Streamline simulation provides an alternative approach to reservoir simulation compared to finite difference methods. It works by tracing streamlines perpendicular to pressure contours and solving flow equations along these streamlines in time rather than space. This allows for easier visualization of connectivity between wells. Streamlines are also less sensitive to grid orientation effects compared to finite difference methods. Streamline simulation can help identify sweep efficiency and allocate production between wells. It is useful for characterizing flow in heterogeneous and complex reservoirs like those with faults or pinch-outs. Streamline analysis aids history matching by identifying regions where permeability needs adjustment to better match production data.
New Approach to Design Capillary Pressure Curves, which Would Improve Simulat...Faisal Al-Jenaibi
This presentation is discussing New Approach to Design Capillary Pressure Curves, which Would Improve Simulation Models Initialization and shorten History Match time consumed.
1.Critically assess the aerodynamic characteristics of a vehicle.
2.Select and specify the most appropriate methods for wind tunnel testing of scale models and interpret the results of the test.
3.Analyse and critically evaluate the aerodynamic cooling systems.
In the framework of mathematical morphology, watershed transform (WT) represents a key step in image segmentation procedure. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of some existing watershed approaches in the discrete case: WT based on flooding, WT based on path-cost minimization, watershed based on topology preservation, WT based on local condition and WT based on minimum spanning forest. For each approach, we present detailed description of processing procedure followed by mathematical foundations and algorithm of reference. Recent publications based on some approaches are also presented and discussed. Our study concludes with a classification of different watershed transform algorithms according to solution uniqueness, topology preservation, prerequisites minima computing and linearity.
New Approach to Design Capillary Pressure Curves, which Would Improve Simulat...Faisal Al-Jenaibi
This presentation is discussing New Approach to Design Capillary Pressure Curves, which Would Improve Simulation Models Initialization and shorten History Match time consumed.
1.Critically assess the aerodynamic characteristics of a vehicle.
2.Select and specify the most appropriate methods for wind tunnel testing of scale models and interpret the results of the test.
3.Analyse and critically evaluate the aerodynamic cooling systems.
In the framework of mathematical morphology, watershed transform (WT) represents a key step in image segmentation procedure. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of some existing watershed approaches in the discrete case: WT based on flooding, WT based on path-cost minimization, watershed based on topology preservation, WT based on local condition and WT based on minimum spanning forest. For each approach, we present detailed description of processing procedure followed by mathematical foundations and algorithm of reference. Recent publications based on some approaches are also presented and discussed. Our study concludes with a classification of different watershed transform algorithms according to solution uniqueness, topology preservation, prerequisites minima computing and linearity.
A Novel Technique in Software Engineering for Building Scalable Large Paralle...Eswar Publications
Parallel processing is the only alternative for meeting computational demand of scientific and technological advancement. Yet first few parallelized versions of a large application code- in the present case-a meteorological Global Circulation Model- are not usually optimal or efficient. Large size and complexity of the code cause making changes for efficient parallelization and further validation difficult. The paper presents some novel techniques to enable change of parallelization strategy keeping the correctness of the code under control throughout the modification.
CFD and Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of Plane Sudden Expansion FlowsCSCJournals
It has been clearly established that the reattachment length for laminar flow depends on two non-dimensional parameters, the Reynolds number and the expansion ratio, therefore in this work, an ANN model that predict reattachment positions for the expansion ratios of 2, 3 and 5 based on the above two parameters has been developed. The R2 values of the testing set output Xr1, Xr2, Xr3, and Xr4 were 0.9383, 0.8577, 0.997 and 0.999 respectively. These results indicate that the network model produced reattachment positions that were in close agreement with the actual values. When considering the reattachment length of plane sudden-expansions the judicious combination of CFD calculated solutions with ANN will result in a considerable saving in computing and turnaround time. Thus CFD can be used in the first instance to obtain reattachment lengths for a limited choice of Reynolds numbers and ANN will be used subsequently to predict the reattachment lengths for other intermediate Reynolds number values. The CFD calculations concern unsteady laminar flow through a plane sudden expansion and are performed using a commercial CFD code STAR-CD while the training process of the corresponding ANN model was performed using the NeuroShellTM simulator.
Description of CFD model of Shallow Lakes to estimate temperature profiles and heat storage of water bodies to use in estimating evaporation from water surface.
The impact of short haul operation, concerning A380 Fleet, addressing DXB-JED sector, by developing a displacement curve approach, and the learning curve of Lufthanasa airline.
Lid driven cavity flow simulation using CFD & MATLABIJSRD
Steady Incompressible Navier-Stokes equation on a uniform grid has been studied at various Reynolds number using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Present paper aim is to obtain the stream-function and velocity field in steady state using the finite difference formulation on momentum equations and continuity equation. Reynold number dominates the flow problem. Taylor’s series expansion has been used to convert the governing equations in the algebraic form using finite difference schemes. MATLAB has been used to draw to flow simulations inside the driven-cavity.
A novel delay dictionary design for compressive sensing-based time varying ch...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Compressive sensing (CS) is a new attractive technique adopted for Linear Time Varying channel estimation. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was proposed to be used in 4G and 5G which supports high data rate requirements. Different pilot aided channel estimation techniques were proposed to better track the channel conditions, which consumes bandwidth, thus, considerable data rate reduced. In order to estimate the channel with minimum number of pilots, compressive sensing CS was proposed to efficiently estimate the channel variations. In this paper, a novel delay dictionary-based CS was designed and simulated to estimate the linear time varying (LTV) channel. The proposed dictionary shows the suitability of estimating the channel impulse response (CIR) with low to moderate Doppler frequency shifts with acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance.
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
A Novel Technique in Software Engineering for Building Scalable Large Paralle...Eswar Publications
Parallel processing is the only alternative for meeting computational demand of scientific and technological advancement. Yet first few parallelized versions of a large application code- in the present case-a meteorological Global Circulation Model- are not usually optimal or efficient. Large size and complexity of the code cause making changes for efficient parallelization and further validation difficult. The paper presents some novel techniques to enable change of parallelization strategy keeping the correctness of the code under control throughout the modification.
CFD and Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of Plane Sudden Expansion FlowsCSCJournals
It has been clearly established that the reattachment length for laminar flow depends on two non-dimensional parameters, the Reynolds number and the expansion ratio, therefore in this work, an ANN model that predict reattachment positions for the expansion ratios of 2, 3 and 5 based on the above two parameters has been developed. The R2 values of the testing set output Xr1, Xr2, Xr3, and Xr4 were 0.9383, 0.8577, 0.997 and 0.999 respectively. These results indicate that the network model produced reattachment positions that were in close agreement with the actual values. When considering the reattachment length of plane sudden-expansions the judicious combination of CFD calculated solutions with ANN will result in a considerable saving in computing and turnaround time. Thus CFD can be used in the first instance to obtain reattachment lengths for a limited choice of Reynolds numbers and ANN will be used subsequently to predict the reattachment lengths for other intermediate Reynolds number values. The CFD calculations concern unsteady laminar flow through a plane sudden expansion and are performed using a commercial CFD code STAR-CD while the training process of the corresponding ANN model was performed using the NeuroShellTM simulator.
Description of CFD model of Shallow Lakes to estimate temperature profiles and heat storage of water bodies to use in estimating evaporation from water surface.
The impact of short haul operation, concerning A380 Fleet, addressing DXB-JED sector, by developing a displacement curve approach, and the learning curve of Lufthanasa airline.
Lid driven cavity flow simulation using CFD & MATLABIJSRD
Steady Incompressible Navier-Stokes equation on a uniform grid has been studied at various Reynolds number using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Present paper aim is to obtain the stream-function and velocity field in steady state using the finite difference formulation on momentum equations and continuity equation. Reynold number dominates the flow problem. Taylor’s series expansion has been used to convert the governing equations in the algebraic form using finite difference schemes. MATLAB has been used to draw to flow simulations inside the driven-cavity.
A novel delay dictionary design for compressive sensing-based time varying ch...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Compressive sensing (CS) is a new attractive technique adopted for Linear Time Varying channel estimation. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was proposed to be used in 4G and 5G which supports high data rate requirements. Different pilot aided channel estimation techniques were proposed to better track the channel conditions, which consumes bandwidth, thus, considerable data rate reduced. In order to estimate the channel with minimum number of pilots, compressive sensing CS was proposed to efficiently estimate the channel variations. In this paper, a novel delay dictionary-based CS was designed and simulated to estimate the linear time varying (LTV) channel. The proposed dictionary shows the suitability of estimating the channel impulse response (CIR) with low to moderate Doppler frequency shifts with acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance.
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigationdrboon
Coandã flows have been the study of aircraft designers primarily for the prospect of achieving higher lift coefficient wings. Recently the environmental problem of noise pollution attracted further interest on the matter. The approach used is numerical; the computations were made using a large eddy simulation (LES) technique coupled with a Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analysis. The spectrum of the flow was measured at three locations in the vicinity of the ramp showing that the low frequency region is dominant. The findings may be used as reference for the development of quiet aircraft that use super-circulation, as it is the case with the Upper Surface Blown (USB) configurations.
Design of Compensator for Roll Control of Towing Air-Craftspaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a difficult task to make proper adjustment of towing vehicles, keeping the motion secured and predetermined. In older days the control was manual. Now-a-days automatic feedback control systems are used. The specifications are very stringent due to imposition of govt. and industrial rules. There are constraints on steady state accuracy, transient performance and stability margins. The requirements are contradictory. If the steady state accuracy is realized, the transient requirements and the stability margins cannot be maintained. It is difficult to fulfil the requirements by modifying the feedback or adding feed-forward. It is expedient to add a compensator in the forward or feedback path. In this paper, the design of a towing aircraft has been taken up. Its block diagram and transfer function are given. The gain has been fixed up to keep the steady state error within prescribed limits. The transient performance has been shaped and stability ensured by adding a lag compensator of chosen parameters.
Head Loss Estimation for Water Jets from Flip Bucketstheijes
Water jet issued from flip bucket at the end of the spillway of a dam can be a threat for the stability and safety of the dam body due to subsequent scour at the impingement point. However, a strong jet from the flip bucket interacts with the surrounding air and develops into an aerated turbulent jet while the jet impact and scouring effect is reduced significantly. Aeration of the jet, at the same time, cause head losses along the trajectory. An experimental study is conducted to measure the trajectory lengths and investigate the effect of water depth in the river on the dynamic pressures acted on the river bed. The trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment are calculated using empirical equations and compared with the measurements. Head losses due to air entrainment are determined using the difference of the trajectory lengths with and without aeration, based on the projectile motion theory. Numerical simulation of the flow over the spillway, along the flip bucket and the jet trajectory is made and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is observed that trajectory lengths obtained from experiments, numerical simulation and empirical formulas are comparable with negligible differences. This allows us to combine alternate approaches to determine the trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment and estimate the head losses accordingly.
Conformance Control: water shut-off, water balancing, water cycling and injec...Arif Khan
Address conformance challenges of water cycling, water balancing, water-shut-off, injection efficiency through various approaches (analytical, data mining, numerical).
Gas lift system is optimized by use of PVT data combined with fluid and multiphase flow correlations. The aim of project is to develop a generalized program that eliminate the use of synthetic Gradient curves and sensitivity of system with respect to each parameter can be analyzed easily. The project is mainly based on two pressure gradient models; one is single phase flow of compressible fluids (gas) and second is multi-phase correlation developed by Hagedorn and Brown3 including Griffith correction4 of bubble flow particularly for vertical wellbores. Different but appropriate PVT correlations are adopted to suit the condition. The project is divided into two parts, first is developing single Gas lift diagram and second is multiple Gas lift diagrams which facilitate to derive Equilibrium curve, usually use to have idea of unloading valves at different depths with varying flowrates
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
3. Agenda
• Overview
• Building streamlines
• Streamline versus Finite difference
• Applications
• Streamlines and Property distribution
• Complex grids
• Calibrating (HM) model with streamlines
• Conclusions
3 AK
1/26/2020
6. 6 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline simulation overview
6 key principles (by Marco R. Thiele)
SL simulation rests on 6 key principles
1. Tracing three-dimensional (3D) streamlines in terms of time-
of-flight (TOF)
2. Recasting the mass conservation equations along streamlines
in terms of TOF (3D→1D)
3. Periodic updating streamlines
4. Numerical 1D transport solutions along streamlines
5. Accounting for gravity effects using operator splitting
6. Extension to compressible flow
7. 7 AK
1/26/2020
.0
11
=
+
x
F
t
M ii
0
11
=
+
ii F
t
Mu
1
1
0 i
i
i
i
Fv
t
M
uF
t
M
+
==+
=
→=
→= vv
v
d
v
= vv
PVi = dTOFi × Qi
Vx =dx/dt
dt= Vx * dx
)( Dgpv iiii −−=
▪The streamline concept solves the pressure equation implicitly to compute a
set of streamlines that represent flow in the reservoir.
•Each streamline represents a volumetric rate and acts as a one dimensional
grid running perpendicular to the pressure contours in the reservoir.
•Streamline simulation is relatively grid insensitive.
•Although contained within a grid framework, streamlines can originate
anywhere in the grid, as dictated by the pressure solution.SPE 54616 - G. H. Grinestaff, BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc.
Streamline simulation overview
9. 9 AK
1/26/2020
ds
v
zyx
t
=
),,(
Streamline
S
Replace space coordinates (x,y,z) into time coordinates
The time-of-flight operator transforms 3D streamline
flow into 1-D where the distance variable along
streamline at the centre of the streamline is replaced by
a time variable that captures the transport properties of
the streamline in a summarized form.
Space coordinates (x,y,z) transformed in Time coordinates using TOF
(time of flight) operator
Modelling Flow Along Streamlines
Streamline simulation overview
TOF, Travel Time, Transit Time, Time of
Arrival, Time
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight
Don’t forget to read:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_line
10. 10 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline
S
Space coordinates (x,y,z) transformed in Time coordinates using TOF
(time of flight) operator
Distance (S) = Velocity(V) xTime (TOF)
Velocity(V) from darcy law = KA dP/uL
Time (TOF) = Distance (S) / Velocity(V)
TOF is a measure of spatial distance along streamlines
Modelling Flow Along Streamlines
Streamline simulation overview
Xu
Pk
v
=
=
u
Pk
v
Darcy law/eq. in space
Darcy law/eq. in time
Simply replace darcy equation to present flow in time
instead of presenting flow in space.
(used in FD sim.)
(used in SL sim.)
Thus we decoupled flow calculation from grid onto streamlines
11. 11 AK
1/26/2020
Modelling Flow Along Streamlines
Time coordinates using TOF operator concept is analogous to Seismic concepts
For example, We can say that the distance between any
two points A and B is 50 miles or alternatively, we can
express the same distance as ‘1 hr’, traveling at 50 miles/h.
Travel time of a neutral tracer particle along a streamline or
the distance along the streamline divided by the particle
velocity
Higher permeability quick tranport along streamlines
Higher pressure, less velocity, quick transport
ds
yPermabilit
zyx =
),,(
ds
v
zyx
t
=
),,(
Streamline simulation overview
13. 13 AK
1/26/2020
Time of Flight (Begin)
Color Scale Max = 800 Color Scale Max = 1250
Breakthrough time is very close to the TOF approximation.
TOF approximation was achieved with only one times step
simulation.
Time of flight (Transit Time) maximum value for the same time step.
Right figure shows and approximation of 1250 days breakthrough
time from well I3 to well P2.
time transformation of space advantage
Wells are connected through a line (streamline) of known time for particle movement
Streamline simulation overview
1250800
15. 15 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline simulation overview
Why Streamline-Based Simulation is used?
(SL model vs Finite Difference FD model)
3D-streamline models have some very significant applications/advantages over
conventional finite difference simulations:
1. Easier visualization/conceptualization of injector-producer coupling of flow
2. Better drainage/Sweep area identification
3. Easy calculation of production allocation factors for water floods or gas floods
4. Easy ranking of complex geological/geostatistical models
5. Easy incorporation of entire field models
6. Assisted history matching
7. Potentially, a more accurate solution (physics at high level)
8. Speed
(by Marco R. Thiele)
16. 16 AK
1/26/2020
FD Flow paths for parallel and diagonal flow in a Cartesian grid
Grid sizes used in Cartesian grid models
Streamline simulation overview
Grid Orientation Effects in Finite Difference (FD)
Simulation
Grid orientation effects the model predictability
Decoupling of saturation solution from 3D grid into 1D
streamline solutions; eliminates the grid artifact effect
FD Predicted performance at M=0.5 for parallel (8x8) and
diagonal (6x6) grid blocks
Grid orientation effects increase with fluid mobility
contrast
Grid orientation plus grid itself offers numerical dispersion
issues thus masking the drive mechnism
17. 17 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline simulation overview
Grid orientation effects on water breakthrough (profiles)
Finite Difference simulation versus Streamline simulation
Streamline simulationFinite Difference simulation
Oriented
Effected Not Effected
Exactly swap the locations of
wells P2 and I1, effectively
rotating the positions of the
injector and the producers.
I1
P2
I1
P2
Oriented
19. 19 AK
1/26/2020
Streamlines for a central injector and two producers for ky
= kx (left) and ky = 0.1kx (right)
Streamline trajectories until time of flight = 5000 days, ky = kx (left)
and ky = 0.1kx (right).
An illustration of imposing no-flow boundaries via image wells. Note that no flow
occurs across the central horizontal line.
Streamline simulation & Heterogeneity
Very earlier work on this subject:
20. Streamlines & Heterogeneity
20 AK
1/26/2020
Uniform to stratified Permeability distribution
Homogeneous case, the streamlines are uniformly
distributed
Heterogeneous cases, the streamline geometry and
density reflect the underlying permeability distribution
Streamlines tend to cluster in regions of high flow and
are sparsely distributed in low-permeability regions,
thus providing higher transverse resolution in
regions of faster flow.
21. 21 AK
1/26/2020
Streamlines & Heterogeneity
Time of flight is used to quantify the heterogeneity and find
breakthrough times in each reservoir unit.
22. Streamlines & Heterogeneity
22 AK
1/26/2020
Random permeability results in uniform streamlines density
Higher permeability quick tranport time along streamlines
Highly correlated permeability results in denser streamlines at the correlated area
24. 24 AK
1/26/2020
Streamlines are very good tools to identify the communication across domains of a
reservoir model very quickly by just screening through them. This example is showing a
transmissible fault.
Fault Juxtaposition
25. 25 AK
1/26/2020
Grid sections showing pinched out layer (unconformity)
Flow across pinchout layer not allowed across
eroded layer
Flow across pinchout layer allowed across
eroded layer
Monitoring Communication across Layers
Having built a reservoir model in a geological package, it may
take time to understand the communication paths that have
been built in.
Streamline simulation can interrogate flow paths between wells
and across displaced faults, and prove significant aid in
understanding for geoscientists/geologists and reservoir
engineers.
26. 26 AK
1/26/2020
Grid sections showing fault & pinched out layer
(unconformity)
Flow across pinchout layer not allowed Flow across pinchout layer allowed
Monitoring Communication across Layers
Streamlines follow general grid property trend
Windows can be identified easily
Simulator can handle such situation in variety of ways,
thus care has to be exercise
28. 28 AK
1/26/2020
Streamlines marked “A” which have shorter time of
flight periods. These will strongly control early water
breakthrough whereas streamlines marked “B”
and “C” control later stage watercut
Streamlines mechanism for production calibration
Streamline technology helps in grouping cells that
need to be modified.
Easy to see how the travel time along a single
streamline can be increased or decreased by
changing permeability.
Identification of history match regions where
changes need to be made
By multiplying permeability up in all the grid blocks along the
streamline, the velocity of fluid will increase and travel time will
decrease proportionally. Therefore, by adjusting permeability
fields in specific regions, we can history match watercut in a
waterflood or GOR in a gas flood
ds
yPermabilit
zyx =
),,(
ds
v
zyx
t
=
),,(
*Courtesy of Richard Baker
29. 29 AK
1/26/2020
Streamlines mechanism for production calibration
Model Calibration (History matching) can be thought of as composed of two parts.
Outerloop:
• overall architecture of the reservoir.
• are layers connected to each other
• do faults/shale layers compartmentalize the field?
Inner loop:
• is concerned with the permeability and porosity distribution within a layer or region or near well.
Overlooking especially in manual approach:
• the majority of time is spent in a conventional manual history match simulation study on the inner loop,
because it is not always clear on how good the history match can be.
• too much concentration on inner loop, may overlook changing something critical in the outer loop such as a
major geological feature.
• numerous runs are spent changing parameter values with relatively few runs adjusting the conceptual model
(outer loops).
AHM (assisted history matching):
• allows engineers to solve the inner loop problems more efficiently. Solving inner loop problems more
efficiently would then allow a more thorough/comprehensive investigation of reservoir models.
31. 31 AK
1/26/2020
TRANS =Ka*Kr*A*X / visc*FVF*L
TRAN_X_dir TRAN_Z_dirTRAN_Y_dir
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating layer contribution in mature flood
Producer (highly deviated) is shown among its 4 injectors
producer
Colored streamlines connecting injector-producer completions
(each injector-producer pair has separate color code for its streamlines)
It is then easy to filter grid properties along these designated
streamline
Transmissibility in x, y, z direction is
shown here as filtered
Chalk geosystem
injector
injectorinjector
injector
32. Ok match
Ok match
Ok match
Ok match
Streamline aided calibration
PLT data pre-matching for highly deviated well
Oil & water rates along
injector-producer connection
pair streamline (how much of
injector perf water pushing oil in
particular streamline which is
connected to particular
connection of producer)
Oil, gas, water production rates and reservoir
volumes for streamlines originating from I1
I1
P1
Water injection rates and reservoir
volumes for streamlines leading to P1
Producer connections
4 injectors connections
Producer connections
33. 33 AK
1/26/2020
Flood it out
Streamlines are connecting perfs from
injectors to producer (insert showing
property along streamlines)
Pie chart showing % of injector connection
contributing to particular producer
connection
PLT vs Sim (pre-post match) water cut
Streamline aided calibration
PLT data pre-post matching results for highly deviated well
Producer connections
injector
injectorinjector
injector
producer
35. 35 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating GOR (Gas-oil Ratio) of problem well
Gas Breakthrough and supply was more in
well compared to history as shown.
Changing near well condition and near well
proximity properties in the existing fault
block didn’t help too much.
Connectivity of well was checked with
streamlines of where this huge gas supply
is coming from.
Since streamlines changes with time, rate,
pressure regime in the reservoir areally and
vertically thus all the timesteps were looked
into to get the idea on average path of the
gas towards this well
Pre-match
Fluivial geosystem (K~10 D)
36. 36 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating GOR (Gas-oil Ratio) of problem well
By the way
Literature survey: (learn from the past reported experiences)
Certain phenomenon was reported in Gullfaks field
where gas found window of oppourtunity to break
itself through into the production well even if it had
to take long route.
There is no reporting of how this was spotted but
we followed a systematic approach of streamline
based connectivity instead of some experiences
* Courtesy of NPF
37. 37 AK
1/26/2020
Scanning streamlines connectivity in time and
looking at contributing grid cells on average basis
(streamlines change with pressure, rates in time)
Fault
Gas flowGas flow
water flow Problem well
Reconfirming
Found cross fault connections
Found window which established connectivity
Streamline aided calibration
Calibrating GOR (Gas-oil Ratio) of problem well
Fault
block A
Fault
block B
38. 38 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating GOR (Gas-oil Ratio) of problem well
Well’s top perfs are flooded with gas emerging out
through this window in enormous proportions
Look at various possibilites that whether shale-gouge
calculation has flaw or should this migration be treated as
unrealistic
Across the fault in fault block B there are no producing
wells to confirm this contribution
Fault
block A
Fault
block B
Fault
block A
Fault
block B
Next step; run test trials to seal the connections, seal
the whole fault, change Fault block A properties -
ultimately to go to 4D seismic, conduct interference
test, buildup tests, initiate tracer injection, cross well
seismic.....
39. 39 AK
1/26/2020
Pre-match
Post-match
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating GOR (Gas-oil Ratio) of problem well
Reducing significantly the flow
characteristics of fault window connections
proved viable in matching, in combination
with tunning cross-fault grid properties.
Past reported experience coupled with
streamline technology proved promising in
adressing the problem.
40. Reservoir Connectivity Analysis
with Streamline Simulation
Applications – Model Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
41. 41 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
CAHM- computer aided history matching
(use computer progam CAD to meet target
by minizing difference (objective function) in
Observation & simulation profiles by
changing reservoir properties in an
algorithm)
CAD tool/method used here is gradient
based steepest descent (dPerm/dGOR)
AHM- assisted history matching
(use a tool to assist an
engineer/process/workflow to identify
locations, properties for history matching
either to provid it to above CAD program or
to facilitate manual matching)
AHM tool/method used here is Streamline
simulation
42. 42 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
Property values are generally determined by optimization softwares (like automatic History
matching tools/CAD programs)
Biggest problem → Definition of regions to be changed
▪ Majority of a history matching effort
▪ Depends totally on engineer’s experience
▪ Difficult to honor physics and geology
43. 43 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
If the region is misdefined, changes may:
• Have too little or no effect
• Have unintended consequences
• Honor production but not geology
• Honor geology but not production
• Affect other wells (coupling)
44. 44 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
If the region is misdefined, changes may:
• Have too little or no effect
• Have unintended consequences
• Honor production but not geology
• Honor geology but not production
• Affect other wells (coupling)
Possible approach: History matching assisted by
Streamlines (AHM)
45. 45 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
Streamlines indentify preferential paths inside
reservoir.
The grid blocks penetrated by the streamlines
are mapped (exercise caution on pore volume
changes, rates changes, pressure field changes on
streamlines) .
These grid blocks (regions) are inserted into
CAD program and modified.
Simple work process:
46. 46 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
history
Initial
All wells relatively matched (using Finite Difference
simulation), except well P06
How to improve P06 match without affecting
other wells???
We will now look at the effect of matching of
well P06 on its near neighbor well P07
* Courtesy of Statoil
47. 47 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
history
Initial
Final
Start with smaller region
around well P06 and
change its properties via CAD
program using FD simulator
48. 48 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
In order to improve match, redefine slightly bigger region around target well P06 and
change its properties via CAD program
history
Initial
Final
See effect on neighbouring well’s
HM, it is distorted
49. 49 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
To solve this issue, run streamline simulation
Find Producer-Injector pair, go fast forward to observe any variation of streamlines
path with time and monitor its dependecy on rate, pressure and neighbouring wells
Carve out a portion per pair definition as shown
50. 50 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
Carved out portion as shown
More modest solution than patches
Selected portion is now run with CAD program (CAHM) using FD simulator
51. 51 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
Main-Target well calibration
52. 52 AK
1/26/2020
Streamline Aided Calibration
Calibrating semiglobal Well production profiles – using CAHM + AHM
P07
Neighbouring well Calibration
54. Tracer aided connectivity monitoring
Streamline well pair production allocations coupled with Tracer maps
54 AK
1/26/2020
*Courtesy of ConocoPhillips
Chalk geosystem
injector
Tracer (in quantitative and qualitative form - here are passive tracers used) are good indicators of
connectivity, especially in segmented reservoirs.
55. Tracer aided connectivity monitoring
Streamline well pair production allocations coupled with Tracer maps
55 AK
1/26/2020
*Courtesy of ConocoPhillips
Field tracer map Wellwise allocations from SL sim
(could be completion wise)
injector
Once we map the tracers properly to the producers then it is tunning of % contribution and identify
non-contributors. Arrow shows in-focus tracer path here
How much injector is contributing to its pattern producers
57. 57 AK
1/26/2020
Conclusions
Streamline simulation with its limitations proves promising for various connectivity
approaches.
Aid in geological features (streaks, barriers, juxtaposition, complex grids) identification.
4D property maps overlayed by streamlines provides better scrutiny technique.
Facilitates engineer’s judgement in making decisions during model calibration.
Assists tremendously in Mature field’s interwell connectivity and matching.
Tracers coupled with streamlines paths and with allocation information among injector-
producer pair can be very usefull.
58. 58 AK
1/26/2020
Rigourous small scale physics of capillary pressure, hysterisis, fluid compositionality is
still a limitation in technology but not an obstacle to persue of what has been shown.
Streamline paths are strongly dependent on mobility effects, changing field conditions
(rate changes, zone isolations etc.), Infill drilling, pattern conversions.
Streamlines variability should be monitored before selecting any grid cells for finite
difference simulations.
Streamlines can change thus pore volume under observation also, care should be
excercise. While high permeability streaks, shales and flow along highly tranmissible
faults (high conduit fractures) will stand out even if rates and pressure fields are changing
through time.
Conclusions (continued…)
59. Reservoir Connectivity Analysis
with Streamline Simulation
Thank you
Questions Please!
Arif Khan
PetroTechnical Expert (Reservoir/Production)
Engineering Services
Data & Consulting Services – NorthSea Geomarket
Schlumberger - Oilfield Services
Email: akhan58@slb.com
Mobile # +47 45 22 1367
Direct line # +47 5194 6717
Risabergveien-3, 4068 Stavanger - Norway
http://www.slb.com/services/reservoir_characterization.aspx
