This document provides information about different types of digital and analog audio media used for instructional purposes. It describes common digital audio formats like compact discs, MP3s, and WAV files, outlining their advantages such as efficient storage and ease of use, as well as limitations such as potential loss of audio quality and large file sizes. Analog formats of audio cassettes and gramophone records are also examined, highlighting benefits such as accessibility for the blind but noting disadvantages like bulkiness and fragile nature. A variety of techniques for improving listening skills are also presented.

1. KOD KURSUS KPT6044
PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK DAN WEB
TUGASAN 4: PEMBACAAN DAN PENILAIAN KENDIRI
(CHAPTER 9: ENHANCING LEARNING WITH AUDIO)
Disediakan oleh:
JULIZA BT AHMAD ZAHARI
M20121000778
Disemak oleh :
PROF. MADYA DATO’ DR ABD LATIF BIN HJ GAPOR
PENSYARAH KPT6044
FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA
UPSI

2. Question 1
Explain the differences between hearing and listening.
Hearing
-
Hearing
defines
only
Listening
the
physical -Listening goes far beyond your natural
measurement of the sound waves that are hearing process. It means paying attention to
transmitted to the ear and into the brain the words that are being spoken with the
where they are processed into audible intention of understanding the other person.
information. Hearing occurs with or without Your personal perceptions and prejudices
your consent. The National Youth Council can affect the quality of your listening skills.
says hearing is such a passive quality, it For example, if you feel you are better off
occurs even while you sleep. When you (financially, intellectually, socially) than the
merely hear someone's words but are not person you are listening to, you may dismiss
listening to what's being said, it can lead to much of what she is saying because of your
misunderstandings, missed opportunities and perceived superiority
resentments.

3. Question 3
Describe four techniques for improving listening skills.
1. Guide listening~ to guide their listening, give students some objectives or questions
beforehand. Start with short passages and one or two objectives. Then gradually
increase the length of the passage and the number and complexity of the objectives or
questions.
2. Give directions~ give student directions an audiotape or as a podcast that you have
prepared in advance. You can then evaluate their ability to follow these instructions
by examining worksheets or products of the activity. When giving direction orally,
observe the “say it only once” rule so that students place value on both your and their
time and their incentive to listen is reinforced.
3. Use context in listening~ younger students can learn to distinguish meanings in an
auditory context by listening to sentences with words missing and then supplying the
appropriate words.
4. Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information~ after listening to an oral
presentation of information, ask students to identify the main idea and then rate (from
most to least relevant) all other presented ideas. A simple technique for elementary
students is to have them identify irrelevant words in sentences or irrelevant sentences
in paragraphs.

4. Question 4
Describe the most common types of digital and analog audio media used for instruction. What
are the advantages and limitations of each type?
1. Digital Audio Media
i. Compact Disc
is a polycarbonate with one or more metal layers capable of storingdigital
information. The most prevalent types of compact discs are those used by the
music industry to store digital recordings and CD-ROMs used to store
computerdata. Both of these types of compact disc are read-only, which means
that once the data has been recorded onto them, they can only be read, or played.
Advantages - Can quickly locate selections and can program machine to ply any
desired sequence and resistance to damages.
Disadvantages - Costly and limited recording capabilities.
ii. MP3
MP3 is a type of technology that allows a music or audio file to be compressed
down into a very small amount of space (about one-twelfth the size of that on a
traditional audio CD) while preserving the original level of sound quality when it
is played.
Advantages - the lower data size (file size), the compression ratio is not fixed
which means that the user is free to compress the files to the desired size, by
having a tradeoff between file size and audio quality.
Disadvantages - low audio quality, music piracy has increased to a greater extent
and data is susceptible to losses due to malware or virus attacks.

5. iii. WAV
The WAV format's purpose is to store audio information. WAVs have been used
for many years as a way for computer users to have access to certain audio sounds
(WAV files). In particular, WAV files have found their most commonplace use as
the various alerts available within Microsoft windows.
Advantages - WAV files are "lossless" files. This means that the WAV file
doesn't lose any of its quality when it is stored, whereas MP3 files are "lossy"
files. WAV files also can be edited or they can be manipulated relatively easily.
You can even manipulate WAV files with the built-in Windows Sound Recorder.
In this regard, WAV files are more versatile than other files such as MP3s.
Disadvantages - WAV file will be significantly larger than an MP3 file, taking up
much more space on your computer's hard drive and limited in size to 4
Gigabytes.
2. Analog Audio Media
i. Audio Cassette
Audio cassettes are small rectangular-shaped plastic cases that contain two spools
with magnetic tape, where data is stored. Audio cassettes were introduced to the
public in the 1960s. According to the Content Delivery and Storage Association,
the sale of blank cassettes peaked in 1994 with the sale of 438.9 million tapes.
Advantages - Cassette tapes are still in production despite the development of
digital audio technology. They are used for audio books for the blind and have
several advantages over other audio media. Cassette tapes come equipped with a
label in Braille so that a blind person may read what the tape contains. Cassettes
also start from the position where they were stopped enabling a blind person to
move the cassette from one player to another without losing his place. Cassettes
are also common in court recordings.
Disadvantages - Cassette players are more difficult to find than CD or MP3
players in most retail stores. Finding cassettes is also not as easy as buying CDs or
downloading MP3 audio files because many stores no longer carry them or carry

6. a limited selection. Portable cassette players are bulkier and heavier than MP3
players and cannot hold the quantity of music than digital players can.
ii. Gramophone Record
A gramophone record, commonly known as a phonograph record, vinyl record ,
or colloquially, a record, is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat
disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the
periphery and ends near the center of the disc.
Advantages - You can just wind it up when there is no power because the
gramophone doesn't run on batteries or power plug and easily portable.
Disadvantages - Limited choice of records, volume cannot adjust and you had to
give it a lot of attention to wind the gramophone up it didn't just play
continuously.