy storage.
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and others. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen or phosphorus. Lipids serve as a food source and include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and other compounds important to plant and animal metabolism. Fatty acids are the main constituents of lipids and can be saturated or unsaturated, affecting their melting points.
1. The document discusses different types of lipids including fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
2. It explains the structures and properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Triglycerides are formed from glycerol and three fatty acids and are a major form of fat storage.
3. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes and contain a phosphate group. Cholesterol is an important sterol that is a component of cell membranes and precursor for other substances.
This document summarizes lipids that are important physiologically and their roles in health and disease. It discusses major lipids like fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and lipoproteins. Specific fatty acids like saturated, unsaturated, omega-3 and omega-6 are explained. The roles of lipids in brain development, cancer prevention and various lipid-related disorders are highlighted. Atherosclerosis and its pathological progression are also diagrammatically represented.
Carbohydrates are sugars that provide the body with energy. There are two types - simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and fruits, and complex carbohydrates like grains. Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed for energy, and the best choices are whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Disorders can result from too few or too many carbohydrates, such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and lactose intolerance. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar is too low and symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, and mood changes.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
The document discusses carbohydrates and provides details about their classification and properties. It begins by defining carbohydrates and noting they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are then classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units they contain. Important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are highlighted. Common disaccharides and polysaccharides are also listed such as sucrose, lactose, starch, and cellulose. In closing, it emphasizes that polysaccharides serve important structural or energy storage functions in plants and animals.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
This document provides an overview of insulin, including its function in the body, production in the pancreas, and role in diabetes. It discusses the different types of insulin (fast-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting) and how they vary in onset, peak effectiveness, and duration. Potential side effects of insulin therapy like hypoglycemia and weight gain are also outlined. The document concludes by looking at who needs insulin therapy and various methods of insulin delivery.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps the body use glucose for energy. It works by lowering blood sugar levels after meals. People with type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin and must take insulin injections, while some people with type 2 diabetes may require insulin if pills are not enough. There are several types of insulin that differ in how quickly they work and how long their effects last. Proper insulin storage, injection technique, and timing in relation to meals is important for managing diabetes.
Insulin is a peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It was discovered in 1921 and is now produced through recombinant DNA technology. Insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds. It is derived from proinsulin and cleaved to form the A and B chains. Insulin is secreted in response to increased blood glucose to promote glucose uptake. Lack of insulin production causes diabetes, which is managed through insulin therapy via injections or pumps. Various insulin types exist based on their duration of action. Monoclonal antibodies targeting insulin and related proteins are used to study diabetes and develop new treatments.
TAKING MEDICATIONS Why take insulin? How does Insulin work?
Diabetes is a progressive condition. Depending on what type a person has, their healthcare team will be able to determine which medications they should be taking and help them understand how your medications work. They can demonstrate how to inject insulin. Effective drug therapy in combination with healthy lifestyle choices, can lower blood glucose levels, reduce the risk for diabetes complications and produce other clinical benefits. The goal is for the patient to be knowledgeable about insulin, including its action, side effects, efficacy, toxicity, prescribed dosage, appropriate timing and frequency of administration, effect of missed and delayed doses and instructions for storage, travel and safety.
The document discusses the pancreas and its role in producing digestive enzymes and peptide hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It describes the four types of diabetes, focusing on type 1 diabetes which results from an absolute deficiency of insulin due to destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes include polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. Treatment involves administering exogenous insulin through injections to control blood glucose levels.
Type 2 diabetes develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin and the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. A diagnosis is made based on elevated blood sugar levels from fasting tests or oral glucose tolerance tests. Treatments focus on exercise, diet, metformin, and possibly insulin or other medications to manage blood sugar levels.
If you’re concerned about controlling your Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, try coming up with a treatment plan with your doctor, which might include medications, lifestyle changes, and regular office visits. Then, be sure to check your blood sugar every day to keep track of your blood sugar levels, using an at-home monitor or tests at your doctor’s office. You can also follow a low-calorie diet that’s high in nutrients, which will keep your blood sugar stable and control your diabetes naturally. To learn more from our Registered Nurse co-author, like what foods can help control your blood sugar, keep reading the article!
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. When insulin levels are low, blood sugar rises. Insulin levels can decrease if the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells, or if carbohydrate intake increases without sufficient physical activity to burn sugar. Maintaining healthy insulin levels requires following a lifestyle in line with natural processes, including balanced meals and mobility.
This document provides information on proper and safe insulin use, including:
- It describes the different types of insulin based on how fast they work, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins.
- It provides instructions for filling a syringe with the correct dose of insulin from a bottle and giving an injection, including choosing injection sites and angles.
- It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood sugar levels and how food intake affects insulin needs. Proper insulin administration and management is key for diabetes patients.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is needed to regulate blood sugar levels and allow cells to use glucose for energy. Without insulin treatment, high blood sugar levels and diabetic ketoacidosis can result. There are four main types of insulin that differ in how quickly they start working and how long their effects last. Careful blood sugar monitoring and insulin management is needed to avoid complications from low or high blood sugar.
- Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose in the blood to enter cells, providing energy. It also helps break down fats and proteins for energy.
- There are different types of insulin that vary in how quickly they start working (onset), when they reach peak effectiveness, and how long their effects last. Fast-acting insulin works within 15 minutes, while long-acting insulin can work for up to 24 hours.
- Insulin is injected subcutaneously in areas like the abdomen, arms, thighs, and hips. Sites should be rotated and not used in the same spot for at least 2-3 weeks to prevent lumps. Proper storage and administration techniques are also important for safety and accuracy.
This document provides an overview of anti-diabetic drugs presented by Sadia Unnisa. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and classifications of anti-diabetic drugs. The main types discussed are insulin, sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors. For each drug class, the document covers mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions and adverse effects. Storage and delivery methods of insulin are also reviewed.
There are several types of insulin that differ in their onset of action, peak time, and duration. Rapid-acting insulin starts working within 15 minutes and has a duration of 3-4 hours. Regular or short-acting insulin starts within 30 minutes and lasts 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin starts within 2-4 hours and lasts 12 hours. Long-acting insulin starts within 2-4 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. Premixed insulin starts working within 15-30 minutes and lasts 12-16 hours. Inhaled insulin starts within 10 minutes and lasts 3 hours. The document also discusses the properties and uses of different insulin analogs and human insulins.
Provides information on diabetes insulin treatment; insulin, insulin types, insulin analogs available, storage & handling procedure, insulin regimen, insulin therapy and way to take insulin.
Here are the steps I would take to switch Alin from glargine U100 to degludec:
1. Calculate Alin's total daily insulin dose (TDD) as glargine 8 units + aspart 12 units = 20 units or 0.88 units/kg
2. Start degludec at 30-50% of the TDD, which is 0.26-0.44 units/kg. For Alin, this would be 6-10 units.
3. Start degludec at 6 units once daily, any time of the day.
4. Continue aspart doses with meals.
5. Adjust doses based on BG levels over next 1
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys the cells that produce insulin. It usually develops in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes involves the body not producing enough insulin or cells resisting insulin. It is often prevented through diet and exercise and sometimes requires medication. The key difference is that type 1 diabetes involves destroyed insulin-producing cells while type 2 involves insulin resistance or deficiency.
Recent advances in insulin manufacturing and treatmentjinanAlmousawy
This document discusses recent advances in insulin manufacturing and treatment. It describes the different types of diabetes and insulin, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin. It explains insulin pens, injection techniques, recommended injection sites, and insulin pump therapy. The advantages and disadvantages of various insulin delivery methods are presented.
Insulin plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels. In people with diabetes, either the pancreas does not produce insulin, produces very little insulin, or the body does not properly respond to insulin. As a result, glucose levels in the blood become too high. Currently, there is no cure for diabetes but it can be managed by maintaining near-normal blood sugar levels through medication, diet, and exercise in order to prevent health complications. The goals of diabetes management are to control blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood pressure levels.
This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disease where the body cannot properly use or store glucose, discusses the roles of insulin and the pancreas, and describes the characteristics and management of the three main types of diabetes.
Vitamin D is produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and plays an important role in bone health and cellular functions throughout the body. It is hydroxylated in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and then in the kidneys to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Deficiency is linked to increased risk of various chronic diseases. Vitamin D receptors exist in most cells and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has wide-ranging effects, including roles in immune function, cell growth regulation, and reduction of inflammation. Adequate vitamin D levels may protect against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis.
This document discusses gluten free eating and its benefits. It states that individuals with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity cannot eat foods containing gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, and rye. It provides lists of hidden sources of gluten and acceptable gluten-free grains and starches. The document recommends eating gluten-free only if medically necessary, as it can be expensive and risk nutrient deficiencies. Whole grains are promoted as heart-healthy due to fiber, vitamins, and minerals that may reduce risks for chronic diseases.
Coconut oil has various health benefits. It contains antioxidants and antimicrobial fatty acids. While high in saturated fat, studies show coconut oil may not increase heart disease risk like other saturated fats due to its unique fatty acid composition. Coconut oil is solid at room temperature and can be used for cooking or baking, where it adds flavor and has a higher burning point than other oils. The fatty acids in coconut oil are metabolized differently than other fats and may provide benefits for conditions like malabsorption.
This document summarizes the health effects of coconut oil by comparing its fatty acid composition to other oils like corn oil. It finds that while coconut oil has more saturated fat than corn oil, its medium-chain fatty acids may provide benefits like supporting immune function and reducing abdominal fat. However, it cautions that coconut oil should not completely replace unsaturated vegetable oils which provide essential fatty acids and are generally healthier. Overall, the document concludes coconut oil can be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet for its possible health benefits and flavor in cooking.
Resveratrol is a compound found in various plants and foods like grapes, blueberries, and red wine. It has many health benefits such as being an antioxidant that reduces oxidative damage, inhibiting cancer development at various stages, reducing inflammation, and helping to regulate blood glucose and lipid levels. Resveratrol protects cells and tissues from damage by reducing free radicals, preventing platelet aggregation, inhibiting cancer-promoting enzymes, and modulating inflammatory pathways. These properties may help prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions.
The document discusses the health benefits of blueberries. It states that blueberries contain phytochemicals called anthocyanins that act as antioxidants and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. Regular consumption of blueberries may improve brain, vision and heart health, and reduce the risk of conditions like diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The document concludes that blueberries are a superfood due to the various health benefits provided by their phytochemical content.
This document provides an overview of research on flavonoids found in cocoa and chocolate. It summarizes that cocoa and chocolate are high in flavonoids like catechins and epicatechins which have been linked to health benefits. Studies show these flavonoids can improve blood vessel function, lower blood pressure, and reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease by reducing oxidation of LDL cholesterol and inhibiting platelet aggregation. However, the amount of flavonoids varies depending on cocoa processing and the type of chocolate. More research is still needed on the long term effects of cocoa flavonoids in humans.
This document provides information about blueberries, including:
- Blueberries have many health benefits and antioxidant compounds that may delay chronic diseases.
- They are related to cranberries, bilberries, and cowberries, and are cultivated and picked wild.
- Blueberries have the highest concentration of antioxidants and may reduce cancer and heart disease risk by inhibiting tumor growth and reducing risk factors.
The document discusses the DASH diet plan for reducing hypertension. It provides information on hypertension prevalence, blood pressure goals, and how high blood pressure affects the body. The DASH diet is highlighted as an effective non-pharmacological approach to treating hypertension through its focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy while limiting sodium, red meat, and sugar. Weight loss through diet and exercise is also emphasized as important for reducing hypertension risk factors like obesity.
Nutrient sensing and metabolic disturbanceshelix1661
This document summarizes potential causes of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, including ectopic fat accumulation, impaired fat oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function, and impaired lipid metabolism. It also discusses adipose tissue as an endocrine organ and the roles of adipocytokines like adiponectin and resistin. Finally, it examines nutrient sensing pathways such as AMPK that regulate cellular energy levels and metabolism.
Gestational diabetes occurs in approximately 5% of pregnancies and results in high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. It develops when the placenta produces hormones that prevent the mother's cells from properly using insulin. To manage gestational diabetes, patients must monitor their blood sugar levels, follow a healthy diet with balanced carbohydrate intake, engage in moderate physical activity, and potentially take insulin or other medications. Maintaining blood sugar control is important for the health of both the mother and baby.
This document discusses several studies related to gestational diabetes and macrosomia. The first study found that maternal BMI had a greater influence on the development of large for gestational age (LGA) babies than glucose control. A second study identified that maternal BMI and LGA in a previous pregnancy most influenced fetal growth in the late second and early third trimesters, while maternal glycemia predominantly impacted growth later in the third trimester. A third study examined the degree of glucose control needed in women with type 1 diabetes to achieve normal fetal growth and neonatal proportions.
This document discusses common complications that can arise from diabetes, including heart disease, kidney disease, eye complications, nerve damage, foot complications, skin complications, and depression. It provides details on each complication, such as how diabetes increases the risks of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. It emphasizes the importance of controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol to reduce health risks.
This document discusses obesity in teens and children. It finds that Mexican-American and non-Hispanic black youth have higher rates of overweight than white youth. Adolescents and older adults are more likely to be overweight than younger groups. Obesity results from long-term energy imbalance where calories consumed exceed calories used. Having two overweight parents significantly increases a child's risk of becoming overweight themselves. Measuring tricep skinfold thickness from ages 3 to 17 showed children of two obese parents were three times as fat as children of two lean parents by age 17.
This document provides an overview of childhood obesity including prevalence, risks, environmental and genetic factors, critical periods of development, diet, physical activity, and recommendations for prevention. Some key points:
- Rates of childhood obesity in the US have increased 2-3 fold over the last 25 years. Approximately 18.8% of US children ages 6-11 are overweight.
- Risk factors for childhood obesity include family history, low income, lack of physical activity, excess calorie intake, excessive screen time, and lack of breastfeeding.
- Critical periods for the development of obesity are gestation, ages 5-6, and adolescence. Early life nutrition and growth patterns can impact future health.
This document discusses lycopene, a carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables. It provides lycopene's sources, history of research on it, levels of intake in different populations, content in various foods, biological activities including antioxidant effects, and potential health benefits related to reducing risks of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease. The Pennington Nutrition Series publishes research from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center on nutrition, chronic disease prevention, and healthy aging.
Grilling vegetables and fruits instead of red meats can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. When vegetables are grilled, they do not form cancer-causing compounds like meats do. Colorful vegetables like corn, zucchini, and bell peppers as well as fruits make for healthy grilling options. To prevent the formation of cancer-causing PAHs and HCAs when grilling meats, one should use techniques like pre-cooking meats, avoiding excess fat and charring, frequent flipping, and marinating meats in herbs and spices.
This document summarizes potential health benefits of green tea. It discusses how green tea contains polyphenols, particularly catechins like EGCG, that may provide benefits. Some potential benefits highlighted include reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, certain cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. The document also discusses how green tea's antioxidants may protect cells from damage and help prevent chronic diseases associated with aging.
Genetic considerations in obesity developmenthelix1661
The document summarizes genetic research on human obesity from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. It details that over 600 genes have been associated with obesity. Specific genetic disorders are described that can cause obesity like Cushing's syndrome. Mouse models are used to study obesity genes and their role in food intake and metabolism. Genome-wide studies have linked obesity phenotypes to particular chromosomes. The research aims to identify gene combinations and mutations that influence obesity risk and how they interact with environment.
This document outlines a lesson plan on dietary fat for high school students. It covers key concepts about fat including what fat is, the functions of dietary fat, different types of fat like saturated, unsaturated and trans fats, and how fats affect health. The lesson defines terms like cholesterol and lipoproteins and discusses the importance of reducing unhealthy fats and increasing healthy fats. It provides information on fat content of different foods and evaluating fat on nutrition labels. The plan includes slides, activities and handouts to teach students about fats and their impact on health.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Type1 diabetes
1. Pennington Nutrition Series
Healthier lives through education in nutrition and preventive medicine Pub No. 32
Type 1 Diabetes
Overview
Type 1 Diabetes (DM) is usually diagnosed in
children and young adults. It was previously
referred to as “Juvenile Diabetes.” In this type of
diabetes, the body is not able to produce insulin.
Insulin is required by the body to use sugar, in the
form of glucose. Glucose is the basic fuel for
cells. Insulin’s role is to take the glucose from the
blood and carry it into cells where it can be used
to provide energy for the body to do work.
About Insulin
Insulin is a hormone made by the beta cells of
the pancreas. With each meal consumed, beta
cells release insulin in order for the body to be
Insulin cannot be taken in a pill form able to use or store the glucose it gets from
trough the mouth. If it were to be foods. With Type 1 Diabetics, however, the
consumed this way, it would be broken pancreas is no longer able to make insulin.
down during digestion just like The beta cells have been destroyed. Insulin
normal proteins in your food. shots are thus required in order for the body
Insulin must be injected into the to use the glucose coming from meals.
fat under the skin in order for it to
get into the bloodstream.
2. Characteristics of Insulin
There are three characteristics of insulin:
Onset: is the length of time before insulin reaches the
bloodstream and begins lowering blood glucose.
Peaktime: is the time during which insulin is at maximum
strength in being able to lower blood glucose.
Duration: is how long insulin continues to lower blood glucose.
The Four Main Types of Insulin
Rapid-acting insulin Intermediate-acting insulin
Regular or short-acting insulin Long-acting insulin
Rapid-acting
Onset: Begins to work in about 5 minutes
Peaktime: Peak is about 1 hour
Duration: Continues to work for about 2-4 hours
Regular/short-acting
Onset: Reaches the bloodstream within 30 minutes after injection
Peaktime: Peaks anywhere from 2-3 hours after injection
Duration: Effective for approximately 3-6 hours
Intermediate-acting
Onset: Reaches the bloodstream about 2-4 hours after injection
Peaktime: Peaks 4-12 hours later
Duration: Effective for about 12 to 18 hours
Long-acting
Onset: Reaches the bloodstream 6-10 hours after injection
Duration: Usually effective for 20-24 hours
There is also a very long-acting insulin, known as glargine, which starts to lower blood glucose
levels about one hour after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours after injection.
3. Fine-Tuning Blood Glucose levels
Premixed Insulin
Premixed insulin is also an option for individuals There are many factors that influence blood
with Type 1 Diabetes. It is helpful for individuals glucose levels, including:
who have trouble drawing up insulin out of two
bottles or for individuals who have difficulty in
reading the correct directions and dosages. What you eat
How much and when you exercise
Information on Storage of Insulin
Where you inject your insulin
Manufacturers recommend storing
insulin in the refrigerator; however, When you take your insulin injections
injecting cold insulin sometimes makes
the injection more painful. Illness
You can store insulin to be used Stress
immediately at room temperature.
Insulin stored at room temperature will
last for approximately 1 month.
If purchasing several bottles at once,
keep one at room temperature to be used
immediately. Store the remaining bottles
in the refrigerator so that they will
keep longer.
Information on Storage of Insulin
Do not store insulin near extreme heat or extreme cold.
Never store in the freezer, direct sunlight, or in the glove
compartment of a car.
Check the expiration date. This is especially important
for a larger batch.
Make sure that the insulin looks normal before drawing it
into the syringe.
If there is any discoloration, particles, “frosting”
or crystals in the solution, do not use it.
Return the unopened bottle to a pharmacy
for an exchange and/or refund.
4. Conditions that can arise from Type 1 DM
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Ketoacidosis Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Shakiness
—HYPOGLYCEMIA— Dizziness
Hypoglycemia is a condition Sweating
that occurs due to low blood
glucose. It happens from time Hunger
to time in everyone with diabetes.
It is sometimes referred to as an
Pale skin color
“insulin reaction.” It must always
be treated immediately.
Sudden moodiness or behavior
changes, such as crying for no
Establish a schedule for checking blood apparent reason
glucose levels as directed by a physician.
Blood glucose should be checked if there Clumsy or jerky movements
are any symptoms of hypoglycemia present.
The presence of low blood glucose level Seizure
requires immediate treatment.
Difficulty paying attention
If you are unable to check your blood
or confusion
glucose, a good rule of thumb is:
“When in doubt, treat”
Tingling sensations around
the mouth
Treatment Should Be Immediate
If hypoglycemia is not treated immediately, it can How to Treat Hypoglycemia
result in a loss of consciousness. Loss of
consciousness requires immediate treatment The fastest way to raise blood glucose
such as injection of glucagon or emergency and treat hypoglycemia is with some
treatment at the hospital. Glucagon, like insulin, form of sugar. Any of the following
would work:
is injected but serves a different purpose.
Glucagon helps to raise blood glucose levels. A
3 glucose tablets
physician can prescribe glucagon and give 1/2 cup of fruit juice
directions on its use. 5-6 pieces of hard candy
5. —HYPERGLYCEMIA—
Hyperglycemia is a technical term Potential Causes of Hyperglycemia
for high blood glucose. It can be a
serious problem if not treated. Eating more than planned
Hyperglycemia can happen when
the body has too little, or not enough Exercising less than planned
insulin, or when the body is not able
to use insulin properly. Stress of an illness, such as the
cold or flu
Blood glucose levels can be
Other stresses, such as family
reduced by exercising.
conflicts or dating problems
However, if the blood glucose
level is above 240 mg/dl, check
the urine for ketones. If there
are ketones present, then
exercise is not recommended.
Ketones are acids that build up in the blood. They appear
In addition, cutting down on the
in the urine when the body doesn't have enough insulin.
amount of food may help.
Ketones can poison the body. They are an indicator that the
If exercise and changes in diet
diabetes is getting out of control. Ketones are present in high
do not help, then talk with a amounts in a condition known as Ketoacidosis.
physician about either changing
the amount of insulin or the
timing of the injections.
Potential Causes of Hypoglycemia
Thirst or a very dry mouth
—KETOACIDOSIS—
Ketoacidosis results from a failure Frequent urination
to treat hyperglycemia. It rarely
occurs in individuals with Type 2 High blood glucose levels
DM. It is a very serious condition
that can lead to diabetic coma, High levels of ketones in the urine
or even death. Treatment for this
condition usually takes place in a Constantly feeling tired
hospital. You can prevent the
condition by learning what the Dry or flushed skin
warning signs are and by checking
your blood and urine regularly. Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain
Shortness of breath
Difficulty paying attention
6. Possible Causes of Ketoacidosis
Not getting enough insulin: The dose was not enough or
Ketoacidosis is dangerous and
perhaps the body needed more insulin than usual because
serious. If you have any of the
of illness. Without sufficient insulin, the body begins to
mentioned symptoms, contact your
break down fat for energy.
health care provider immediately or
go to the nearest emergency room.
Not enough food: During illness, appetite and food intake
An important note: NEVER
is reduced and this may result in high ketone levels.
exercise when urine test shows
Skipping meals can also lead to ketoacidosis.
ketones and the blood glucose is
high. This combination can mean
An insulin reaction: When blood glucose levels fall too that the diabetes is out of control.
low, the body must use fat for energy. If testing shows
high ketones in the morning, its likely that the person
may have had an insulin reaction while asleep.
The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-
Who Should Check? renowned nutrition research center.
The ADA recommends blood glucose checks Mission:
if you have diabetes and are: To promote healthier lives through research and education in nu-
trition and preventive medicine.
Taking insulin or diabetes pills
The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:
On intensive insulin therapy
Pregnant Clinical Obesity Research
Having a hard time controlling your Experimental Obesity
blood glucose levels Functional Foods
Health and Performance Enhancement
Having severe low blood glucose levels Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
or ketones from high blood glucose Nutrition and the Brain
levels Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging
Having low blood glucose levels without Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance
the usual warning signs
The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact
on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic dis-
Pennington Nutrition Series Pub No 32
eases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and
Authors: osteoporosis.
Heli Roy, PhD, MBA, RD
Shanna Lundy, BS The Division of Education provides education and information to
Beth Kalicki the scientific community and the public about research findings,
Division of Education training programs and research areas, and coordinates education-
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director al events for the public on various health issues.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Steve Heymsfield, Executive Director We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the
3/06; Rev. 10/09; Rev 3/11 exciting research studies being conducted at the Penning-
ton Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. If you would like to take
part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call
http://www.diabetes.org (225) 763-3000.