The document discusses variations of Turing machines and proves they have the same computational power as standard Turing machines. It introduces Turing machines with additional capabilities like staying in place, semi-infinite tapes, multiple tapes, and multiple dimensions. It then proves that each variation can simulate a standard Turing machine and vice versa through techniques like tracking multiple tape positions or dimensions on a single tape. This establishes that all the machine variations accept the same formal languages.
N F A - Non Deterministic Finite AutomataWael Badawy
This document contains a disclaimer and copyright information for a video presentation on non-deterministic finite automata (NFA). It notes that the video is optimized for large displays using a patented Egyptian video codec and is available as a podcast. It specifies the video is copyrighted and any reproduction or republication requires prior written consent. It also notes the video is intended for education only and no warranty or liability is provided.
The document is a presentation on Turing machines. It begins with definitions of Turing machines, their components like the tape and read/write head, and how they operate through state transitions. It provides examples of Turing machines that accept or reject particular languages. It demonstrates concepts like non-determinism, halting states, and how machines handle infinite loops. Overall, the presentation provides a technical introduction to the basic concepts and components of Turing machines.
1) The document discusses Universal Turing Machines, which can simulate any other Turing Machine. A Universal Turing Machine takes as input the description and input of another Turing Machine M.
2) It explains that the set of all Turing Machines is countable, as each Turing Machine can be encoded as a binary string. An enumeration procedure is described to list all possible Turing Machine encodings.
3) It is proven that the power set of any countable set is uncountable. This implies that the set of all possible languages is uncountable, even though the set of all strings is countable.
This document discusses time complexity classes for deterministic and non-deterministic Turing machines. It begins by defining the class DTIME(f(n)) as the problems decidable by a deterministic Turing machine in time f(n). Examples of problems in lower classes like DTIME(n) and DTIME(n^2) are given. Polynomial time algorithms are classified as tractable and fall within the class P. The document then discusses intractable problems that require exponential time, like the Hamiltonian path and clique problems. It introduces the SAT problem and shows it requires exponential time. Non-determinism is then covered, defining the class NTIME(f(n)) and showing the SAT problem can be solved in non
This document contains information about proving that a language is non-regular using the pumping lemma. It begins with definitions of regular and non-regular languages. It then introduces the pumping lemma, which states that for any regular language L and string w in L of length greater than a pumping length p, w can be written as xyz such that y can be pumped (repeated 0 or more times) while keeping the string in L. The document uses the pumping lemma to prove the language {0^n1^n | n>=0} is non-regular by showing pumping any string in the language leads to a contradiction.
This document discusses properties of regular languages and proofs that regular languages are closed under various operations. It begins with an overview of operations like concatenation, union, star, complement, intersection, and reversal. It then provides examples of constructing finite state automata for each operation on sample regular languages. The key points made are that regular languages are closed under these operations and finite state automata can be constructed to recognize the resulting languages.
The document discusses how to convert between context-free grammars and pushdown automata (PDAs). It presents proofs that:
1) Any context-free grammar can be converted to an equivalent PDA by constructing transition rules based on the grammar productions.
2) Any PDA can be converted to an equivalent context-free grammar by defining variables for each PDA state and production rules for state transitions.
The document outlines the specific procedures for performing these conversions in both directions.
This document discusses regular expressions and regular languages. It begins with definitions of regular expressions and examples. It then defines the language of a regular expression as the set of strings it describes. It proves that languages described by regular expressions are precisely the regular languages by showing regular expression languages are regular and any regular language can be described by a regular expression. It provides examples and discusses converting between regular expressions and non-deterministic finite automata.
N F A - Non Deterministic Finite AutomataWael Badawy
This document contains a disclaimer and copyright information for a video presentation on non-deterministic finite automata (NFA). It notes that the video is optimized for large displays using a patented Egyptian video codec and is available as a podcast. It specifies the video is copyrighted and any reproduction or republication requires prior written consent. It also notes the video is intended for education only and no warranty or liability is provided.
The document is a presentation on Turing machines. It begins with definitions of Turing machines, their components like the tape and read/write head, and how they operate through state transitions. It provides examples of Turing machines that accept or reject particular languages. It demonstrates concepts like non-determinism, halting states, and how machines handle infinite loops. Overall, the presentation provides a technical introduction to the basic concepts and components of Turing machines.
1) The document discusses Universal Turing Machines, which can simulate any other Turing Machine. A Universal Turing Machine takes as input the description and input of another Turing Machine M.
2) It explains that the set of all Turing Machines is countable, as each Turing Machine can be encoded as a binary string. An enumeration procedure is described to list all possible Turing Machine encodings.
3) It is proven that the power set of any countable set is uncountable. This implies that the set of all possible languages is uncountable, even though the set of all strings is countable.
This document discusses time complexity classes for deterministic and non-deterministic Turing machines. It begins by defining the class DTIME(f(n)) as the problems decidable by a deterministic Turing machine in time f(n). Examples of problems in lower classes like DTIME(n) and DTIME(n^2) are given. Polynomial time algorithms are classified as tractable and fall within the class P. The document then discusses intractable problems that require exponential time, like the Hamiltonian path and clique problems. It introduces the SAT problem and shows it requires exponential time. Non-determinism is then covered, defining the class NTIME(f(n)) and showing the SAT problem can be solved in non
This document contains information about proving that a language is non-regular using the pumping lemma. It begins with definitions of regular and non-regular languages. It then introduces the pumping lemma, which states that for any regular language L and string w in L of length greater than a pumping length p, w can be written as xyz such that y can be pumped (repeated 0 or more times) while keeping the string in L. The document uses the pumping lemma to prove the language {0^n1^n | n>=0} is non-regular by showing pumping any string in the language leads to a contradiction.
This document discusses properties of regular languages and proofs that regular languages are closed under various operations. It begins with an overview of operations like concatenation, union, star, complement, intersection, and reversal. It then provides examples of constructing finite state automata for each operation on sample regular languages. The key points made are that regular languages are closed under these operations and finite state automata can be constructed to recognize the resulting languages.
The document discusses how to convert between context-free grammars and pushdown automata (PDAs). It presents proofs that:
1) Any context-free grammar can be converted to an equivalent PDA by constructing transition rules based on the grammar productions.
2) Any PDA can be converted to an equivalent context-free grammar by defining variables for each PDA state and production rules for state transitions.
The document outlines the specific procedures for performing these conversions in both directions.
This document discusses regular expressions and regular languages. It begins with definitions of regular expressions and examples. It then defines the language of a regular expression as the set of strings it describes. It proves that languages described by regular expressions are precisely the regular languages by showing regular expression languages are regular and any regular language can be described by a regular expression. It provides examples and discusses converting between regular expressions and non-deterministic finite automata.
This document provides a summary of two problems that are proven to be NP-complete: Vertex Cover and Hamiltonian Path. It first introduces the Vertex Cover problem and gives an example. It then proves that Vertex Cover is NP-complete by showing that 3CNF-SAT can be reduced to Vertex Cover in polynomial time. Next, it introduces the Hamiltonian Path problem and provides an example of how a 3CNF formula can be converted to a graph where a Hamiltonian path exists if and only if the formula is satisfiable. This reduction shows that Hamiltonian Path is also NP-complete.
This document outlines 5 steps to upgrade an existing analog security camera system to a high definition TVI system. It recommends upgrading the video processor first to support the new HDTVI standard. Then upgrading the cameras to high definition models that connect the same but provide better images. Monitors should also be upgraded to display the new resolution. Cables and accessories like baluns may need to be added if using CAT5 cable to connect everything in the upgraded system.
1. The document tests and reviews the Amiko HD 8840 HDTV and PVR receiver.
2. The receiver has two tuner slots that can each accept DVB-S/S2, DVB-T/T2, or DVB-C tuners, giving it flexibility in how it can receive digital television signals.
3. The review finds that the receiver offers good picture quality up to 1080p resolution, easy installation of tuners, a user-friendly interface, and the ability to record two channels simultaneously while watching a third live.
The document shows Veichi variable frequency drives and its great features. Veichi provides quality VFDs at wholesale price. More info: http://www.veichi.org/variable-frequency-drives.html.
The document discusses how to create custom testing applications using DekTec APIs. It describes how the author created their own application in VB.net to control a DekTec DTU-215 Gold modulator by modifying sample code provided by DekTec. With just one hour of work, the author had created a Windows application that allows dragging and dropping transport stream files and modulating DVB-T signals using the USB modulator. The document concludes that through the DekTec APIs, even those with little programming experience can create custom applications tailored to their specific testing needs.
HDTVI Technology is replacing the old analog technology. This is a brief overview about the newest technology on the market and how to make the switch. Please call Opticom for more details.
This document contains a disclaimer and copyright information for a video presentation on computer vision and panoramas. The disclaimer states that the video uses a patented Egyptian video codec and is available as a podcast. It also notes that the content is intended for education and is provided without warranty, and that use of logos and trademarks requires permission. Viewers agree to the terms by watching the video. The document then provides the transcript of the video presentation, which discusses topics like camera projection matrices, lens distortion, perspective distortion, and methods for creating panoramic images by stitching multiple photos together.
Woc Brochure World of Controls Brochure worldofcontrols brochure | brochure f...worldofcontrolss
Formed by a group of experienced sales and
technical professionals, World of Controls is able
to support your esteemed organization for all
power plant related requirements. Supply will be
made from stock or from reliable supply sources
at the best of prices, with warranty and without
any bit of compromise in quality.
With customers across the globe World of
Controls Group of companies have been a
pioneer in supply of genuine GE Speedtronic
controls’ parts and other industrial spares .
This document contains a video lecture on single-view modeling using computer vision and projective geometry techniques. It includes introductory information, copyright notices, and disclaimers. The content covers topics like vanishing points, lines, and perspectives; projective geometry principles; measuring distances in images; 3D reconstruction from photographs; and camera calibration. Sample applications demonstrated include estimating heights and modeling 3D scenes from 2D images.
The document provides instructions for replacing components in a specific order when troubleshooting equipment defects for various TV models. It lists the models that must follow the replacement sequence of:
1. Powering off the grabber box
2. Replacing the EPI pack, buffer, gender, and UHD pack
3. Powering on the grabber box
4. Running the DFT program settings
The document then lists compatible TV chassis and models for the component replacement guide.
CADLAD: Device-aware Bitrate Ladder Construction for HTTP Adaptive StreamingMinh Nguyen
Considering network conditions, video content, and viewer device type/screen resolution to construct a bitrate ladder is necessary to deliver the best Quality of Experience (QoE). A large-screen device like a TV needs a high bitrate with high resolution to provide good visual quality, whereas a small one like a phone requires a low bitrate with low resolution. In addition, encoding high-quality levels at the server side while the network is unable to deliver them causes unnecessary cost for the content provider. Recently, the Common Media Client Data (CMCD) standard has been proposed, which defines the data that is collected at the client and sent to the server with its HTTP requests. This data is useful in log analysis, quality of service/experience monitoring and delivery improvements.
In this paper, we introduce a CMCD-Aware per-Device bitrate LADder construction (CADLAD) that leverages CMCD to address the above issues. CADLAD comprises components at both client and server sides. The client calculates the top bitrate (tb) — a CMCD parameter to indicate the highest bitrate that can be rendered at the client — and sends it to the server together with its device type and screen resolution. The server decides on a suitable bitrate ladder, whose maximum bitrate and resolution are based on CMCD parameters, to the client device with the purpose of providing maximum QoE while minimizing delivered data. CADLAD has two versions to work in Video on
Demand (VoD) and live streaming scenarios. Our CADLAD is client agnostic; hence, it can work with any players and ABR algorithms at the client. The experimental results show that CADLAD is able to increase the QoE by 2.6x while saving 71% of delivered data, compared to an existing bitrate ladder of an available video dataset. We implement our idea within CAdViSE — an open-source testbed for reproducibility.
Weg european-product-lines-drives-e-motors-50044005-brochure-english (1)Daniel García
This document provides information on WEG's line of drives and motors for the European market in 2015, including:
- WEG has a global structure with over 32 subsidiaries and manufacturing plants strategically located to provide close technical and commercial support to customers.
- Their product lines include variable speed drives ranging from 0.18 kW to 630 kW (CFW11, CFW700, CFW500), as well as motors, circuit breakers, and other components.
- New products for 2015 include expanded power ranges for the CFW11 drive, modular designs for the CFW500, and improved protection for the CFW701 HVAC drive.
http://www.obd2works.com/new-gm-tech2-diagnostic-scanner-working-for-gmsaabopelsuzukiisuzuholden-p-40.html
New GM Tech2 Diagnostic Scanner Working For GM/SAAB/OPEL/SUZUKI/ISUZU/Holden
Now Price: $319.99
Contact Us:
Skype: obd2works
Email: obd2works@gmail.com
MSN: obd2works@hotmail.com
Programming Osmium MIMU4444 Using AVR Dragonoblu.io
This video carries all the necessary instructions, in extremely simple and interactive way, required to program (i.e. update the embedded code of) Osmium MIMU4444 using Atmel Studio 6.1 and AVR Dragon.
1. The document introduces HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), the language used to create web pages, and defines common HTML terms like tags, URLs, and browsers.
2. It describes basic HTML tags for formatting text, including headings, paragraphs, line breaks, and horizontal rules. Color codes and attributes for setting text, background, and link colors are also covered.
3. The document discusses how to preview and view HTML files using a text editor like Notepad and a web browser in an edit-save-view cycle. It also covers character formatting tags for bold, italics, underline, and more.
The document describes an algorithm for parsing context-free grammars called the CYK algorithm. It works by examining all possible decompositions of the input string into prefix-suffix pairs based on the grammar productions. It runs in O(n3) time, where n is the length of the input string, making it faster than an exhaustive search approach. The algorithm is demonstrated on an example grammar and string to show how it builds up the possible derivations in a bottom-up dynamic programming manner.
This document contains copyright information and disclaimers for a video presentation on computer vision and cameras by Wael Badawy. It states that the video is optimized for HD displays using a patented Egyptian video codec and is available as a podcast. It also notes that the content is intended for education and is offered without warranty, and uses of the content are subject to the terms listed and on the provided websites.
This document discusses using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to synthesize images. GANs involve training a generator network to produce synthetic images and a discriminator network to distinguish real images from synthetic ones. The goal is for the generator to learn to produce highly realistic images that fool the discriminator. The document outlines several applications of GANs like image colorization, super resolution, image-to-image translation (e.g. labels to street views). It explains how GANs can help with challenges in computer vision like high-dimensional, structured outputs and lack of supervised training data by having the discriminator assess image plausibility rather than correctness.
- Image classification involves training a classifier on labeled images, validating hyperparameters, and testing on unlabeled images.
- Nearest neighbor classification predicts labels of nearest training examples while linear classification learns weights to separate classes with a hyperplane.
- Loss functions like cross-entropy measure how well the classifier's predicted scores match the true labels and are minimized during training.
Structure from motion is a computer vision technique used to recover the three-dimensional structure of a scene and the camera motion from a set of images. It can be used to build 3D models of scenes without any prior knowledge of the camera parameters or 3D locations of the scene points. Structure from motion involves detecting feature points in multiple images, matching the features between images, estimating the fundamental matrices between image pairs, and then optimizing a bundle adjustment problem to simultaneously compute the 3D structure and camera motion parameters. Some applications of structure from motion include 3D modeling, surveying, robot navigation, virtual and augmented reality, and visual effects.
This document presents proofs that three languages are not regular using the pumping lemma. It first proves that the language {a^n b^n | n >= 0} is not regular by picking the string "abba" and showing it cannot be pumped. It then proves that the language {w | the number of a's is not equal to the number of b's} is not regular, again by picking a string and showing it cannot be pumped. Finally, it proves that the language of strings with an equal number of 1's and 0's is not regular using a similar pumping argument.
The document discusses pushdown automata (PDAs). It begins with an overview of the components of a PDA - the input string, stack, states, and transitions. It then provides examples of PDA configurations and computations for accepting and rejecting strings. Key points made include: PDAs are non-deterministic, a string is accepted if the entire input is consumed in an accepting state, and strings can be pushed and popped from the stack individually or as strings. The document uses several examples to demonstrate how PDAs work.
This document provides a summary of two problems that are proven to be NP-complete: Vertex Cover and Hamiltonian Path. It first introduces the Vertex Cover problem and gives an example. It then proves that Vertex Cover is NP-complete by showing that 3CNF-SAT can be reduced to Vertex Cover in polynomial time. Next, it introduces the Hamiltonian Path problem and provides an example of how a 3CNF formula can be converted to a graph where a Hamiltonian path exists if and only if the formula is satisfiable. This reduction shows that Hamiltonian Path is also NP-complete.
This document outlines 5 steps to upgrade an existing analog security camera system to a high definition TVI system. It recommends upgrading the video processor first to support the new HDTVI standard. Then upgrading the cameras to high definition models that connect the same but provide better images. Monitors should also be upgraded to display the new resolution. Cables and accessories like baluns may need to be added if using CAT5 cable to connect everything in the upgraded system.
1. The document tests and reviews the Amiko HD 8840 HDTV and PVR receiver.
2. The receiver has two tuner slots that can each accept DVB-S/S2, DVB-T/T2, or DVB-C tuners, giving it flexibility in how it can receive digital television signals.
3. The review finds that the receiver offers good picture quality up to 1080p resolution, easy installation of tuners, a user-friendly interface, and the ability to record two channels simultaneously while watching a third live.
The document shows Veichi variable frequency drives and its great features. Veichi provides quality VFDs at wholesale price. More info: http://www.veichi.org/variable-frequency-drives.html.
The document discusses how to create custom testing applications using DekTec APIs. It describes how the author created their own application in VB.net to control a DekTec DTU-215 Gold modulator by modifying sample code provided by DekTec. With just one hour of work, the author had created a Windows application that allows dragging and dropping transport stream files and modulating DVB-T signals using the USB modulator. The document concludes that through the DekTec APIs, even those with little programming experience can create custom applications tailored to their specific testing needs.
HDTVI Technology is replacing the old analog technology. This is a brief overview about the newest technology on the market and how to make the switch. Please call Opticom for more details.
This document contains a disclaimer and copyright information for a video presentation on computer vision and panoramas. The disclaimer states that the video uses a patented Egyptian video codec and is available as a podcast. It also notes that the content is intended for education and is provided without warranty, and that use of logos and trademarks requires permission. Viewers agree to the terms by watching the video. The document then provides the transcript of the video presentation, which discusses topics like camera projection matrices, lens distortion, perspective distortion, and methods for creating panoramic images by stitching multiple photos together.
Woc Brochure World of Controls Brochure worldofcontrols brochure | brochure f...worldofcontrolss
Formed by a group of experienced sales and
technical professionals, World of Controls is able
to support your esteemed organization for all
power plant related requirements. Supply will be
made from stock or from reliable supply sources
at the best of prices, with warranty and without
any bit of compromise in quality.
With customers across the globe World of
Controls Group of companies have been a
pioneer in supply of genuine GE Speedtronic
controls’ parts and other industrial spares .
This document contains a video lecture on single-view modeling using computer vision and projective geometry techniques. It includes introductory information, copyright notices, and disclaimers. The content covers topics like vanishing points, lines, and perspectives; projective geometry principles; measuring distances in images; 3D reconstruction from photographs; and camera calibration. Sample applications demonstrated include estimating heights and modeling 3D scenes from 2D images.
The document provides instructions for replacing components in a specific order when troubleshooting equipment defects for various TV models. It lists the models that must follow the replacement sequence of:
1. Powering off the grabber box
2. Replacing the EPI pack, buffer, gender, and UHD pack
3. Powering on the grabber box
4. Running the DFT program settings
The document then lists compatible TV chassis and models for the component replacement guide.
CADLAD: Device-aware Bitrate Ladder Construction for HTTP Adaptive StreamingMinh Nguyen
Considering network conditions, video content, and viewer device type/screen resolution to construct a bitrate ladder is necessary to deliver the best Quality of Experience (QoE). A large-screen device like a TV needs a high bitrate with high resolution to provide good visual quality, whereas a small one like a phone requires a low bitrate with low resolution. In addition, encoding high-quality levels at the server side while the network is unable to deliver them causes unnecessary cost for the content provider. Recently, the Common Media Client Data (CMCD) standard has been proposed, which defines the data that is collected at the client and sent to the server with its HTTP requests. This data is useful in log analysis, quality of service/experience monitoring and delivery improvements.
In this paper, we introduce a CMCD-Aware per-Device bitrate LADder construction (CADLAD) that leverages CMCD to address the above issues. CADLAD comprises components at both client and server sides. The client calculates the top bitrate (tb) — a CMCD parameter to indicate the highest bitrate that can be rendered at the client — and sends it to the server together with its device type and screen resolution. The server decides on a suitable bitrate ladder, whose maximum bitrate and resolution are based on CMCD parameters, to the client device with the purpose of providing maximum QoE while minimizing delivered data. CADLAD has two versions to work in Video on
Demand (VoD) and live streaming scenarios. Our CADLAD is client agnostic; hence, it can work with any players and ABR algorithms at the client. The experimental results show that CADLAD is able to increase the QoE by 2.6x while saving 71% of delivered data, compared to an existing bitrate ladder of an available video dataset. We implement our idea within CAdViSE — an open-source testbed for reproducibility.
Weg european-product-lines-drives-e-motors-50044005-brochure-english (1)Daniel García
This document provides information on WEG's line of drives and motors for the European market in 2015, including:
- WEG has a global structure with over 32 subsidiaries and manufacturing plants strategically located to provide close technical and commercial support to customers.
- Their product lines include variable speed drives ranging from 0.18 kW to 630 kW (CFW11, CFW700, CFW500), as well as motors, circuit breakers, and other components.
- New products for 2015 include expanded power ranges for the CFW11 drive, modular designs for the CFW500, and improved protection for the CFW701 HVAC drive.
http://www.obd2works.com/new-gm-tech2-diagnostic-scanner-working-for-gmsaabopelsuzukiisuzuholden-p-40.html
New GM Tech2 Diagnostic Scanner Working For GM/SAAB/OPEL/SUZUKI/ISUZU/Holden
Now Price: $319.99
Contact Us:
Skype: obd2works
Email: obd2works@gmail.com
MSN: obd2works@hotmail.com
Programming Osmium MIMU4444 Using AVR Dragonoblu.io
This video carries all the necessary instructions, in extremely simple and interactive way, required to program (i.e. update the embedded code of) Osmium MIMU4444 using Atmel Studio 6.1 and AVR Dragon.
1. The document introduces HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), the language used to create web pages, and defines common HTML terms like tags, URLs, and browsers.
2. It describes basic HTML tags for formatting text, including headings, paragraphs, line breaks, and horizontal rules. Color codes and attributes for setting text, background, and link colors are also covered.
3. The document discusses how to preview and view HTML files using a text editor like Notepad and a web browser in an edit-save-view cycle. It also covers character formatting tags for bold, italics, underline, and more.
The document describes an algorithm for parsing context-free grammars called the CYK algorithm. It works by examining all possible decompositions of the input string into prefix-suffix pairs based on the grammar productions. It runs in O(n3) time, where n is the length of the input string, making it faster than an exhaustive search approach. The algorithm is demonstrated on an example grammar and string to show how it builds up the possible derivations in a bottom-up dynamic programming manner.
This document contains copyright information and disclaimers for a video presentation on computer vision and cameras by Wael Badawy. It states that the video is optimized for HD displays using a patented Egyptian video codec and is available as a podcast. It also notes that the content is intended for education and is offered without warranty, and uses of the content are subject to the terms listed and on the provided websites.
This document discusses using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to synthesize images. GANs involve training a generator network to produce synthetic images and a discriminator network to distinguish real images from synthetic ones. The goal is for the generator to learn to produce highly realistic images that fool the discriminator. The document outlines several applications of GANs like image colorization, super resolution, image-to-image translation (e.g. labels to street views). It explains how GANs can help with challenges in computer vision like high-dimensional, structured outputs and lack of supervised training data by having the discriminator assess image plausibility rather than correctness.
- Image classification involves training a classifier on labeled images, validating hyperparameters, and testing on unlabeled images.
- Nearest neighbor classification predicts labels of nearest training examples while linear classification learns weights to separate classes with a hyperplane.
- Loss functions like cross-entropy measure how well the classifier's predicted scores match the true labels and are minimized during training.
Structure from motion is a computer vision technique used to recover the three-dimensional structure of a scene and the camera motion from a set of images. It can be used to build 3D models of scenes without any prior knowledge of the camera parameters or 3D locations of the scene points. Structure from motion involves detecting feature points in multiple images, matching the features between images, estimating the fundamental matrices between image pairs, and then optimizing a bundle adjustment problem to simultaneously compute the 3D structure and camera motion parameters. Some applications of structure from motion include 3D modeling, surveying, robot navigation, virtual and augmented reality, and visual effects.
This document presents proofs that three languages are not regular using the pumping lemma. It first proves that the language {a^n b^n | n >= 0} is not regular by picking the string "abba" and showing it cannot be pumped. It then proves that the language {w | the number of a's is not equal to the number of b's} is not regular, again by picking a string and showing it cannot be pumped. Finally, it proves that the language of strings with an equal number of 1's and 0's is not regular using a similar pumping argument.
The document discusses pushdown automata (PDAs). It begins with an overview of the components of a PDA - the input string, stack, states, and transitions. It then provides examples of PDA configurations and computations for accepting and rejecting strings. Key points made include: PDAs are non-deterministic, a string is accepted if the entire input is consumed in an accepting state, and strings can be pushed and popped from the stack individually or as strings. The document uses several examples to demonstrate how PDAs work.
Structure from motion is a computer vision technique used to recover the three-dimensional structure of a scene and the camera motion from a set of images. It involves detecting feature points in multiple images, matching corresponding points across images, estimating camera poses and orientations, and reconstructing the 3D geometry of scene points. Large-scale structure from motion can reconstruct scenes from thousands of images but requires solving very large optimization problems. Applications include 3D modeling, surveying, robot navigation, virtual reality, augmented reality, and simultaneous localization and mapping.
The document discusses the computer vision technique of photometric stereo, which uses images of an object lit by known light sources from different directions to determine the object's 3D shape and surface reflectance properties. It explains that photometric stereo solves a matrix equation per pixel to determine each pixel's surface normal from image intensities under different lighting. Integrating the surface normals can then yield a depth map. The technique works best for diffuse objects and makes assumptions such as constant albedo that may not always hold for real-world scenes.
The document discusses light and perception. It begins by introducing photometric stereo, which uses pixel brightness to understand shape. It then covers topics like what light is, how we measure and perceive it, how light propagates and interacts with matter. Key points covered include how the human visual system perceives color using rods and cones, properties of light like reflection, challenges of modeling image formation by tracking light rays, and assumptions needed for shape from shading from a single image.
The document discusses two-view geometry in computer vision. It introduces epipolar geometry and how corresponding points in two images are related by the fundamental matrix. It describes how the fundamental matrix can be estimated from point correspondences using the 8-point algorithm and its normalized variant to improve robustness. The document also briefly mentions that multi-view geometry for three or more views is described by higher order tensors like the trifocal and quadrifocal tensors.
Stereo vision allows computing depth from two images captured from different viewpoints. The key is measuring disparity, how much each pixel moves between the two images. Epipolar geometry constrains the possible matches. Basic stereo algorithms match pixels in conjugate epipolar lines. State-of-the-art methods formulate stereo as an energy minimization problem that balances match quality and smoothness in the depth map. Dynamic programming and graph cuts provide good approximations to solve this NP-hard problem. Structured light and laser scanning are alternatives to passive stereo that simplify correspondence.
This document discusses single-view modeling using projective geometry. It begins with an overview of projective geometry concepts like homogeneous coordinates, duality of points and lines, and perspective projection. It then covers applications like computing vanishing points and lines from images to model the 3D scene layout. Methods for measuring object heights using cross-ratios and known reference heights are also presented. The document concludes with a discussion of related techniques like camera calibration and single-image depth prediction.
This document discusses panoramas and techniques for creating panoramic images from multiple photographs. It begins with announcements about an upcoming project on panorama stitching and a midterm exam. It then reviews camera projection models and discusses various types of lens distortion and image projections. The remainder of the document focuses on creating panoramas, including aligning images, correcting for drift, blending images, and examples of panoramas.
This document discusses camera models and image formation. It begins by describing the pinhole camera model and how a pinhole creates an image by blocking most light rays. A lens is then introduced to focus light rays onto film. Projection using the pinhole camera is modeled mathematically using homogeneous coordinates. Perspective projection is introduced, along with the camera projection matrix which models the camera's intrinsics and extrinsics. Distortion effects like radial distortion are also covered.
RANSAC is an algorithm for estimating model parameters from noisy data containing outliers. It works by:
1. Randomly selecting minimal samples needed to estimate a model
2. Calculating fit of model to all data to find inliers
3. Repeating for many iterations and selecting model with most inliers
The number of iterations needed depends on the expected outlier ratio and desired probability of finding the correct model. RANSAC is useful for problems like image alignment that involve fitting models to data containing outliers.
This document contains a summary of the RANSAC (RAndom SAmple Consensus) algorithm for robust model fitting. It begins with an overview that RANSAC addresses the problem of outliers by using random sampling to generate hypotheses and test them on the dataset. It then provides more details on how RANSAC works for problems like linear regression and image alignment. For these types of problems, RANSAC randomly selects minimum sample sets, fits a model, and counts inliers to find the model with the most support. The document also discusses parameters like the number of iterations needed and how RANSAC is generally applicable but has limitations for low inlier ratios.
The document discusses image alignment techniques in computer vision. It covers:
1) Computing transformations between images using matched points, by finding the transformation that minimizes error according to the least squares criterion. This can solve for translations, affine transformations, and homographies.
2) Solving the least squares problem results in a system of linear or linearized equations that can be solved efficiently.
3) Homographies are more complex than translations or affine transforms, as the equations are nonlinear. The problem can still be solved using least squares by taking the eigenvector of the smallest eigenvalue.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.