This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
National leprosy eradication program CHNNehaNupur8
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by ‘Mycobacterium Leprae’ an acid fast , rod shaped bacillus.
The disease mainly affects the skin , the peripheral nerves , mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and also eyes.
Cardinal Features:-
° Hypopigmented patch
° Loss of cutaneous sensation
° Thickened Nerve
° Acid fast bacilli
Leprosy has been regarded by tbe community as a contagious , mutilating and incurable disease.
Leprosy is curable and treatment provided in the early stages averts disability.
Multidrug Therapy (MDT) treatment has been made available by WHO free of charge to all patients worldwide since 1995, and provides a simple yet highly effective cure for all typesof leprosy.
This slide will give you the all information about the auxiliary nurses midwife, meaning of ANM , definition of ANM and the most important what is the work of ANM and when it established after establishing ANM it get more and more changes and improve in their work and also the responsibility also increases and quality of the work also improve also mentioned all 4-5 committee in which a ANM get more responsibilities and position in a community area and also in educational area
Thank you so much I hope you all understand about ANM and will able to teach and conduct seminar in future
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
Strategies in early HIV and role of a nurse. Nurses should know a strategies to identify diagnosis. based on this they can be able to provide effective nursing care strategies in alleviating the symptoms of HIV .Nurses are the front line care givers before somebody could provide care. Hence it is important for nurses to learn early strategies and nurses role in caring HIV patients.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
National leprosy eradication program CHNNehaNupur8
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by ‘Mycobacterium Leprae’ an acid fast , rod shaped bacillus.
The disease mainly affects the skin , the peripheral nerves , mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and also eyes.
Cardinal Features:-
° Hypopigmented patch
° Loss of cutaneous sensation
° Thickened Nerve
° Acid fast bacilli
Leprosy has been regarded by tbe community as a contagious , mutilating and incurable disease.
Leprosy is curable and treatment provided in the early stages averts disability.
Multidrug Therapy (MDT) treatment has been made available by WHO free of charge to all patients worldwide since 1995, and provides a simple yet highly effective cure for all typesof leprosy.
This slide will give you the all information about the auxiliary nurses midwife, meaning of ANM , definition of ANM and the most important what is the work of ANM and when it established after establishing ANM it get more and more changes and improve in their work and also the responsibility also increases and quality of the work also improve also mentioned all 4-5 committee in which a ANM get more responsibilities and position in a community area and also in educational area
Thank you so much I hope you all understand about ANM and will able to teach and conduct seminar in future
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
Strategies in early HIV and role of a nurse. Nurses should know a strategies to identify diagnosis. based on this they can be able to provide effective nursing care strategies in alleviating the symptoms of HIV .Nurses are the front line care givers before somebody could provide care. Hence it is important for nurses to learn early strategies and nurses role in caring HIV patients.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs and
causing pulmonary tuberculosis but can also affect intestine,
meninges, bones and joints, lymph glands and other tissues of
the body.
3. CARDINAL SIGNS OF PULMONARYCARDINAL SIGNS OF PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS
•Chronic productive cough
•Persistent for greater than 2-3 weeks
•That does not respond to routine treatment
•With or without hemoptysis
•Chest pain
Systemic symptoms :
•low grade fever, usually occurring in the evenings or night
•night sweats
•easy fatigability
•weight loss
5. Agent FactorsAgent Factors
Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. bovine affects mainly cattale and other
animal
Source of infection:
Human source: Fresh droplet nuclei of sputum from
the cases whose sputum is positive for tubercle bacilli
and who has either received no treatment or not
been treated fully.
Bovine source: Infected milk
Communicability: Patients are infective as long as
they remain untreated.
6. Host FactorsHost Factors
Age: All but ages more common from infancy to
adolescence.
Sex: More prevalent in males than females.
Hereditary: Not a hereditary disease.
Nutrition: Malnutrition is widely believed to
predispose TB.
Immunity: Acquired as a result of natural infection or
BCG vaccination.
7. Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors
TB is social disease with medical aspects
Poor housing, over crowding as in jails, common
lodge houses, Slum dwellers, industrial areas.
Poor quality of life.
Population explosion.
Lack of awareness on prevention and treatment.
Occupation
8. Mode of TransmissionMode of Transmission
Droplet infection
Droplet nuclei
Incubation PeriodIncubation Period
May be weeks, months or years.
It takes 3 to 6 weeks for development of positive
tuberculin test after infection.
10. GLOBAL STATUSGLOBAL STATUS
Defined as “Global emergency” By WHO in 1993.
About one third of the world population has latent
TB.
TB kills 5000 people a day, 2 million a year.
According to WHO global report 2008,
9.27 million estimated new cases of TB (2007)
i.e. 139 per 100 000 population
9.24 million estimated new cases (2006)
i.e. 140 per 100 000 population
Of these 9.27 million new cases, an estimated 44% or
4.1 million (61 per 100 000 population) were new
smear positive cases
11. SITUATION OF TB IN ASIASITUATION OF TB IN ASIA
Asia has the highest burden of TB in the world.
Out of the 22 high-burden TB countries reported by
the WHO, 11 are in Asia.
TB is the leading infectious disease killer in this
continent.
Three-fourths of TB patients in Asia develop active
TB during their most productive years between the
ages of 15 and 54 years old.
12. NATIONAL STATUSNATIONAL STATUS
Major public health problem.
About 45% of the population is infected with TB, out
of which 60% are in the productive age group.
Every year, 44,000 people develop active TB, of
whom 20,000 have infectious pulmonary disease.
These 20,000 can spread the disease to others.
Introduction of treatment by Directly Observed
Treatment Short course (DOTS) has already reduced
the numbers of deaths; however, 8,000-11,000 people
continue to die every year from this disease.
16. For the prevention of TB, following points should be
considered.
Protection against exposure to TB.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of of patients with
sputum smear positive PTB.
Out patients diagnosis and treatment.
Environmental control
Patients education, use of mask, etc.
HIV positive health workers should not work with
PTB positive.
PTB suspects should be diagnosed for TB.
Periodic screening etc…
17. Control measuresControl measures consist of
Curative component (Case finding and treatment)
Preventive Component(By BCG vaccination)
18. ANTIBIOTICS FOR ACTIVE PULMONARYANTIBIOTICS FOR ACTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASEDISEASE• Almost all recommended treatment regimens have two phases,
on the basis of extensive evidence from controlled clinical
trials.
• Intensive phase designed to kill actively growing and
semidormant bacilli. This action shortens the duration of
infectiousness with rapid smear and culture conversion after 23
months of treatment, in most cases (80-90%).
• At least two bactericidal drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, are
necessary in the initial phase.
• Pyrazinamide given in the initial intensive phase allows the
duration of treatment to be reduced from 9 to 6 months, but it
offers no benefit if given past the second month to patients
with drug susceptible tuberculosis.
18
20. Directly observed Treatment short course (DOTS)
chemotherapy as recommended by WHO has been
successfully implemented throughout Nepal since
2001.
DOTS is an approach to ensure complete treatment
of tuberculosis, as recommended by the WHO. It is
direct supervision of drug intake.
In DOTS, during the intensive phase of treatment, a
health worker or other trained person watches as the
patient swallows the drug in his presence.
21. Tuberculin test is done on childrenDOTS is a abbreviation of Directly Observed
22. FIVE ELEMENTS OF THE DOTS STRATEGYFIVE ELEMENTS OF THE DOTS STRATEGY
Government commitment for sustained TB control
activities.
Case detection by sputum smear microscopy among
symptomatic patients self-reporting to health services.
Standardized treatment regimen of six to eight months for
at least all sputum smear positive cases, with directly
observed therapy (DOT) for at least the initial two months.
A regular, uninterrupted supply of all essential anti-TB
drugs.
A standardized recording and reporting system that allows
assessment of treatment results for each patient and of the
TB control programme performance overall.
23. FUNCTIONS OF DOTSFUNCTIONS OF DOTS
Increase the public awareness about TB in the
community through advocacy and education.
Support people with TB in the community by
providing treatment observers either in the health
centers or patient’s home.
Identify local problems and their solution.
Encourage cooperation between health institutions,
health workers, volunteers and NGOs.
Support health workers at treatment centers and sub
centers by providing daily dose medicines to the
patients.
24. BENEFITS OF DOTSBENEFITS OF DOTS
It increases the proportion of patient cured.
Cure is rapid.
Decreases death rate and relapses.
Reduce community transmission of tubercle bacilli as
well as emergence of drugs resistant strains.
It uses standard regimen for all patients as
recommended by WHO.
DOTS are the internationally recommended cost
effective strategy for TB control.
It is the only strategy which has been documented to
be effective worldwide in the program basis.
25. LIMITATIONS OF DOTSLIMITATIONS OF DOTS
No currently available method of screening reliably
detects all TB cases.
Multi drug resistant cases are being wide spread.
Expansion of DOTS in areas difficult to access.
Patient may be pushed into private sector where they
get costly and ineffective care due to headache of
regular visits in DOTS.
It may be hampered by political instability.
26. DOTS was first introduced in 4 districts of Nepal
which were Kailali, Nawalparasi, Parsa and
Bhaktapur.
DOTS has been implemented through out the
country since April 2001.
By 16th
July 2007 DOTS has been expanded to 874
treatment centers with 3117 sub centers.
In the year 2007 33,450 TB patients have been
registered of whom 14,353 infectious and are being
treated under the DOTS strategy in NTP.
27. MDR TB
TB drug resistance is a major problem that threatens
the success of DOTS.
Drug resistance arises due to the improper use of
drugs in chemotherapy of drug-susceptible TB
patients.
MDR-TB requires longer duration of treatment (up to
2 years) to achieve cure, in comparison with 8 months
treatment for drug susceptible TB.
28. Result of Multi Drug Resistance
Surveillance
Source: NTC, DoHS
1.2%
3.6%
1.3%
2.9%
1996/97 1998/99 1998/99 2002/03
1%
29. HIV/AIDS AND TBHIV/AIDS AND TB
The prevalence of HIV is rising rapidly in Nepal
The life time risk of developing TB for people infected
is 5-10 % and this sharply rises to 30-50 % if they are
co infected with HIV because of weakened immune
system.
In 2006, 2.4% of TB patient also had HIV.
31. Goals:
To reduce the mortality, morbidity and
transmission of tuberculosis until it is no longer a
public health problem.
OBJECTIVES:
85 % cure rate in new smear-positive pulmonary
tuberculosis cases.
70 % case detection ratio in new smear-positive
pulmonary tuberculosis cases.
32. STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES
Expansion of DOTS through out the country up to the
community level.
Establish a treatment centre and sub centre in health post
and sub health post or in partnership at community level.
Establish a diagnostic microscopy centre at each
constituency level either at PHCC or run by private
sector.
Pursue quality DOTS expansion.
Address TB/HIV, MDR TB and other challenges
Contribute to health system strengthening .
Involve all care providers.
Engage people with TB and affected communities.
33. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Finally we concluded that tuberculosis infection and
disease remain common in populations characterized
by poor housing conditions, drug use, and HIV
infection. Linking a major medical provider with
community-based organizations is an effective means to
provide highly targeted screening services to ah
population at serious risk for disease acquisition and
transmission.
34. ReferencesReferences
Annual Report, Department of Health Services,
2071/72.
Tuberculosis in the SAARC Region An Update 2014,
SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre .
Global Tuberculosis Control 2009, Epidemiology
strategy financing, WHO
http://www.saarctb.com.np/tuberculosis.php#mdr
http://www.moh.gov.np/programmes/Tb.asp
http://www.cdc.gov/Features/TBsymptoms/