1) The document discusses numerical modeling approaches for hydraulic fracturing design within full field models.
2) It outlines the limitations of traditional analytical fracture modeling and highlights advantages of numerical modeling, such as accounting for geological heterogeneity, reservoir architecture, depletion and injection effects on fracture behavior over time.
3) The document presents a case study where various fracture scenarios for a well candidate are modeled using a new approach of unstructured local grid refinement within the existing full field model, allowing spherical flow modeling at fracture tips and integrated workflow to rank fracture candidates.
From this John Deere findings, you can see how FEA plays a helpful and vital role in the design of most every complex structure, predicting the ability of the structure to withstand specified loads.
Engineering Services John Deere Technology Centre
Smart Fractured Reservoir Development StrategiesITE Oil&Gas
Presentation at TUROGE 2014 (Turkish International Oil and Gas Conference) on Smart Fractured Reservoir Development Strategies.
By Mark Cottrell - Manager, FracMan Technology Group Europe Golder Associates
Optimizing completions in deviated and extended reach wells is a key to safe drilling and optimum
production, particularly in complex terrain and formations. This work summarizes the systematic methodology
and engineering process employed to identify and refine the highly effective completions solution used in ERW
completion system and install highly productive and robust hard wares in horizontal and Extended Reach Wells
for Oil and Gas. A case study of an offshore project was presented and discussed. The unique completion design,
pre-project evaluation and the integrated effort undertaken to firstly, minimize completion and formation damage.
Secondly, maximize gravel placement and sand control method .Thirdly, to maximize filter cake removal
efficiencies. The importance of completions technologies was identified and a robust tool was developed .More
importantly, the ways of deploying these tools to achieve optimal performance in ERW’s completions was done.
The application of the whole system will allow existing constraints to be challenged and overcome successfully;
these achievements was possible, by applying sound practical engineering principle and continuous optimization,
with respect to the rig and environmental limitation space and rig capacity.
Keywords: Well Completions , Deviated and Extended Rearch Wells , Optimization
From this John Deere findings, you can see how FEA plays a helpful and vital role in the design of most every complex structure, predicting the ability of the structure to withstand specified loads.
Engineering Services John Deere Technology Centre
Smart Fractured Reservoir Development StrategiesITE Oil&Gas
Presentation at TUROGE 2014 (Turkish International Oil and Gas Conference) on Smart Fractured Reservoir Development Strategies.
By Mark Cottrell - Manager, FracMan Technology Group Europe Golder Associates
Optimizing completions in deviated and extended reach wells is a key to safe drilling and optimum
production, particularly in complex terrain and formations. This work summarizes the systematic methodology
and engineering process employed to identify and refine the highly effective completions solution used in ERW
completion system and install highly productive and robust hard wares in horizontal and Extended Reach Wells
for Oil and Gas. A case study of an offshore project was presented and discussed. The unique completion design,
pre-project evaluation and the integrated effort undertaken to firstly, minimize completion and formation damage.
Secondly, maximize gravel placement and sand control method .Thirdly, to maximize filter cake removal
efficiencies. The importance of completions technologies was identified and a robust tool was developed .More
importantly, the ways of deploying these tools to achieve optimal performance in ERW’s completions was done.
The application of the whole system will allow existing constraints to be challenged and overcome successfully;
these achievements was possible, by applying sound practical engineering principle and continuous optimization,
with respect to the rig and environmental limitation space and rig capacity.
Keywords: Well Completions , Deviated and Extended Rearch Wells , Optimization
Finite Element Analysis of Precast, Prestressed Hollow core slab to evaluate ...Tirthak Shah
This presentation is prepared and presented as a part of the final research project presentation at the University of Manitoba under the supervision of Dr. Ehab El-salakawy. This presentation is uploaded for the sole purpose of helping others interested in the research topic. However, plagiarism is highly prohibited. All rights are reserved.
Torque and Drag: Concepts that Every Drilling and Completion Engineer Should ...pvisoftware
This white paper talks about torque and drag concepts that every drilling and completion engineer should know. With TADPRO, the risks associated with drilling and completing a well can be assessed and much of the risk can be remediated during pre-job planning.
Offshore pile design according to international practiceWeb2Present
In this webinar, industry leading organizations present:
- Learnings from project Borkum West 2, one of German´s most advanced offshore wind projects
- The challenges of the piling design and results of the geotechnical investigation
- Recommendations and observations about potential hazards or obstruction during the foundation installation
Register for free here:
http://www.web2present.com/upcoming-webinars-details.php?id=116
This slideshare provides geotechnical engineers and nondestructive testing professional with information on low strain impact integrity testing of deep foundations and piles.
Why Frac & How it works!
Rock Mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracturing models
Design criteria for frac treatments
Frac Equipment
Frac chemicals and proppants
QC for Frac job
Hydraulic fracturing technologies and practices
Finite Element Analysis of Precast, Prestressed Hollow core slab to evaluate ...Tirthak Shah
This presentation is prepared and presented as a part of the final research project presentation at the University of Manitoba under the supervision of Dr. Ehab El-salakawy. This presentation is uploaded for the sole purpose of helping others interested in the research topic. However, plagiarism is highly prohibited. All rights are reserved.
Torque and Drag: Concepts that Every Drilling and Completion Engineer Should ...pvisoftware
This white paper talks about torque and drag concepts that every drilling and completion engineer should know. With TADPRO, the risks associated with drilling and completing a well can be assessed and much of the risk can be remediated during pre-job planning.
Offshore pile design according to international practiceWeb2Present
In this webinar, industry leading organizations present:
- Learnings from project Borkum West 2, one of German´s most advanced offshore wind projects
- The challenges of the piling design and results of the geotechnical investigation
- Recommendations and observations about potential hazards or obstruction during the foundation installation
Register for free here:
http://www.web2present.com/upcoming-webinars-details.php?id=116
This slideshare provides geotechnical engineers and nondestructive testing professional with information on low strain impact integrity testing of deep foundations and piles.
Why Frac & How it works!
Rock Mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracturing models
Design criteria for frac treatments
Frac Equipment
Frac chemicals and proppants
QC for Frac job
Hydraulic fracturing technologies and practices
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
New Approach to Design Capillary Pressure Curves, which Would Improve Simulat...Faisal Al-Jenaibi
This presentation is discussing New Approach to Design Capillary Pressure Curves, which Would Improve Simulation Models Initialization and shorten History Match time consumed.
Microfracturing is an excellent method of obtaining direct stress measurements, not only in shales, but in conventional reservoirs as well. Recent advances have shown that microfracturing can help improve reservoir management by guiding well placement, completion design, and perforation strategy. Microfracturing consists of isolating small test intervals in a well between inflatable packers, increasing the pressure until a small fracture forms and then by conducting a few injection and shut-in cycles, extend the fracture beyond the influence of the wellbore. Results show that direct stress measurements can be successfully acquired at multiple intervals in a few hours and the vertical scale nearly corresponds to electric log resolution. Therefore, microfracture testing (generally performed in a pilot / vertical well) is an appropriate choice for calibrating log derived geomechanical models and obtaining a complete, accurate, and precise vertical stress profile. This talk describes the microfracturing process and presents several examples that led to increased hydrocarbon recovery by efficient stimulation and/or completion design. Case studies presented range from optimizing hydraulic fracturing in unconventionals, determining safe waterflood injection rates in brownfields, and improving perforation placement in ultra deepwater reservoirs.
Mayank Malik is the Global Formation Testing Expert in Chevron's Energy Technology Company and is a champion for advancing research on microfracturing. He holds a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering (India), MS in Mechanical Engineering from University of Toronto (Canada), and Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering from The University of Texas at Austin (USA). Malik has authored numerous papers on petrophysics, formation testing, and microfracturing. He is currently serving on the SPE ATCE Formation Evaluation committee and is also the Chairman for SPWLA Formation Testing Special Interest Group.
CRACK PROPAGATION ANALYSIS OF ITER VACUUM VESSEL PORT STUB WITH RADIAL BASIS ...Marco E. Biancolini
Presentation of the Master Thesis of Edoardo Pompa. A joint study of Fusion for Energy and University of Rome "Tor Vergata" with the support of RBF Morph for mesh morphing technology. In the framework of the RBF4CRACKS research project. Mesh morphing is used to adapt a crack onto a target shape and to evolve crack shape according to local driving force.
Fracture mechanics based estimation of fatigue life of weldsAvinash B
This paper presents a mechanism based approach for lifetime prediction of welded joints, subjected to a multiaxial nonproportional
loading. Assuming the existence of crack-like flaws after the welding process, the stage of a fatigue crack
initiation becomes insignificant and the threshold for the initial crack propagation can be taken as a criterion for very
high cycle fatigue (VHCF) whereas crack growth analysis can be used for low and high cycle fatigue (LCF, HCF). The
proposed deterministic method, which is based on the welding process simulation, thermophysical material modeling
and fracture mechanics, considers the most important aspects for fatigue of welds. Applying worst case assumptions,
fatigue limits derived by this method can be then used for the fatigue assessment of complex welded structures. The
capability of the approach is validated by S-N curves provided at the Recommendations of the IIW.
Similar to Turning Sense in Dollars: Advances in HYdrualic Fracture Design within Full Field Models (20)
Conformance Control: water shut-off, water balancing, water cycling and injec...Arif Khan
Address conformance challenges of water cycling, water balancing, water-shut-off, injection efficiency through various approaches (analytical, data mining, numerical).
Gas lift system is optimized by use of PVT data combined with fluid and multiphase flow correlations. The aim of project is to develop a generalized program that eliminate the use of synthetic Gradient curves and sensitivity of system with respect to each parameter can be analyzed easily. The project is mainly based on two pressure gradient models; one is single phase flow of compressible fluids (gas) and second is multi-phase correlation developed by Hagedorn and Brown3 including Griffith correction4 of bubble flow particularly for vertical wellbores. Different but appropriate PVT correlations are adopted to suit the condition. The project is divided into two parts, first is developing single Gas lift diagram and second is multiple Gas lift diagrams which facilitate to derive Equilibrium curve, usually use to have idea of unloading valves at different depths with varying flowrates
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
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DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
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Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
Turning Sense in Dollars: Advances in HYdrualic Fracture Design within Full Field Models
1. Turning Sense into Dollar$:
Advances in Hydraulic Fracture
Design within Full Field Models
Arif Khan
Reservoir Technologist
recently in Statoil
(Formerly worked as Sr. PetroTechnical Expert -Reservoir/Production in Schlumberger)
Working in Oil industry since 1999
2. Motivation
Case background information
Stress Profile Preparation
Analytical Analysis
Numerical Model Preparation
Old Approach
New Approach
Numerical Analysis
Well Candidacy
Conclusion
Agenda
4. Motivation
Why to go for 3D numerical modeling with New approach
Analytical Model versus Numerical Model
5. Analytical Fracture Modeling
Fractures are modelled (PI calculation of well) using
equivalent wellbore radius with no geometrical
representation of the reservoir.
Hegre and Larsen 1994
Fracture is represented as modification to productivity
of the well without any representaion of the physical
matrix-fracture interaction
• No quantification of geological heterogeneity, reservoir
architecture on performance of fracture.
• No injection or depletion effects (frac~ closing/widening).
• Simple negative skin approach may suite for vertical single
frac in homogeneous reservoir but very conservative for
horizontal well in hetrogeneous medium where multilayer
communication is enhanced by fractures.
6. Numerical Fracture Modeling
Multiphase Flow
Depletion or phase segrgation or water BT is defined via Relative perm. Curves
(very important factor in gas condensate reservior for condensate bank bypassing.)
Water or Gas Coning
Fracture sustainability and long term profitability by predicting coning/cusping effects on production
profiles (this evaluation is absent from analytical techniques).
Non Darcy Flow
Generally, the lower the permeability is, the higher the Beta factor and, consequently the higher the
non-Darcy effects are. Despite fracture’s high conductivity, the pressure losses due to non-darcy effects
can be significant, and ignoring those could lead to over-estimating production. Simulators have
options to take Beta factor for each layer or to calculate it using porosity and grid permeability.
Reservoir Geometry and Well location
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) might initially seem profitable, but after one-year of
depletion it looses its efficiency. Well location relative to the reservoir boundaries,
Barriers, and other wells is very important. As shown, only one side of the fracture
contribute to production and if poorly analyzed then production forecast
post frac. will be erronoues.
7. Numerical Fracture Modeling
Vertical communication
Numerical modeling can achieve objective of connecting horizontal well
through many reservoir layers (volumes), detailed layer properties are
defined (Kv, Phi).
According to the rock strength and stresses, the fracture propogation
direction (vertically and horizontally) is determined and is an input to
simulator to give us an idea on loss of connectivity with time.
A fracture connects the wellbore to the
reservoir layers isolated by shale barriers
Flow Convergence/Divergence at Fracture Tips
Flow convergene and divergence at fracture tips is crucial to model as it
significantly improves or impairs fracture conductance. Modeling of this
is absent in analytical methods while it requires special consideration in
numerical modeling also.
Flow Convergence due Partial Penetration
This can result in a high skin factor especially when non-darcy flow is
present
8. Fig A. Shows prod. rate without, 2 and
3 fractures
Fig B. Shows sensitivity of the prod.
rate to the number of fractures.
Fig C. Shows Results comparison
between Analytical and Numerical
models
Nodal Plot Sensitivity Plot
Analytical sensitivity Fig. B deviates from numerical results (decreasing slope with number of fractures).
PSS solution achieved by analytical model (Fig. C) is greater than even the transient period of numerical
simulation.
Note that Numerical simulation allows a quantification of the magnitude and duration of this transient
period.
Numerical versus Analytical Model Results
9. Case in Hand
Analyse and Rank Candidates for Frac. Job
Prior to Vessel arrival on Short Notice
Basic Field Info and List of Candidates
10. Reservoir Synopsis:
Initial reservoir pressure: 589 bar @ 4166 m TVDSS
Oil density= 805.0 kg/m3
Water density= 1065.9 kg/m3
Candidates for Frac job
An oil field located in the southern part of the North Sea.
Permeability varying from 0.025 to 4010.41 md with a mean of 43.5 md for PERMX, PERMY
Permeability varying from 0 to 56.25 md with a mean of 0.785 md for PERMZ
Porosity Permeability
12. Mechanical Earth Model (MEM)
1-D MEM - Hydraulic fracture design
• Stress and stiffness profile modeling
• Zonation
• Pumping schedule
• Initial output
Fracture initiation and intersection with
Wellbore; depend on Azimuth
3D MEM
(Prepare 3D MEM model
if many wells with mechnical data,
populate geostatistically biased to
seismic etc)
13. Stress Orientation
• In Current evaluation, no direct information to confirm
frac. propagation, orientation.
• World stress Map suggests compression regime WSW-
ENE from reported breakout, which was inline with
observed behaviours in nearby fields.
• Such orientation would result in collinear fracture
along direction of planned horizontal wells.
14. Well:A, Stress Profile
• Stress profile developed from
sonic data
• Compressional sonic
measured, shear sonic
synthesised from offset data
• Stress profile showed good
stress barrier to prevent
excess upward vertical
fracture propagation
17. Equivalent Reservoir Radius
Rectangular surface shape converted to an equivalent surface radius
Surface
403937m2
Surface
πr2
Equivalent radius = 358m
A
A
Static Pressure 400 bar
Reservoir Temperature 158 C
Reservoir permeability: 2md
Reservoir thickness 68m
Reservoir Radius 358m
Fracture Half Length 40m
Fracture Height: 40m
Fracture permeability 900 md.ft
Compositional model used - PVT available
Mechanical skin and rate dependent skin adjusted
to match the initial rate ~25m3/d.
Watercut 50%
Segregation of the results by reservoir interval
– Production from full reservoir height
– Production from only the hydraulic fracturing interval
Input
Analytical Fracture Modeling
PIPESIM model
18. Reservoir Permeability
Frac Interval
Contribution
Reservoir Radius
Frac Interval
Contribution
450
m
300
m
110
m
50m
80
md
2
md
0.5
md
Analytical Fracture Analysis
Both reservoir permeability and radius show large variation on results thus numerical modeling will
eliminate this uncertainity.
Fracture through-put is very dependent on matrix permeability as with 80 md; much higher PI.
Smaller radius reservoir shows higher deliverability thus fracture’s overall area is dominant «as expected
for this approach» for small drainage radius around it compared to higher Rd = 450m.
19. Frac Interval Contribution
Fracture PermeabilityFracture Half Length
Frac Interval Contribution
10 m
20 m
40 m
50 m 300 md
600 md
900 md
1200
md
Analytical Fracture Analysis
Fracture Half Length shows more sensitivity compared to Frac. Permeability for the same reason as shown
in previous slide where reservior drainage radius was sensitive. Thus larger Frac. Half length will be
dominant in analytical aproach.
Both Parameters max out at 400 sm3/d at maximum input variables values, while Fracture permeability
shows less variation compared to Fracture half length.
21. 3D Hydraulic fracture design and Simulation Workflow
(now its Old)
This workflow was started few years ago as innovative solution for modeling Fractures in 3D Full Field
models, to avoid LGR’s and model 1ft to 3 ft wide fractures in simulation model without any through-put
convergence issues.
OR follow
Petrel* workflow:
• Imported FFM grid &
properties from the client
History Matched Eclipse
Model
• Created horizons from FFM
• Imported HFTM grid with
correct map coordinates
• Recreated layer structure
• Sampled properties from FFM
onto HFTM grid
• Exported integrated grid
• Exported FFM well trajectory
from Petrel to Eclipse
22. 3D Hydraulic fracture design and Simulation Workflow
(now its Old)
Method offers «advantages» of modeling fractures in modified but existing simulation model at field level
and «drawback» in terms of partial remodeling like transformation of properties between grids, distorted
grid, grid realigment to fracture in contrast to field wide drainage flow-pattern dictated by channels or
faults or dominant direction of flow, loosing details, effect on other wells, combursome workflow, trial-
error approach, use of many tools and menus, loss of history matching per well (field wide), have to be
done separately for each candidate Well thus many grids and many iterations, leading to delays, erronoues
results.
24. • Fracture is located traverse to the well path as per FracCADE design
• Still Orientation is a bit uncertain, keeping in view regional stress profile assumption
Fracture Location and Design
OWC is below this
bottom horizon
27. Hydraulic Fracture Modelling
Model Dimensions
Unstructured Local Grid Refinement
for Fracture gridding is applied where
well A is located
The min. size of the grid cell around
Frac is approx. 0.9 m or 3 ft.
Frac conductivity upscaled /adjusted
to 3 ft
Unstructured LGR for Fracture
Modelling generates polyhedral grid
cells. Special simulator INTERSECT® is
used to solve these type of cells.
Merits of UnStr LGR + INTERSECT:
Spherical flow is robustly modelled at
fracture tips
Upscaling is avoided
Grid distortion is avoided
No imports and horizon rebuiling required
Integrated workflow within Petrel
Time saving, error mitigation and accurate
frac. flow modelling at field level.
Unstructured LGR in Global Sim. Grid
INTERSECT® is Schlumberger’s Next Generation Simulator
Well : A
28. Generation of Local Grid for HF
Using Existing FFM
FFM
Petrel* workflow 1:
• Use Existing Simulation model
• Spot grid cells around Target
Well A
• Gather information from
FracCADE
• Judge frac. orientation per
30deg Global Stress direction
• Design location, top and
bottom and orientation of
fracture using HF module of
Petrel
• Draw (link) HF to well
• Trace cells intersecting well and
HF
FracCADE informationExisting Sim. model
29. Generation of Local Grid for HF
Using Existing FFM
FFM
Petrel* workflow 2:
• Define Unstructured Local Grid
Refinement traverse to Well A
path (i.e. Parallel to desgined
HF) using Petrel’s built-in
unstructured LGR option.
• Adjust grid for fracture tips i.e.
spherical flow profile
• Define cells parrallel to HF
increasing logrithmically
• Create fracture conductivity (for
3 ft) using property calculator.
• Export new completions per
polyhedral cells to INTERSECT®
sim. deck
• Create another unstr. LGR for
other scenarios
30. Generation of Local Grid for HF
Using Existing FFM
FFM
This highly optimistic (and unlikely) ”60m”
scenario was not simulated.
Fracture Half Length = 40m
Fracture Half Length = 20m Fracture Half Length = 10m
Fracture Half Length = 60m
31. Generation of Local Grid for HF
Using Existing FFM
FFM
• Fracture Location and Height are shown above
• 2 scenarios are simulated with 20m fracture height as
worst case for fracture conductivity of 300md as
shown at lower right.
Fracture Height=
20m
Fracture Height=
40m
33. Assumption: Constant Flux Boundary: No Frac vs. Frac case
FPR: around 600 bars in all cases
Frac_600/300/150md_L40/20/10m_H40/20m
HF_No Frac_ BC
Note:
4 cases’s pressure
varies ± 8 bars
which requires
further aquifer
attenuation but it
has no major
effect on
production and
frac. collapse
*L=Frac half Length, H=Frac Height, ??md = Frac conductance
38. Effect of Conductivity
L40_H40_600md
WLPT – A (Frac_600mD_vs. Frac_300mD vs. Frac_150mD)
@ Frac_half_L40m, Frac_Height_40m
L40_H40_300md
L40_H40_150md
• At constant fracture
height of 40m, 600md
and 300md
conductivities has ’no’
dependence on frac half
length, they are
insensitive above half
length 20m i.e. at 40m
• 150md is sensitive to
40m half length i.e.
L40_H40_300md=
L20_H40_600md
BC
*L=Frac half Length, H=Frac Height, ??md = Frac conductance
Case MSm3
L40_H40_600md 0.3062
L40_H40_300md 0.2849
L40_H40_150md 0.2501
39. Effect of Conductivity (continued…)
• All three frac.
conductivities are sensitive
to 40m half length with
20m fracture height
*L=Frac half Length, H=Frac Height, ??md = Frac conductance
L40_H20_600md
L40_H20_300md
L40_H20_150md
BC
Case MSm3
L40_H20_600md 0.3062
L40_H20_300md 0.2849
L40_H20_150md 0.2501
@ Frac_half_L40m, Frac_Height_20m
40. Effect of Conductivity (continued…)
• All three frac.
conductivities are sensitive
to 20m half length with
20m fracture height
• While 20m half length is
not sensitive to 20m frac
height as results are
similar to 40m frac height
*L=Frac Half Length, H=Frac Height, ??md = Frac conductance
L20_H20_600md
L20_H40_300md
L20_H40_150md
BC
L20_H40_600md
L20_H20_300md
L20_H20_150md
Case MSm3
L20_H40_600md 0.2779
L20_H40_300md 0.2633
L20_H40_150md 0.2370
@ Frac_half_L20m, Frac_Height_20 & 40m
41. Effect of Fracture Half Length
Case MSm3
L40_H40_300md 0.2849
L20_H40_300md 0.2633
L10_H40_300md 0.1919
Case MSm3
L40_H40_600md 0.3062
L20_H40_600md 0.2779
• Frac. Half Length for same value of conductivity is less sensitive, least
significant change is seen in 600md where if there is 600md conductivity
available then it doesn’t matter if frac half length is 40m or 20m.
Case MSm3
L40_H40_150md 0.2501
L20_H40_150md 0.2370
@300md, Height=40m @600md, Height=40m @150md, Height=40m
L 40m
*L=Frac Half Length, H=Frac Height, ??md = Frac conductance
L 20m
L 10m
BC
L 40m L 20m L 40m
L 20m
BC BC
42. Effect of Fracture Height
@300md, Length=10m
Height = 40m and 20m (very sensitive)
L40_H40_300md
Case MSm3
L40_H40_300
md 0.2849
L40_H20_300
md 0.2849
L20_H40_300
md 0.2633
L20_H20_300
md 0.2633
L10_H40_300
md 0.1919
L10_H20_300
md 0.1395
L40_H20_300md
L20_H40_300md
L20_H20_300md
*L=Frac Length, H=Frac Height, ??md = Frac conductance
(no sensitivity)
(no sensitivity)
L10_H40_300md
L10_H20_300md
BC
• @ 600md with frac. length
20m, there is no frac. height
sensitivity seen, even L40 is
very similar. (not shown in this plot)
• @ 300md, no sensitivity seen
for frac height (40 to 20m)
both for 40m and 20m length
• @ 300md, significant sensitivity is seen for frac height (40 to 20m) for
frac. Half length of 10m
43. Table 1: Sensitivity Cases Performed
HF – A,
Most Optimistic case:
L40_H20_600md, 0.3062 MSm3
*L=Frac Length(m), H=Frac Height(m), ??md = Frac conductance
Most Pessimistic case:
L10_H20_300md, 0.1395 MSm3
BC, 0.0487 MSm3
44. Sensitivity Cases Performed
HF – A,
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
0,200
0,250
0,300
0,350
BC
L10_H20_300md
L10_H40_300md
L20_H40_150md
L20_H20_150md
L40_H40_150md
L40_H20_150md
L20_H40_300md
L20_H20_300md
L20_H40_600md
L20_H20_600md
L40_H40_300md
L40_H20_300md
L40_H40_600md
L40_H20_600md
TotalLiquidProduction,Msm3
Total Liquid Production Increment after 5 Years,
Ranked
46. Wells Ranked as «go/no go» Candidates prior
Frac. Vessel arrival
Here shown in separate colors, all possible frac scenarios simulated on an individual well to
qualify for ranking (volume wise for next 5 years), also shown is comparison with base case i.e.
no frac.
If one well has issues (WH fatigue, downhole problems etc) then next inline is known to switch
to.
Candidates for Frac job
47. Conclusion
Perform in advance initial MEM for all available wells and establish 1D and 3D MEM’s, use those as input for
rapid numerical analysis
Update MEM with new frac data.
Perform brief analytical + analogue analysis before jumping in numerical modeling so to have better control
over numerical results.
Polyhedral Grid cells show rapid numerical analysis with outmost accuracy.
On downside; simulating and preparing polyhedral cells requires special features, both in pre-post
visualization and enhance simulator.
Case study results showed Rate (PI) increase of 5 times.
Analytical solution is over-estimating PI (Rates).
Fracture conductivity showed an impact to overall liquid productivity in the fracture cases, contrary to
analytical analysis, although one to one comparison (analytic vs. numerical) is bias.
Fracture Height variation showed significant impact on lower (10m) compared to higher (20m, 40m) values of
Fracture half length.
Fracture Half Length showed a limited effect on the overall liquid productivity of the well except for worst case
of 20m frac. Height, compared to analytical analysis.
Wells were rapidly ranked for immediate selection as candidate for intervention.