The document discusses the muscular system and orthopedics. It covers the anatomy and physiology of muscles, including the three types of muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), origins and insertions, and related structures like tendons. It describes the specialty of orthopedics and different types of muscle movement like flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation. It includes diagrams of muscle anatomy and movements. It also provides learning objectives and multimedia resources for further study.

1. MMeeddiiccaall LLaanngguuaaggee
IImmmmeerrssee YYoouurrsseellff
THIRD EDITION
CHAPTER
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
9
Orthopedics
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2. LLeeaarrnniinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess
1. Identify the structures of the muscular
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
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system.
2. Describe how muscles contract and
produce movement.
3. Describe common muscular diseases,
laboratory and diagnostic procedures,
medical and surgical procedures, and
drug categories.

3. LLeeaarrnniinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess
4. Give the medical meaning of word
parts and abbreviations related to the
muscular system.
5. Build muscular words from word parts
and divide and define muscular words.
6. Spell and pronounce muscular words.
7. Analyze the medical content and
meaning of an orthopedic report.
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4. LLeeaarrnniinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess
8. Dive deeper into orthopedics
(muscular) by reviewing the activities
at the end of this chapter and online at
www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.
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5. MMuullttiimmeeddiiaa DDiirreeccttoorryy
Slide 25Muscles Animation
Slide 35Elbow Flexion Movement Animation
Slide 36Arm and Hand Pronation Movement Animation
Slide 37Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement Animation
Slide 38 Humerus Adduction Movement Animation
Slide 39 Humerus Rotation Movement Animation
Slide 40 Wrist Flexion Movement Animation
Slide 65 Muscular Atrophy Video
Slide 68 Muscular Dystrophy Video
Slide 84 Massage Therapist Video
Slide 85 Massage Therapy Changes Video
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6. MMuullttiimmeeddiiaa DDiirreeccttoorryy
Slide 86 Massage Therapy and Ethical Situations Video
Slide 87 Chiropractor Video
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7. Medical Language, Third Edition
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OOrrtthhooppeeddiiccss
9-1
• The medical specialty that studies the
anatomy and physiology of the
muscular and skeletal systems and
uses diagnostic tests, medical and
surgical procedures, and drugs to treat
muscular and skeletal diseases.

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Figure 9-1 Muscular system.
9-1

9. AAnnaattoommyy aanndd PPhhyyssiioollooggyy
• The muscular system moves the bony
framework of the body.
• There are approximately 700 skeletal
muscles in the body, as well as tendons
and other structures of the muscular
system.
• Some skeletal muscles are readily
visible on the surface of the body, while
others are located more deeply.
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9-1

10. AAnnaattoommyy aanndd PPhhyyssiioollooggyy
• All of the muscles of the body (or the
muscles in a particular part of the
body) are referred to as the
musculature.
• The muscular system is also known as
the musculoskeletal system because,
without the muscles, the bones would
not be able to move, and without the
bones, the muscles would lack support.
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11. AAnnaattoommyy ooff tthhee MMuussccuullaarr SSyysstteemm
• Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles
 Provide the means by which the body
can move
 Are voluntary muscles that contract and
relax in response to conscious thought
 Are striated, have multiple nuclei, and
show bands of color when seen under
the microscope
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12. AAnnaattoommyy ooff tthhee MMuussccuullaarr SSyysstteemm
• Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles
 Of the three types of muscles, only
skeletal muscle belongs to the muscular
system.
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13. AAnnaattoommyy ooff tthhee MMuussccuullaarr SSyysstteemm
• Types of Muscles: Cardiac Muscle
 Cardiac muscle of the heart pumps
blood through the circulatory system.
 An involuntary muscle that is not under
conscious control
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14. AAnnaattoommyy ooff tthhee MMuussccuullaarr SSyysstteemm
• Types of Muscles: Smooth Muscles
 Involuntary, nonstriated muscles
 Form a continuous, thin layer around
many organs and structures (blood
vessels, intestines, etc.)
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15. Medical Language, Third Edition
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Figure 9-2 Types of muscle.
9-1

16. MMuussccllee OOrriiggiinnss,, IInnsseerrttiioonnss,,
aanndd RReellaatteedd SSttrruuccttuurreess
• A muscle is attached to a bone by a
tendon, a cordlike, nonelastic, white
fibrous band of connective tissue.
• The origin or beginning of a muscle is
where its tendon is attached to a
stationary or nearly stationary bone.
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17. MMuussccllee OOrriiggiinnss,, IInnsseerrttiioonnss,,
aanndd RReellaatteedd SSttrruuccttuurreess
• The insertion or ending of a muscle is
where its tendon is attached to the
bone that moves when the muscle
contracts and relaxes.
• The belly of a muscle is where its mass
is the greatest, usually midway
between the origin and insertion.
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18. MMuussccllee OOrriiggiinnss,, IInnsseerrttiioonnss,,
aanndd RReellaatteedd SSttrruuccttuurreess
• A bursa, a thin sac of synovial
membrane filled with synovial fluid,
acts as a cushion to reduce friction
where a tendon rubs against the bone.
• Each muscle is wrapped in fascia, a thin
connective tissue that joins to the
tendon.
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19. MMuussccllee OOrriiggiinnss,, IInnsseerrttiioonnss,,
aanndd RReellaatteedd SSttrruuccttuurreess
• Aponeurosis is connective tissue that
attaches a flat muscle to bone or to
other, deeper muscles.
• Retinaculum is a band of fibrous tissue
and fascia that holds down the extensor
and flexor tendons that cross the wrist
and ankle
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20. Medical Language, Third Edition
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Figure 9-3 Tendon.
9-1

21. Figure 9-4 Origin and insertion of a muscle.
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22. Medical Language, Third Edition
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MMuussccllee NNaammeess
9-1
• Muscle names are in Latin.
• They describe where the muscle is
located, its shape, its size, or what
action it performs.

23. Table 9-1 Muscle Names and Their Meanings
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24. Table 9-1 (continued) Muscle Names and Their Meanings
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25. MMuusscclleess AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of muscles.
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26. TTyyppeess ooff MMuussccllee MMoovveemmeenntt
• Muscles function in antagonistic pairs to
produce movement.
• These are opposite movements
controlled by muscle pairs:
 Flexion and extension
 Abduction and adduction
 Rotation to the right and to the left
 Supination and pronation
 Eversion and inversion
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27. Medical Language, Third Edition
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Table 9-2 Types of Muscle Movement
9-1

28. Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement
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29. Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement
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30. Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement
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31. Figure 9-5 Extension, abduction, and dorsiflexion.
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Rubberball/Getty Images
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32. Figure 9-6 Extension, adduction, pronation, abduction, flexion, and plantar flexion.
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Mark Anderson/Getty Images
9-1

33. Medical Language, Third Edition
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Figure 9-7 Rotation.
9-1

34. Figure 9-8 Extension, supination, abduction, flexion, and inversion.
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Anthony Saint James/Getty Images
9-1

35. EEllbbooww FFlleexxiioonn MMoovveemmeenntt
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AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the elbow.
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36. AArrmm aanndd HHaanndd PPrroonnaattiioonn
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AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on arm and hand pronation.
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37. AAnnkkllee DDoorrssiifflleexxiioonn MMoovveemmeenntt
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AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the ankle.
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38. HHuummeerruuss AAdddduuccttiioonn
MMoovveemmeenntt AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the humerus.
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39. Humerus RRoottaattiioonn MMoovveemmeenntt
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AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the rotation of the humerus.
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40. Wrist FFlleexxiioonn MMoovveemmeenntt AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the wrist.
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41. MMuusscclleess ooff tthhee HHeeaadd aanndd NNeecckk
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• Frontalis
• Temporalis
• Orbicularis oculi
• Orbicularis oris
• Masseter
• Buccinator
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Platysma

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Figure 9-9 Muscles of the head and neck.
9-1

43. MMuusscclleess ooff tthhee SShhoouullddeerrss,,
CChheesstt,, aanndd BBaacckk
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• Deltoid
• Pectoralis major
• Intercostal muscles
• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi

44. Figure 9-10 Muscles of the shoulder and chest.
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45. Figure 9-11 Muscles of the shoulder and back.
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46. 9-1
Muscles ooff tthhee UUppppeerr EExxttrreemmiittyy
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• Biceps brachii
• Triceps brachii
• Brachioradialis
• Thenar muscles

47. Figure 9-12 Muscles of the upper extremity.
McMinn and Hutchings. McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/e. Elsevier, 2002.
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48. Figure 9-13 Muscles of the forearm and the retinaculum.
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49. MMuusscclleess ooff tthhee AAbbddoommeenn
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• External abdominal oblique
• Internal abdominal oblique
• Rectus abdominis

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Figure 9-14 Muscles of the abdomen.
9-1

51. Muscles ooff tthhee LLoowweerr EExxttrreemmiittyy
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• Anterior Leg
 Rectus femoris
 Sartorius
 Vastus lateralis and vastus medialis
 Peroneus longus
 Tibialis anterior
9-1

52. Muscles ooff tthhee LLoowweerr EExxttrreemmiittyy
• Quadriceps femoris is a collective name
for the group of four muscles on the
anterior aspect of the thigh:
 Rectus femoris
 Vastus lateralis
 Vastus intermedius (beneath the
vastus lateralis)
 Vastus medialis
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53. Muscles ooff tthhee LLoowweerr EExxttrreemmiittyy
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• Posterior Leg
 Gluteus maximus
 Biceps femoris
 Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
 Gastrocnemius
9-1

54. Figure 9-15 Muscles of the lower extremity.
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55. Muscles ooff tthhee LLoowweerr EExxttrreemmiittyy
• Hamstrings is a collective name for the
group of three muscles on the posterior
aspect of the thigh:
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 Biceps femoris
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus
9-1

56. Figure 9-16 Growth and development milestones.
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9-1

57. Physiology ooff aa MMuussccllee CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn
• A muscle is composed of several
muscle fascicles, each of which is
wrapped in fascia.
• Each muscle fascicle is a bundle of
individual muscle fibers.
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9-2

58. Physiology ooff aa MMuussccllee CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn
• These run parallel to each other so
that, when they contract, they all pull
in the same direction.
• A muscle fiber (which is actually one
long muscle cell) has hundreds of
nuclei along its length to speed up the
chemical processes that occur as it
contracts.
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9-2

59. Physiology ooff aa MMuussccllee CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn
• Each muscle fiber is composed of
myofibrils that contain the proteins
actin and myosin.
• A muscle contracts in response to an
electrical impulse from a nerve.
• Each muscle fiber is connected to a
single nerve cell at the neuromuscular
junction.
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9-2

60. Physiology ooff aa MMuussccllee CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn
• Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger
that changes the permeability of the
muscle fiber, which shortens the
muscle and produces a muscle
contraction.
• Muscles are in a state of mild, partial
contraction because of nerve impulses
from the brain and spinal cord.
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9-2

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Figure 9-17 Parts of a muscle.
9-2

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Figure 9-18 Muscle strength and size.
9-2

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DDiisseeaasseess
• Diseases of the Muscles
 Atrophy
 Avulsion
 Compartment syndrome
 Contracture
 Fibromyalgia
9-3

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Figure 9-19 Muscle contracture.
9-3

65. MMuussccllee AAttrroopphhyy VViiddeeoo
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of muscular atrophy.
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66. Medical Language, Third Edition
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Diseases of the Muscles
 Hyperextension-hyperflexion injury
 Muscle contusion
 Muscle spasm
 Muscle strain
 Muscular dystrophy
9-3
contus/o-
-ion
= brusing
= action;
condition

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Figure 9-20 Muscular dystrophy.
9-3

68. MMuussccuullaarr DDyyssttrroopphhyy VViiddeeoo
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of muscular dystrophy.
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69. Medical Language, Third Edition
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Diseases of the Muscles
 Myalgia
 Myasthenia gravis
 Myopathy
 Myositis
 Repetitive strain injury (RSI)
 Rhabdomyoma
 Rhabdomyosarcoma
 Rotator cuff tear
9-3

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DDiisseeaasseess
• Movement Disorders
 Ataxia
 Bradykinesia
 Dyskinesia
 Hyperkinesis
 Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
 Tremor
9-3

71. Medical Language, Third Edition
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or
Tendon
 Bursitis
 Dupuytren’s contracture
 Fasciitis
 Ganglion
 Pitcher’s elbow
9-3

72. Medical Language, Third Edition
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ten/o- = tendon
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or
Tendon
 Shin splints
 Tendinitis
 Tennis elbow
 Tenosynovitis
9-3
synov/o-
-itis
= synovium
(membrane)
= inflammation of;
infection of

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Figure 9-21 Ganglion.
Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.
9-3

74. LLaabboorraattoorryy aanndd DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc
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PPrroocceedduurreess
• Blood Tests
 Acetylcholine receptor antibody
 Creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MM)
• Muscle Tests
 Edrophonium test
 Electromyography (EMG)
9-3

75. MMeeddiiccaall aanndd SSuurrggiiccaall PPrroocceedduurreess
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• Medical Procedures
 Braces and adaptive devices
 Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
 Muscle strength test
 Rehabilitation exercises
 Trigger point injections
9-3

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Figure 9-22 Braces.
K. Glaser & Associates/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Figure 9-23 Deep tendon reflex.
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Figure 9-24 Active exercise.
Alvis Upitis/Getty Images
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79. MMeeddiiccaall aanndd SSuurrggiiccaall
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= muscle
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PPrroocceedduurreess
• Surgical Procedures
 Fasciectomy
 Fasciotomy
 Ganglionectomy
 Muscle biopsy
 Myorrhaphy
 Tenorrhaphy
 Thymectomy
9-3
my/o-
-rrhaphy
= procedure of
suturing

80. DDrruugg CCaatteeggoorriieess
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat muscular diseases and conditions:
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 Analgesic drugs
 Beta-blocker drugs
 Corticosteroid drugs
 Dopamine stimulant drugs
 Drugs for fibromyalgia
 Drugs for myasthenia gravis
9-3

81. DDrruugg CCaatteeggoorriieess
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat muscular diseases and conditions:
 Muscle relaxant drugs
 Neuromuscular blocker drugs
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
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Figure 9-25 Intramuscular injection.
9-3

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AAbbbbrreevviiaattiioonnss
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
ADLs activities of daily living
COTA certified occupational therapy assistant
CPK-MM creatine phosphokinase-MM
CTD cumulative trauma disorder
D.C. Doctor of Chiropracty or Chiropractic
Medicine
DTRs deep tendon reflexes
EMG electromyography
IM intramuscular
LLE left lower extremity
LUE left upper extremity
MD muscular dystrophy
NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OOB out of bed
ortho orthopedics (slang)
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
OT occupational therapy or occupational therapist
PM&R physical medicine and rehabilitation
PT physical therapy or physical therapist
rehab rehabilitation (slang)
RICE rest, ice, compression, and elevation
RLE right lower extremity
ROM range of motion
RUE right upper extremity
RSI repetitive strain injury
9-4

84. MMaassssaaggee TThheerraappiisstt VViiddeeoo
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of careers in massage therapy.
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Back to Directory
9-8

85. MMaassssaaggee TThheerraappyy CChhaannggeess VViiddeeoo
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of changes in massage therapy.
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
9-8
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86. MMaassssaaggee TThheerraappyy aanndd
EEtthhiiccaall SSiittuuaattiioonnss VViiddeeoo
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ethical situations in massage
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
therapy.
9-8
Back to Directory

87. CChhiirroopprraaccttoorr VViiddeeoo
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of chiropractors.
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Back to Directory
9-8

88. CCoommbbiinniinngg FFoorrmmss MMaattcchh UUpp
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
1. duct/o-
2. extern/o-
3. flex/o-
4. my/o-
5. vers/o-a.
bending
b. muscle
c. to turn
d. outside
e. bring
9-4