This document provides the design calculations and requirements for upgrading the cathodic protection system for an existing gas pipeline and three new LPG product pipelines in Vietnam. An impressed current cathodic protection system using titanium anodes will be installed to supplement the pipeline coatings and provide corrosion control. Soil resistivity measurements along the pipeline route indicate aggressive soil that justifies an effective groundbed for cathodic protection. The design calls for a 30-year life, 30 mA/m2 current density, 95% coating efficiency, and 850mV negative potential criteria. Calculations determine the necessary cathodic protection current, number of anodes, and estimated groundbed resistance at two station locations along the pipelines.
This document discusses lessons learned from recent deepwater riser projects and how risers can become more standardized industrial products. It describes an industrialization process for risers involving a technical hierarchy to systematically organize components. This allows for detailed failure mode and effects analysis (FMECA) and structured engineering. An example FMECA is provided for a hybrid riser tower (HRT) system. The analysis identified 2 high risks related to connections at the top and bottom of the HRT, in line with reliability data. Overall the FMECA found 194 medium risks and 437 low risks. The document advocates standardizing key riser design aspects like materials to improve cost effectiveness while meeting functional requirements.
This document discusses recent trends and the future of ultra deepwater oil field developments. It summarizes that developments in ultra deepwater have very high costs, prompting companies to consider more standardized and innovative solutions. Subsea wells and FPSOs have become the standard for field development below depths of around 2500-3000 meters. New technologies like subsea separation, direct electrical heating of flowlines, and subsea power distribution are being successfully implemented and will likely become more common. Future field developments are expected to utilize more standardized components coupled with innovative technologies to reduce costs and maximize recovery in ultra deepwater environments over the next 5-10 years.
This is a presentation from JSW Steel, one of the finalists at the 5th CII-GBC National
Award for Excellence in Water Management in 2008
The awards are in 2 categories, Within the Fence for work done on minimizing the organisations water footprint, and Beyond the Fence for work done in the community around the industry.
This presentation was in the "Within the Fence" category.
We thank CII and the respective companies for giving us permission to upload these presentations on the India Water Portal website for dissemination to a wider audience.
This document discusses fire codes and chemical limits for scientific facilities. It provides examples of how infrastructure affects maximum allowable quantities of hazardous materials. Specifically, it compares a 1950s facility with one constructed in 1999. The older facility had inadequate fire barriers and a single chemical control area, limiting it to lower quantities. The newer facility has proper fire barriers and 10 separate chemical control areas, allowing storage of much greater amounts divided among the areas. The document emphasizes that chemical storage limits depend on the occupancy classification, safety features of the building, and requirements of the building and fire codes.
Groundwater and CO2CRC - insights from the Otway project and monitoring activ...Global CCS Institute
The CO2CRC Otway Project has established a groundwater monitoring network at its injection site in Victoria, Australia to track any impacts from CO2 injection and storage on local freshwater aquifers, with monitoring showing no changes to groundwater levels, composition, or quality between pre-and post-injection periods. The monitoring network utilizes standard tools like dataloggers to continuously measure water levels and temperatures in shallow and deep aquifers, with collected data demonstrating stable conditions and providing confidence that CO2 storage can safely co-exist with groundwater resources.
This document provides an overview of designing wells for high pressure high temperature (HPHT) environments. It discusses HPHT definitions, challenges, case studies, and recommendations for various well design aspects. Key points include defining three HPHT envelopes based on temperature and pressure limits, outlining completion, testing and data acquisition challenges, reviewing global HPHT fields and standards, analyzing an Indian HPHT case study, and providing recommendations for casing design, drilling fluids, cementing, and material selection tailored for HPHT wells.
This project involved installing over 7,400 feet of 16-inch water pipeline to transport water between two municipalities under various design challenges. A 900-foot section was installed using horizontal directional drilling beneath an environmentally sensitive stream. PVC pipe with a DR of 14 and fusible joints was selected for its ability to meet hydraulic and pressure requirements while allowing for a smaller borehole during horizontal directional drilling. The project was completed on budget.
external & internal corrosion monitoringsair ali khan
Cathodic protection and corrosion control monitoring techniques are used to protect buried metallic structures from corrosion. Cathodic protection involves making the structure more negatively charged than its environment to prevent corrosion. Close interval potential surveys, pipe-to-soil potential tests, and pipeline current mapping are used to monitor cathodic protection effectiveness. Corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, and residual inhibitor analysis also monitor corrosion by measuring factors like metal loss and inhibitor concentration over time. Together, these techniques provide continuous monitoring to ensure corrosion control and protect critical pipeline infrastructure.
This document discusses lessons learned from recent deepwater riser projects and how risers can become more standardized industrial products. It describes an industrialization process for risers involving a technical hierarchy to systematically organize components. This allows for detailed failure mode and effects analysis (FMECA) and structured engineering. An example FMECA is provided for a hybrid riser tower (HRT) system. The analysis identified 2 high risks related to connections at the top and bottom of the HRT, in line with reliability data. Overall the FMECA found 194 medium risks and 437 low risks. The document advocates standardizing key riser design aspects like materials to improve cost effectiveness while meeting functional requirements.
This document discusses recent trends and the future of ultra deepwater oil field developments. It summarizes that developments in ultra deepwater have very high costs, prompting companies to consider more standardized and innovative solutions. Subsea wells and FPSOs have become the standard for field development below depths of around 2500-3000 meters. New technologies like subsea separation, direct electrical heating of flowlines, and subsea power distribution are being successfully implemented and will likely become more common. Future field developments are expected to utilize more standardized components coupled with innovative technologies to reduce costs and maximize recovery in ultra deepwater environments over the next 5-10 years.
This is a presentation from JSW Steel, one of the finalists at the 5th CII-GBC National
Award for Excellence in Water Management in 2008
The awards are in 2 categories, Within the Fence for work done on minimizing the organisations water footprint, and Beyond the Fence for work done in the community around the industry.
This presentation was in the "Within the Fence" category.
We thank CII and the respective companies for giving us permission to upload these presentations on the India Water Portal website for dissemination to a wider audience.
This document discusses fire codes and chemical limits for scientific facilities. It provides examples of how infrastructure affects maximum allowable quantities of hazardous materials. Specifically, it compares a 1950s facility with one constructed in 1999. The older facility had inadequate fire barriers and a single chemical control area, limiting it to lower quantities. The newer facility has proper fire barriers and 10 separate chemical control areas, allowing storage of much greater amounts divided among the areas. The document emphasizes that chemical storage limits depend on the occupancy classification, safety features of the building, and requirements of the building and fire codes.
Groundwater and CO2CRC - insights from the Otway project and monitoring activ...Global CCS Institute
The CO2CRC Otway Project has established a groundwater monitoring network at its injection site in Victoria, Australia to track any impacts from CO2 injection and storage on local freshwater aquifers, with monitoring showing no changes to groundwater levels, composition, or quality between pre-and post-injection periods. The monitoring network utilizes standard tools like dataloggers to continuously measure water levels and temperatures in shallow and deep aquifers, with collected data demonstrating stable conditions and providing confidence that CO2 storage can safely co-exist with groundwater resources.
This document provides an overview of designing wells for high pressure high temperature (HPHT) environments. It discusses HPHT definitions, challenges, case studies, and recommendations for various well design aspects. Key points include defining three HPHT envelopes based on temperature and pressure limits, outlining completion, testing and data acquisition challenges, reviewing global HPHT fields and standards, analyzing an Indian HPHT case study, and providing recommendations for casing design, drilling fluids, cementing, and material selection tailored for HPHT wells.
This project involved installing over 7,400 feet of 16-inch water pipeline to transport water between two municipalities under various design challenges. A 900-foot section was installed using horizontal directional drilling beneath an environmentally sensitive stream. PVC pipe with a DR of 14 and fusible joints was selected for its ability to meet hydraulic and pressure requirements while allowing for a smaller borehole during horizontal directional drilling. The project was completed on budget.
external & internal corrosion monitoringsair ali khan
Cathodic protection and corrosion control monitoring techniques are used to protect buried metallic structures from corrosion. Cathodic protection involves making the structure more negatively charged than its environment to prevent corrosion. Close interval potential surveys, pipe-to-soil potential tests, and pipeline current mapping are used to monitor cathodic protection effectiveness. Corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, and residual inhibitor analysis also monitor corrosion by measuring factors like metal loss and inhibitor concentration over time. Together, these techniques provide continuous monitoring to ensure corrosion control and protect critical pipeline infrastructure.
This document provides the design calculations for upgrading the cathodic protection system for existing gas pipelines and new LPG pipelines. It determines that a single impressed current system located at Dinh Co would provide adequate protection. The system requires 30 titanium tubular anodes installed in a groundbed with a resistance of 0.5844 ohms. A 45 volt transformer rectifier output would be needed to supply the required 54.32 amp current output to protect over 32,000 square meters of pipeline surface area according to international cathodic protection standards.
This document provides the design and calculations for an impressed current cathodic protection system for an offshore pipeline and underground plant piping. It includes definitions, location data of the pipeline, design concepts, calculation methods, formulas used, and considerations for interference mitigation. The cathodic protection system will use mixed metal oxide anodes in a deep well groundbed configuration to provide corrosion protection for the pipeline and meet criteria for protective potentials outlined in relevant standards.
This document provides the design and calculation of an impressed current cathodic protection system for the Gunung Megang - Singa gas compression and pipeline facility in Indonesia. It outlines the pipeline details and location data, design concepts, calculation methods, and considerations for interference mitigation. The cathodic protection system will utilize mixed metal oxide anodes in a deep well groundbed configuration to protect the coated pipelines and achieve a protective potential between -900mV and -1,050mV. Calculations will be performed to determine surface area, current requirements, anode quantities, groundbed and cable resistances, transformer-rectifier output capacity, and potential attenuation. Mitigation of interference on neighboring pipelines will also be addressed.
This document describes the cathodic protection system for a 302 km natural gas pipeline running from Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh to Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh. It will utilize an impressed current cathodic protection system with 9 stations along the route providing protection. Temporary cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes will be provided during construction, then a permanent impressed current system will be installed utilizing remote monitoring via SCADA.
The document is a calculation report for a cathodic protection system for a 12" pipeline. It includes:
- Design of a cathodic protection system using vertical magnesium galvanic anodes.
- Calculations to determine coating damage, surface area to protect, current requirements, anode size and quantity needed.
- Recommendation to install seven anode beds along the pipeline to provide protection, with details on anode type, size, installation and connection to the pipeline.
Cathodic protection and corrosion control monitoring techniques are used to protect buried metallic structures from corrosion. Cathodic protection involves making the structure more negatively charged than its environment to prevent corrosion. Close interval potential surveys, pipe-to-soil potential tests, and pipeline current mapping are used to monitor cathodic protection effectiveness. Corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, and residual inhibitor analysis also monitor corrosion by measuring factors like metal loss and inhibitor concentration over time. Together, these techniques provide continuous monitoring to ensure corrosion protection and control of oil and gas pipelines.
l The document discusses how applying an epoxy coating to the internal surface of gas pipelines can increase gas flow capacity and reduce operational costs. International oil and gas companies now commonly use internal pipeline coatings.
l Applying internal coatings can increase gas throughput by 10-20% by reducing surface roughness. Studies have shown coated pipelines require fewer compressor stations and use less fuel. Internal coatings also protect against corrosion during storage and make commissioning and inspection easier.
l Specifications for internal coatings aim to ensure coatings can withstand conditions like saltwater submersion and exposure to hydrocarbons. Developments include higher-solids and solvent-free coatings to reduce emissions while still meeting specifications.
This document outlines guidelines for the design, installation, and maintenance of underground petroleum storage tank systems. It discusses factors to consider for tank selection such as material, size, and capacity. It describes best practices for tank location, installation, and testing. For steel tanks, it recommends installation methods like using concrete chambers or saddles for protection and anchoring. For fiberglass tanks, it stresses careful handling and installation according to manufacturer specifications to prevent damage. Overall, the document provides detailed specifications to help ensure underground tank systems are installed safely and leak-free to protect the environment and public safety.
1. Cathodic protection is used to prevent corrosion of oil well casings by making them negatively charged with respect to the surrounding soil. This protects exposed areas of the casing from corrosion.
2. Oil well casings differ from pipelines in that they are vertical, potentials can only be measured at the top, and connections are threaded instead of welded. Soil properties also vary with depth.
3. Cathodic protection only protects external surfaces in contact with the soil and does not protect internal surfaces of the casing or downhole equipment.
The document provides details of Carlo Avanzini's experience designing and supervising power plant cooling water intake and discharge pipelines. It summarizes his involvement in numerous projects in Turkey, Qatar, Libya, Egypt, and other countries. These have included designing GRP and steel pipelines, intake structures, and complex multi-port diffusers for power plants with capacities ranging from 350MW to 936.5MW.
This document provides guidance on corrosion control requirements for pipelines as outlined in 49 CFR Part 192. It discusses:
1) Operators must establish procedures to implement and maintain corrosion control programs, including cathodic protection. A qualified person must carry out these procedures.
2) Sources for finding qualified corrosion control consultants and technicians are provided, such as corrosion engineers at gas utilities, trade associations, and NACE International.
3) Requirements for pipelines installed after 1971 include proper coating and a cathodic protection system within one year of installation. Records of inspections and tests must be maintained.
The document discusses cathodic protection for above ground storage tanks (AGSTs). It introduces Elsyca and Audubon Companies, who provide software and services related to corrosion engineering. It then reviews the technical aspects of AGST cathodic protection, including the goals, complexities, and assumptions of current designs. Case studies are presented that measure and model the performance of different CP system designs. Recommendations are provided for improving new and existing AGST CP designs and construction to better achieve 30-year tank lifespan.
The document discusses efficient operation and maintenance of boilers at NTPC Simhadri. It provides an overview of NTPC's journey and capacity, describes the types of boilers used, and outlines best practices adopted to reduce boiler tube leakages. These include improved startup procedures, monitoring of chemical parameters, thorough inspections and testing, and implementation of new technologies like acoustic leak detectors and process instrumentation systems. The presentation aims to share experiences in achieving zero boiler tube failures through preventative maintenance practices.
The document discusses the production of a superconducting conductor called the Nb-Ti/Cu Rutherford Cable On Conduit Conductor (RCOCC) for use in a 43 Tesla hybrid magnet. The RCOCC consists of a 19 strand flat cable soft-soldered onto a hollow copper-silver stabilizer. Key parameters of the RCOCC are described. The production line for assembling the RCOCC in-house includes unspooling the copper-silver stabilizer, assembling the cable onto the stabilizer using induction heating of solder alloy ribbons, and calibrating, dimensionally controlling, and spooling the finished RCOCC onto reels. The production line at LNCMI-G
The document discusses corrosion control techniques for underground pipelines, including coatings, cathodic protection, and chemical inhibitors. It outlines the objectives of minimizing corrosion to increase pipeline lifespan and safety. Key techniques are summarized, such as using coatings as a barrier between the pipeline and environment, cathodic protection methods like galvanic anodes and impressed current, and chemical inhibitors. Field surveys like pipe-to-soil potential and close interval potential surveys are described. Experimental work involved performing these surveys on various pipelines and coating inspection. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of corrosion control for oil/gas pipelines and following standards like NACE for cathodic protection.
An Example for Borehole Seismology in Marmara SeaAli Osman Öncel
This document discusses best practices for installing downhole geophysical observatories. It describes two main types of permanent downhole monitoring installations: permanently cemented sensors behind casing, and instruments deployed inside casing or open holes using hole-locks or cement to anchor them. The document also discusses deployment systems like cable, coiled tubing, and drill pipe. Maintaining long-term stability and coupling of sensors to measure signals without surface noise is important. A case study of a new downhole observatory installation in Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault Zone is also presented.
City gas distribution- Complete OverviewUjjwal Rao
This document provides an overview of city gas distribution systems. It discusses what city gas distribution is, the basic concepts of distribution systems including developing pipeline networks and maintaining different pressure levels. It outlines the key steps in designing distribution systems such as demand estimation, network design, and route surveys. The document also covers system components including city gate stations, pipelines, regulating stations, meters, and CNG stations. It concludes by discussing applicable codes, standards, and regulations for city gas distribution.
This document provides information about Shyam Cable Industries, which manufactures all types of cables. It includes lists of government and commercial clients, machinery and testing equipment used, quality control processes, current ratings for cables, process flow charts and quality assurance plans for PVC and rubber cables, technical details on elastomeric and welding cables, and properties of raw materials. The company has over 40 years of experience supplying cables to government departments and public/private sector companies across various industries in India. It maintains high quality standards through rigorous material, process and product controls.
Standards_Technical Seminar for Cathodic Protection to GOGC Design.pdfSergeRINAUDO1
This document summarizes standards related to cathodic protection of pipelines. It lists numerous European (CEN), German (DIN), and international (ISO) standards covering topics like cathodic protection measurement techniques, protection of complex structures, protection against corrosion from stray currents, coatings for buried steel pipelines, and evaluating AC corrosion likelihood. It also lists some literature references on cathodic protection including PhD theses and textbooks.
This document provides the design calculations for upgrading the cathodic protection system for existing gas pipelines and new LPG pipelines. It determines that a single impressed current system located at Dinh Co would provide adequate protection. The system requires 30 titanium tubular anodes installed in a groundbed with a resistance of 0.5844 ohms. A 45 volt transformer rectifier output would be needed to supply the required 54.32 amp current output to protect over 32,000 square meters of pipeline surface area according to international cathodic protection standards.
This document provides the design and calculations for an impressed current cathodic protection system for an offshore pipeline and underground plant piping. It includes definitions, location data of the pipeline, design concepts, calculation methods, formulas used, and considerations for interference mitigation. The cathodic protection system will use mixed metal oxide anodes in a deep well groundbed configuration to provide corrosion protection for the pipeline and meet criteria for protective potentials outlined in relevant standards.
This document provides the design and calculation of an impressed current cathodic protection system for the Gunung Megang - Singa gas compression and pipeline facility in Indonesia. It outlines the pipeline details and location data, design concepts, calculation methods, and considerations for interference mitigation. The cathodic protection system will utilize mixed metal oxide anodes in a deep well groundbed configuration to protect the coated pipelines and achieve a protective potential between -900mV and -1,050mV. Calculations will be performed to determine surface area, current requirements, anode quantities, groundbed and cable resistances, transformer-rectifier output capacity, and potential attenuation. Mitigation of interference on neighboring pipelines will also be addressed.
This document describes the cathodic protection system for a 302 km natural gas pipeline running from Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh to Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh. It will utilize an impressed current cathodic protection system with 9 stations along the route providing protection. Temporary cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes will be provided during construction, then a permanent impressed current system will be installed utilizing remote monitoring via SCADA.
The document is a calculation report for a cathodic protection system for a 12" pipeline. It includes:
- Design of a cathodic protection system using vertical magnesium galvanic anodes.
- Calculations to determine coating damage, surface area to protect, current requirements, anode size and quantity needed.
- Recommendation to install seven anode beds along the pipeline to provide protection, with details on anode type, size, installation and connection to the pipeline.
Cathodic protection and corrosion control monitoring techniques are used to protect buried metallic structures from corrosion. Cathodic protection involves making the structure more negatively charged than its environment to prevent corrosion. Close interval potential surveys, pipe-to-soil potential tests, and pipeline current mapping are used to monitor cathodic protection effectiveness. Corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, and residual inhibitor analysis also monitor corrosion by measuring factors like metal loss and inhibitor concentration over time. Together, these techniques provide continuous monitoring to ensure corrosion protection and control of oil and gas pipelines.
l The document discusses how applying an epoxy coating to the internal surface of gas pipelines can increase gas flow capacity and reduce operational costs. International oil and gas companies now commonly use internal pipeline coatings.
l Applying internal coatings can increase gas throughput by 10-20% by reducing surface roughness. Studies have shown coated pipelines require fewer compressor stations and use less fuel. Internal coatings also protect against corrosion during storage and make commissioning and inspection easier.
l Specifications for internal coatings aim to ensure coatings can withstand conditions like saltwater submersion and exposure to hydrocarbons. Developments include higher-solids and solvent-free coatings to reduce emissions while still meeting specifications.
This document outlines guidelines for the design, installation, and maintenance of underground petroleum storage tank systems. It discusses factors to consider for tank selection such as material, size, and capacity. It describes best practices for tank location, installation, and testing. For steel tanks, it recommends installation methods like using concrete chambers or saddles for protection and anchoring. For fiberglass tanks, it stresses careful handling and installation according to manufacturer specifications to prevent damage. Overall, the document provides detailed specifications to help ensure underground tank systems are installed safely and leak-free to protect the environment and public safety.
1. Cathodic protection is used to prevent corrosion of oil well casings by making them negatively charged with respect to the surrounding soil. This protects exposed areas of the casing from corrosion.
2. Oil well casings differ from pipelines in that they are vertical, potentials can only be measured at the top, and connections are threaded instead of welded. Soil properties also vary with depth.
3. Cathodic protection only protects external surfaces in contact with the soil and does not protect internal surfaces of the casing or downhole equipment.
The document provides details of Carlo Avanzini's experience designing and supervising power plant cooling water intake and discharge pipelines. It summarizes his involvement in numerous projects in Turkey, Qatar, Libya, Egypt, and other countries. These have included designing GRP and steel pipelines, intake structures, and complex multi-port diffusers for power plants with capacities ranging from 350MW to 936.5MW.
This document provides guidance on corrosion control requirements for pipelines as outlined in 49 CFR Part 192. It discusses:
1) Operators must establish procedures to implement and maintain corrosion control programs, including cathodic protection. A qualified person must carry out these procedures.
2) Sources for finding qualified corrosion control consultants and technicians are provided, such as corrosion engineers at gas utilities, trade associations, and NACE International.
3) Requirements for pipelines installed after 1971 include proper coating and a cathodic protection system within one year of installation. Records of inspections and tests must be maintained.
The document discusses cathodic protection for above ground storage tanks (AGSTs). It introduces Elsyca and Audubon Companies, who provide software and services related to corrosion engineering. It then reviews the technical aspects of AGST cathodic protection, including the goals, complexities, and assumptions of current designs. Case studies are presented that measure and model the performance of different CP system designs. Recommendations are provided for improving new and existing AGST CP designs and construction to better achieve 30-year tank lifespan.
The document discusses efficient operation and maintenance of boilers at NTPC Simhadri. It provides an overview of NTPC's journey and capacity, describes the types of boilers used, and outlines best practices adopted to reduce boiler tube leakages. These include improved startup procedures, monitoring of chemical parameters, thorough inspections and testing, and implementation of new technologies like acoustic leak detectors and process instrumentation systems. The presentation aims to share experiences in achieving zero boiler tube failures through preventative maintenance practices.
The document discusses the production of a superconducting conductor called the Nb-Ti/Cu Rutherford Cable On Conduit Conductor (RCOCC) for use in a 43 Tesla hybrid magnet. The RCOCC consists of a 19 strand flat cable soft-soldered onto a hollow copper-silver stabilizer. Key parameters of the RCOCC are described. The production line for assembling the RCOCC in-house includes unspooling the copper-silver stabilizer, assembling the cable onto the stabilizer using induction heating of solder alloy ribbons, and calibrating, dimensionally controlling, and spooling the finished RCOCC onto reels. The production line at LNCMI-G
The document discusses corrosion control techniques for underground pipelines, including coatings, cathodic protection, and chemical inhibitors. It outlines the objectives of minimizing corrosion to increase pipeline lifespan and safety. Key techniques are summarized, such as using coatings as a barrier between the pipeline and environment, cathodic protection methods like galvanic anodes and impressed current, and chemical inhibitors. Field surveys like pipe-to-soil potential and close interval potential surveys are described. Experimental work involved performing these surveys on various pipelines and coating inspection. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of corrosion control for oil/gas pipelines and following standards like NACE for cathodic protection.
An Example for Borehole Seismology in Marmara SeaAli Osman Öncel
This document discusses best practices for installing downhole geophysical observatories. It describes two main types of permanent downhole monitoring installations: permanently cemented sensors behind casing, and instruments deployed inside casing or open holes using hole-locks or cement to anchor them. The document also discusses deployment systems like cable, coiled tubing, and drill pipe. Maintaining long-term stability and coupling of sensors to measure signals without surface noise is important. A case study of a new downhole observatory installation in Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault Zone is also presented.
City gas distribution- Complete OverviewUjjwal Rao
This document provides an overview of city gas distribution systems. It discusses what city gas distribution is, the basic concepts of distribution systems including developing pipeline networks and maintaining different pressure levels. It outlines the key steps in designing distribution systems such as demand estimation, network design, and route surveys. The document also covers system components including city gate stations, pipelines, regulating stations, meters, and CNG stations. It concludes by discussing applicable codes, standards, and regulations for city gas distribution.
This document provides information about Shyam Cable Industries, which manufactures all types of cables. It includes lists of government and commercial clients, machinery and testing equipment used, quality control processes, current ratings for cables, process flow charts and quality assurance plans for PVC and rubber cables, technical details on elastomeric and welding cables, and properties of raw materials. The company has over 40 years of experience supplying cables to government departments and public/private sector companies across various industries in India. It maintains high quality standards through rigorous material, process and product controls.
Standards_Technical Seminar for Cathodic Protection to GOGC Design.pdfSergeRINAUDO1
This document summarizes standards related to cathodic protection of pipelines. It lists numerous European (CEN), German (DIN), and international (ISO) standards covering topics like cathodic protection measurement techniques, protection of complex structures, protection against corrosion from stray currents, coatings for buried steel pipelines, and evaluating AC corrosion likelihood. It also lists some literature references on cathodic protection including PhD theses and textbooks.
KALYAN CHART SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
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In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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Prescriptive analytics BA4206 Anna University PPTFreelance
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I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
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2. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report defines the design calculations and requirements of Cathodic Protection System
for one No. 17" existing gas pipeline and three new LPG product pipelines. An impressed
current cathodic protection system will be installed to supplement the' corrosion coating in
providing corrosion control to the pipeline. The impressed current Cathodic Protection
system for existing gas pipeline will be upgraded to suit the new requirement for existing
gas pipeline as well as new LPG product pipelines.
2.0 SUMMARY
Cathodic protection is specified for the onshore section of the subject pipeline from Dinh
Co to Thi Vai for new LPG pipeline and from Long Hi to Phu My for existing gas pipeline-
length and other parameters are as given in Secsion 4.0 of this document. Both galvanic
anode and impressed current cathodic protection systems were considered during this
0 design. An impressed current cathodic protection system has been selected on a technical
basis. The cathodic protection system has been designed in accordance with internationally
accepted standards and compliance the codes and standards listed in section 1.2 o
specification. A conservation design approach has been used including a 30 mA/m2 current
density and 95% coating efficiency. For future addition a 20% spare output capacity has
been provided ( NACE-1967). It has been determined that a single impressed current
system required upgrading at the Phuoc Hoa LBV and at the Dinh Co Station would
provide full cathodic protection of new LPG pipelines and existing gas pipelines.
The soil resistivities at this location justified the installation of an effective surface anode
groundbed. The groundbed will be located approximately 100 m from the pipeline and
position perpendicularly to the pipeline in accordance with the --project specification
(BS-7361 ). A rectifier will be used to energize the groundbed. They.415. VAC; three phases
power supply to the rectifier will be provided from the�415;volt switchboard. Elec€rical
isolation of the pipeline will be provided by the installation of insulating flange sets
c: Insulating flange set shall be provided with Explosion-proof surge diverters to prevent
damage due to lightning or power surges. Test stations will be provided to monitor and
adjust the cathodic protection system . Test station also have to be provided at following
location
• Both side of the major river or road crosing.
• At all insulating joint.
• At HT overhead line crossing.
• At all vulnerable location where interferance is possible
These test stations will be located at maximum intervals of 1.5 km. All cable connections to
the pipeline will be made using the brassing thermit weld process.
3.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY SURVEY
Soil resistivity measurements have been previously carried out by others at 65 location
along the pipeline ROW. According to the information included in the contract documents.
this testing was performed using the Wenner 4-pin method at depth of 0.75, 1.5, and
metres using a .M-416 instrument made in the Soviet Union. Test equipment must have
maximum AC & DC ground current rejection feature. Soil resistivities are critical to the
proper design of a cathodic protection system. They are used as a guide to determine the
P9-CPS.05-01.0 Page of I
3. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
corrosiveness of the soil and also used to select ground locations and configurations. Soil
resistivities are important regardless of whether and impressed current or a sacrificial anode
cathodic protection system is utilized. It should be understood that this cathodic protection
design has been based on the soil resistivities determined by others. Any inaccuracies in the
reported resistivity values versus the actual resistivity values could have a significant impact on
the effectiveness of the cathodic protection system. This can only be determined during
commissioning of the system when the Contractor shall check the.soil resitivity inspection
accordance with specification.
4.0 DESIGN PARAMETERS
The following sub-sections include parameters which have been used for design of the
proposed cathodic protection system.
4.1 GENERAL PIPELINE DETAILS
These calculation for upgrading existing CP system for new LPG pipelines and existing gas
pipeline will be done through two (2) cathodic protection system design.
4.1.1 Portion 1: (CP Station at Dinh Co location )
Y Gas pipeline (Long Hai to Ba Ria)
Length of pipeline 16.5 km a
Pipeline diameter 406.4 mm 1 /17
Pipeline number 1
Coating Coal tar enamel
• LPG pipelines (Dinh Co to Ba Ria)
Length of pipeline 7.5 km
Pipeline diameter 168 mm C L�
Pipeline number 3
Coating Polyethylene
4.1.2 Portion 2: (CP Station at Phuoc Hoa location )
Gas pipeline (Ba Ria to Phu My)
Length of pipeline 21.5 km
Pipeline diameter 426 mm
Pipeline number
Coating Coal tar enamel
LPG pipelines (Ba Ria to Thi Vai)
Length of pipeline 17 km
Pipeline diameter 168 mm
Pipeline number 3
Page 4 of I '
P9-CPS.05-01.0
5. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
Coating Polyethylene
4.2 CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN LIFE
In accordance with the contract documents, the impressed current cathodic protection
system will have a design life of 30 years. The cathodic protection Contractor shall
demonstrate the design life of his proposed CP system.
4.3 ANODE TYPE
1 T' 'um tubular anodes with a mixed metal oxide coating will be installed. These anodes
have proven to have superior operating characteristics over silicon iron and graphite anodes.
Titanium / mixed metal oxide anode are also of lighter weight and capable of significantly
higher current outputs and longer life.
4.4 COATING EFFICIENCY
A common method to assess the pipe coating condition is to use a factor referred to
"percent bare". For a normal factory applied coaltar enamel coating system which would be
inspected and repaired prior to back filling. of the pipe, a value of a approximately I to 2
percent bare would be experienced immediately subsequent to construction. However,
during the service life of the pipeline with expansion and contraction of the pipeline due to
thermal effects, soil movement, water ingress through the coating etc, the condition of the
coating will deteriorate.
A conservative coating efficiency of 95% has been used for this cathodic protection design.
This means that over the 30 year life, the cathodic protection system will have the capacity
protect an average of 5% of the total surface area of the pipeline.
4.5 CP CURRENT DENSITY
The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Recommended practice
RP-0169-92 and DNV RP B401 specifies a current density of 10-30 mA/m2 for bare steel
structures in soil. The soils along the proposed ROW for this pipeline are very aggressive
with high moisture content, high salinity and low soil resistivity. Therefore, this design uses
a
conservative 30 mAIm2 current density.
4.6 SOIL RESISTIVITY
4.6.1 Dinh Co Location
As mentioned in previous Section 3.0, soil resistivity testing along the pipeline ROW has
been previously carried out by others. A review of this data indicates that points R-18 and
R-19 are located relatively near Dinh Co:
Depth (m) Soil Resistivity (ohm cm)
R-18
0.75 8000
1.50 4200
P9-CPS.05-01.0 .
Page 5 of 14
6. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
3.00 1050
R-19
0.75 3600
1.50 1300
3.00 500
The deep-well anode system will be installed for cathodic protection, The average resistivity
value for the above two points at a 1.5m depth is 2750 ohm-cm and will be used t For
groundbed design at Dinh Co.
4.6.2 Phuoc Hoa Location
Also mentioned in previous Section 3.0, soil resistivity testing along the pipeline ROW has
been previously carried out by others. A review of this data indicates that points BH23 aid
BH24 are located relatively near Ba Ria ( at Phuoc Hoa ) where the impressed current CP
system will be located. The soil resistivity values reported at these locations are :
Depth (m) Soil Resistivity (ohm ern)
BH23
0.75 1300
1.50 1500
3.00 1000
BH24
0.75 1500
1.50 1500
3.00 800
The average resistivity value for the above two points at a 1.5m depth is 1500 ohm-cnl _:d
will be used for groundbed design at Phuoc Hoa.
4.7 CATHODIC PROTECTION CRITERIA
NACE Recommended Practice RP-0169-92 addresses cathodic protection criteria --Dr
underground and submerged metallic piping systems. Applicable excerpts of this st.and=d
relative to CP criteria for this project are as follows-
A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 85OmV with the cathodic protecti'Dn
applied. This potential is measured with respect to a saturated copper / copper ulfat.e
reference electrode contacting the electrolyte. Voltage drops other than those across
the structure to electrolyte boundary must be considered for valid interpretation of
this voltage measurement.
A negative polarized potential of at least 850 mV relative to a saturated copper /
copper sulfate reference electrode.
P9-CPS.05-01.0
7. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
A minimum of 100 mA of cathodic polarization between the structure surface and a
stable reference electrode contacting the electrolyte. The formation or decay of
polarization can be'measured to satisfy this criterion.
5.0 CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN CALCULATIONS
5.1 DINH CO LOCATION
5.1.1 Pipeline Total Surface Area
The onshore portion of Long Hai to Ba Ria gas pipeline and Dinh Co to Ba Ria LPG
pipelines has a total surface area as follows:
Sa = (Pi) (d) (1)
Sa (3.1416)-[(0.406,x 16500) + (3 x 0.168 x 7500)]
Sa = 32921 (m2)
Where: Sa = Surface area (m2 )
Pi = 3.1416
1 Length of pipeline (m)
Diameter of pipeline (m)
5.1.2 CATHODIC PROTECTION CURRENT REQUIREMENT
The cathodic protection system will have a DC output capacity as follows:
(Sa) (Id) (Cb)
It ZSF
1000
(32921) (30) (0.05)
It X1.1
1000
It = 54.32 (A)
Say 55 amperes
Where: Sa Total surface area (m2 )
Id = CP current density (mA/m2 )
Cb = Coating breakdown factor (%)
SF = Safety factor (1.1)
5.1.3 CATHODIC PROTECTION ANODE REQUIREMENT
Chosen output rating of 2 Ampere for each anode, the number of anodes:
N = It/2 = 54.32/2 = 27.16
No. of anodes based on current requirement
Page 7 of 14
m.1
8. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
N = 30
Another, maximum anode current output for each anodeto be determined as follows :
LogL= 3.3 - LogId
Where : L = design life in years
Id = Maximum anode current density (A/m2 )
For L = 3 0 years
The anode has a dimension of 31.75mm dia x I000mm legth with a.total area of 0.1m2
Therefore, Id =.66.5 A/m2
Maximum current output of anode = 0.1m2 x 66.5 A/m2 =6.65A
Hence 3 0 anodes will give 6.65 x3 0 = 199.5 A > Required 54.3 2 A
(0) (It)(y)
noe wegt requ id re , W =
Uf
0.1 (54.32) (30)
W
0.6
W = 271.6 kg
Anodes No. required based on weight requirement :
N W/Wa
271.6 / 20
13.6
No. of anodes based on weight requirement, N = 14
Where Q Anode consumption rate (kg/amp-year)
It = Cathodic Protection current ( A )
Y = Design life of the system ( years )
Uf = Anode Utilization factor ( 0.6 for a conservative design )
Wa = Weight of individual anode ( kg )
Hence anode No. chosen is 30
There are 20 canister anodes in existing groundbed at Dinh Co, so that 10 canister anodes
which are the same existing anode specification will be required to add in this location.
5.1.4 GROUNDBED RESISTANCE
Installation of 30 canister anodes on 5 metre spacing in 2750 ohm-cm soil results in an
estimated groundbed resistance of 0.5844 ohm as follows:
Rn = RI + R2 ( NACE - 1967, page 95 )
Where Rl Anode to backfill resistance
R2 Backfill to soil resistance
Pb BLcr - 1+ 2La
R1 [In In(0.656N)]) { NACE - 1967 )
N.yLcrx6.28 do S
.- I + (2)(100)
R1' = 50 Fn (8)(100) ln(0.656)(30)]
(30)(100)(6.28) 3175 500
Ri 0.0152 (ohm)
Rev. D
-
9. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
Where: Pb Backfill resistivity (ohm-cm)
La = Length of anode- excluding backfill (cm)
da = Diameter of anode- excluding backfill (cm)
S = Spacing of anodes (cm)
N Number of anodes..
Ps 8Lc -1 + 2Lc
R2 [In In(0.656N)J) (NACE - 196J )
NxLcx6.28 do S
2750 (8) (150) (2) (150)
R2 -1 + in(0.656)(30)J
(30)(150)(6.28) [in 76 500
R2 = 0.5692 (ohm)
Where: Ps Soil resistivity (ohm-cm)
Lc Length of anode- including backfill (cm)
dc Diameter of anode- including backfill (cm)
S. Spacing of anodes (cm)
Number of anodes.
Hence Rn = 0.0152 + 0.5692
0.5844 (ohm)
5.1.5 TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE
It is estimated that the transformer rectifier will require a 45 volt output to achieve :Lie
desired 54.32 ampere DC current output as follows:
It.(Rn+Rc) + Bemf
E 54.32x(0.5844 + 0.2) + 2
E 44.6 volts
Say 45 volts
Where : E Rectifier DC output voltage (volts)
It = Rectifier output current (amp)
Rn = Total groundbed resistance (ohm)
Rc Total cable resistance (0.2 ohm)
Bemf = Dropped voltage between pipeline and ground (-2.0 volts)
Note : Pipe to earth resistance (Rpe) has not been considered since the coating resistari :e is so
high.( >1010 ohm-mz ) that all current will pass through 5% bare areas through r±e pipeline
coating.
Rev. D
10. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
5.1.6 TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER AC INPUT
Actual DC power output required : Pd = 44.6 x 55.32
2422.672 (W)
DC power requirement including 20% overvoltage provision (20% spare Capacity )
= 1.2x44.6x54.32=2907.2 (W)
Now, considering overall system P.F (power factor) = 0.8
and Transformer Rectifier Unit efficiency (E.F) = 0.85 (85% )
For 3 phases, 415V, 50Hz supply input to Transformer Rectifier Unit :
Input current
2907.2
Ip
Jx415x0.8x0.85
Ip = 5.95 A
Hence, AC power input ( including 20% spare capacity) is :
43 x 415 x 5.95 x 0.8
3420.23 Watt
5.1.7 CHANGE IN EARTH POTENTIAL DUE TO FORCED DRAINAGE
When CP current is injected into ground through anode bed, the current flow results in a
potential gradient in the earth. _...
The change in earth potential near the pipelines
(Ps)(It)
V =
27r(r)
(2750)(54.32)
V
27zx10000
2.38 Volts
Where : Ps Soil resistivity ( ohm-cm )
It Cathodic Protection current ( Ampere )
r Distance between pipeline and anode bed (cm )
5.2 PHUOC HOA LOCATION
5.2.1 Pipeline Total Surface Area
The onshore portion of Ba Ria to Phu My gas pipeline and Ba Ria to Thi Vai LPG pipelines
has a total surface area as follows:
Sa _ (Pi) (d) (1)
Sa (3.1416) [(0.426 x 21.500)+ (3 x 0.168 x 17000)]
Sa = 55691 (m2 )
P9-CPS.05-01.0 Page 10 of 14
11. G.U.P PHASE I1- LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
Where: Sa Surface area (m2 )
Pi 3.1416
I Length of pipeline (m)
Diameter of pipeline (m)
5.2.2 CATHODIC PROTECTION CURRENT REQUIREMENT
The cathodic protection system will have a DC output capacity as follows:
( Sa ) * Id * Cb
It = xSF
1000
( 55691 ) * 30 * 0 . 05
It = x1 . 1
1000
It = 91.89 A
Say 92 amperes
Where: Sa Total surface area (m2 )
Id = CP current density (mA/m2 )
Cb = Coating breakdown factor (%)
SF = Safety factor (1.1)
5.2.3 CATHODIC PROTECTION ANODE REQUIREMENT
Chosen output rating of 2 Ampere for each anode, the number of anodes:
N = It/2 92/2 = 45.95
No. of anodes based on current requirement
N = 50
Another, maximum anode current output for each anodeto be determined as follows :
LogL=3.3 -Log Id
Where : L = design life in years
Id = Maximum anode current density ( A/m2 )
For L = 30 years
The anode has a dimension of 31.75mm dia x 1000mm legth with a total area of 0.1m2
Therefore, Id = 66.5 A/m2
Maximum current output of anode = 0.1 m2 x 66.5 A/m2 = 6.65A
Hence 50 anodes will give 6.65 x 50 = 332.5 A > Required 92 A
(Q)(It)(Y)
Anode weight required, W = Uf
(0.1) (92) (30)
W
0.6
= 460 kg
Rev. D Page I 1-of 14-
12. G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
Anodes No. required based on weight requirement :
N = W / Wa
460 / 20
23
No. of anodes based on weight requirement, N = 23
Where Q = Anode consumption rate (kg/amp-year )
It = Cathodic Protection current (A )
Y = Design life of the system ( years )
Uf = Anode Utilization factor ( 0.6 for a conservative design
Wa = Weight of individual anode ( kg )
Hence anode No. chosen is 30
There are 20 canister anodes in existing groundbed at Phuoc Hoa, so that 30 canister
anodes which are the same existing anode specification will be required to add in this
location.
5.2.4 OROUNDDED RESISTANCE
Installation of 50 canister anodes on 5 metre spacing in 1500 ohm-cm soil results in an
estimated groundbed resistance of 0.19 ohm as follows:
Rn = R1 + R2
Where R1 = Anode to backfill resistance
R2 Backfill to soil resistance
R1=
Pb 8 La 2 La
N × La × 6 . 28 Ln da − 1 + S (ln 0 . 656 N )
R1=
50 8 * 100 2 * 100
Ln −1+ (ln 0 . 656 * 50 )
50 × 100 × 6 . 28
3 . 175 500
R1 = 0.0094 Ohm
Where: Pb Backfill resistivity (ohm-cm)
Length of anode- excluding backfill (cm)
La =
Diameter of anode- excluding backfill (cm)
da =
Spacing of anodes (cm)
S =
Number of anodes.
N =
13. R2=
Pb 8 Lc 2 Lc
N × Lc × 6 . 28 Ln dc − 1 + S (ln 0 . 656 N )
R2 =
50 8 * 150 2 * 150
50 × 150 × 6 . 28 Ln 3 . 175 − 1 + 500 (ln 0 . 656 * 50 )
R2= 0.196 (ohm)
Where:. Ps = Soil resistivity (ohm-cm)
Lc = Length of anode- including backfill (cm)
dc Diameter of anode- including backfill (cm)
S Spacing of anodes (cm)
Number of anodes.
Hence Rn 0.0094 + 0.196
0.2054 (ohm)
5.2.5 TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE
It is estimated that the transformer rectifier will require a 42 volt output to achieve
the desired 92mpere DC current output as follows:
It.(Rn+Rc) + Bemf
E 92 x (0.2054 + 0.2) + 2
E 39.29 volts
Say 42 volts
Where.: E Rectifier DC output voltage (volts)
it = Rectifier output current_ (amp)
Rn _ Total groundbed resistance (ohm)
Rc = Total cable resistance (0.2 ohm)
Bemf = Dropped voltage between pipeline and ground (-2.0
volts)
Note : Pipe to earth resistance (Rpe ) has not been considered since the coating
resistance
is so high ( >1010 ohm-nag ) that all current will pass through 5% bare areas
through the
pipeline coating.
5.2.6 TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER AC INPUT
Actual DC power output required : Pdc = 39.29 x 92
3614.68 ( W)
14. DC power requirement including 20% overvoltage provision (20% spare Capacity)
= 1.2x39.29x92=4337.6 (W)
Now, considering overall system P.F ( power factor) = 0.8
and Transformer Rectifier Unit efficiency (E.F) = 0.85 ( 85% )
For 3 phases, 415V, 50Hz supply input to Transformer
Rectifier Unit : Input current
IP=
4337 . 6
3 x 415 x 0 . 8 x 0 . 85
Ip =8.875 A
Hence, AC power input ( including 20% spare capacity) is :
- _
3 x 415 x 8 . 875 x 0 . 8 = 5013 W
15. :
G.U.P PHASE II - LIQUID PIPELINES, TERMINAL & JETTIES
5.2.7 CHANGE IN EARTH POTENTIAL DUE TO FORCED DRAINAGE
When CP current is injected into ground through anode bed, the current flow results in a
potential gradient in the earth.
The change in earth potential near the pipelines
(Ps)(It)
2 r(r)
(1500)(92)
V =
2πxl0000
= 2.2 Volts
Where : Ps = Soil resistivity ( ohm-cm )
It = Cathodic Protection current ( Ampere )
r = Distance between pipeline and anode bed ( cm )
Page 14 of 14