This document discusses different types of culture media used in microbiology. It begins by defining culture media and explaining their importance for growing microbes. It then describes the history of important culture media discoveries. The rest of the document categorizes and explains different types of culture media based on consistency, nutritional components, and functional uses such as selective, differential, and transport media. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the various culture media types and their purposes in microbiology studies and clinical diagnosis.
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A culture media is a special medium used in microbiological laboratories to grow different kinds of microorganisms. A growth or a culture medium is composed of different nutrients that are essential for microbial growth.
Since there are many types of microorganisms, each having unique properties and requiring specific nutrients for growth, there are many types based on what nutrients they contain and what function they play in the growth of microorganisms.
A culture may be solid or liquid. The solid culture media is composed of a brown jelly like substance known as agar. Different nutrients and chemicals are added to it to allow the growth of different microorganisms.
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A culture media is a special medium used in microbiological laboratories to grow different kinds of microorganisms. A growth or a culture medium is composed of different nutrients that are essential for microbial growth.
Since there are many types of microorganisms, each having unique properties and requiring specific nutrients for growth, there are many types based on what nutrients they contain and what function they play in the growth of microorganisms.
A culture may be solid or liquid. The solid culture media is composed of a brown jelly like substance known as agar. Different nutrients and chemicals are added to it to allow the growth of different microorganisms.
Culture media and Cultivation of Bacteria DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Purpose of culturing are
Isolation of bacteria ( pure culture)
Diagnosis of infectious diseases
Properties of bacteria i.e. culturing bacteria is the initial step in studying its morphology and its identification.
Maintenance of stock cultures.
Estimate viable counts. Water , air, milk testing
To test for antibiotic sensitivity.
To create antigens for laboratory use.
Vaccine preparation
Sterility testing
Preparation of pharmaceutical products like antibiotics, enzymes, toxins etc
Certain genetic studies and manipulations of the cells also need that bacteria to be cultured in vitro.
Culturing on solid media is another convenient way of separating bacteria in mixture.
An artificial culture media must provide similar environmental and nutritional conditions that exist in the natural habitat of a bacterium.
A culture medium contains water, a source of carbon & energy, source of nitrogen, trace elements and some growth factors.
PPT prepared by:
DR.C. P. PRINCE
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
this slide will help you to understand the behavior of different types of bacteria in different culture media. its is made with an exmaple experiment which can provide better understadng. selective, differential and enriched media is given with detailed description in the example.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
1. CCULTURE MEDIA USEDULTURE MEDIA USED
IN MICROBIOLOGYIN MICROBIOLOGY
Tuba Bashir
Supervisor Microbiology Department
THE INDUS HOSPITAL, KARACHI
2. Story Behind Penicillin
The discovery of penicillin, one of the world’s first
antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history
when doctors finally had a tool that could completely
cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases.
Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus
aureus, Dr. Fleming noted that a mold called
Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri dishes.
After carefully placing the dishes under his microscope,
he was amazed to find that the mold prevented the
normal growth of the staphylococci.
3.
4. Definition, purpose/importance
History of culture media
Classification of culture media
Growth pattern of bacteria
Culture media are vital to microbiology ,
Without good media there is little chance that good
results will emerge from the laboratory
5. Microbiological culture
Method of cultivating microbialMethod of cultivating microbial
organisms by letting themorganisms by letting them
reproduce in predetermined culturereproduce in predetermined culture
media under controlled laboratorymedia under controlled laboratory
conditions.conditions.
6. Bacteria have to be grown (cultured) for themBacteria have to be grown (cultured) for them
to be identified and subsequent clinicalto be identified and subsequent clinical
diagnosis.diagnosis.
By appropriate procedures they have to beBy appropriate procedures they have to be
grown separately (isolated) on culture mediagrown separately (isolated) on culture media
and obtained as pure for study.and obtained as pure for study.
Bacteria have to be cultured in order to obtainBacteria have to be cultured in order to obtain
antigens from developing serological assay forantigens from developing serological assay for
vaccines.vaccines.
Certain genetic studies and manipulations ofCertain genetic studies and manipulations of
the cells also need that bacteria be cultured inthe cells also need that bacteria be cultured in
vitro.vitro.
7. Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur used simple broths madeused simple broths made
up of urine or meat extracts.up of urine or meat extracts.
Robert KochRobert Koch realized the importance ofrealized the importance of
solid media and usedsolid media and used potato piecespotato pieces toto
grow bacteria. It was on the suggestion ofgrow bacteria. It was on the suggestion of
Fannie EilshemiusFannie Eilshemius, wife of, wife of Walther HesseWalther Hesse
(who was an assistant to Robert Koch)(who was an assistant to Robert Koch)
that agar was used to solidify culturethat agar was used to solidify culture
media.media.
History of culture medias
8. Before the use of agar, attempts were made toBefore the use of agar, attempts were made to
use gelatin as solidifying agent.use gelatin as solidifying agent. GelatinGelatin had somehad some
inherent problems….inherent problems….
It existed as liquid at normal incubatingIt existed as liquid at normal incubating
temperatures (35-37temperatures (35-37oo
C)C)
Digested by certain bacteriaDigested by certain bacteria
9. AgarAgar
Used for preparing solid mediumUsed for preparing solid medium
Obtained from seaweeds.Obtained from seaweeds.
No nutritive valueNo nutritive value
Not affected by the growth of the bacteria.Not affected by the growth of the bacteria.
Melts at 98Melts at 98oo
C & sets at 42C & sets at 42oo
CC
2% agar is employed in solid medium2% agar is employed in solid medium
Agar Fibers Agar PowderAgar Fibers Agar Powder
12. Properties of MediaProperties of Media::
• Support the growth of the bacteria.
• Should be nutritive (contains the required
amount of nutrients).
• Suitable pH (neutral to slightly alkaline 7.3-7.4).
• Suitable temperature, and suitable atmosphere.
(Bacteria grow at 370
C)
• Note:Note: media are sterilized by autoclaving at 1210
C and 2
atmosphere for 15-20 minutes. With the autoclave, all
bacteria, fungi, viruses, and spores are destroyed. Some
media can’t be sterilized by autoclaving because they
contain eggs or carbohydrates .
14. 1) Classification based on
consistency:
A. Liquid media :
.
.
These are available for use in test-tubes, bottles or flasks.
Liquid media are sometimes referred as “broths”
e.g nutrient broth
BHI
In liquid medium, bacteria grow uniformly producing
general turbidity
15. B.Solid media:
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth mediumAn agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth medium
(typically agar plus nutrients) used to culture microorganisms(typically agar plus nutrients) used to culture microorganisms
Agar is the most commonly used solidifying agent
16. C) Semi-solid agar:
Such media are fairly soft and are useful in demonstrating
bacterial motility and separating motile from non-motile
strains
e.g: SIM
17. 2) Classification based on
nutritional component:
Simple media:
Simple media such as peptone water, nutrient agar can support most non-
fastidious bacteria.
Complex media such as blood agar have ingredients whose exact components
are difficult to estimate
Complex media:Complex media:
specially prepared media for research purposes where the composition
of every component is well known.
Synthetic media:Synthetic media:
18. 3) Classification based on functional
use or application:
Basal media
Enriched media
Selective media
Enrichment media
Differential media
Transport media
Anaerobic media
Media for Biochemical Identification
19. 3) Classification based on functional
use or application:
• Basal media
Basal media are basically simple media that supports most non-
fastidious bacteria
Examples of Basal media:Examples of Basal media:
Peptone water,
nutrient broth and
nutrient agar
20. 3) Classification based on functional use or
application:
Enriched mediaEnriched media
contain the nutrients required to support the
growth of a wide variety of organisms, including
some of the more fastidious ones. They are
commonly used to harvest as many different
types of microbes as are present in the specimen.
Examples of Enriched media:Examples of Enriched media:
Blood agarBlood agar
Chocolate agarChocolate agar
21. BLOOD AGAR
• Blood agar plate (BAP) Contains mammalian blood
(usually sheep or horse), typically at a concentration of
5–10%. BAP are enriched, differential media used to
isolate fastidious organisms and detect hemolytic
activity
22. CHOCOLATE AGAR
• Chocolate agar - is a non-selective, enriched growth
medium. containing red blood cells that have been lysed
by slowly heating to 80 °C. Chocolate agar is used for
growing fastidious bacteria, such as Haemophilus
influenzae
23.
24. 3) Classification based on functional
use or application:
Selective media
Any agar media can be made selective by addition of certain inhibitory
agents that don’t affect the pathogen.
To make a medium selective include addition of
antibiotics, dyes, chemicals, alteration of pH or a combination of these
25. • LOWEINSTON JENSON
(L.J )IS A SOLID
MEDIUM USED FOR
MTB
• Sabouraud Dextrose
Agar (SDA)
• Thiosulfate-citrate-bile
salts-sucrose agar
(TCBS)
26. 3) Classification based on functional use or
application:
Enrichment media
liquid media that also serves to inhibit commensal in the clinical specimen.
Selenite F broth and alkaline peptone water are used to recover
pathogens from fecal specimens.
27. 3) Classification based on
functional use or application:
Differential media
Certain media are designed in such a way that different bacteria can be
recognized on the basis of their colony colour
Various approaches include incorporation of dyes, metabolic substrates etc, so that
those bacteria that utilize them appear as differently coloured colonies.
Example of differential mediaExample of differential media
MacConkey’s agar, CLED agar, XLD agar
etc
28. MacConkey Agar
culture medium designed to
grow Gram-negative bacteria
and differentiate them for
lactose fermentation
It contains bile salts (to inhibit
most Gram-positive bacteria),
crystal violet dye (which also
inhibits certain Gram-positive
bacteria)
29.
30. CYSTEINE LACTOSE
ELECTROLYTE DIFFECIENT
AGAR
• C.L.E.D. Agar is a non
selective solid medium for
cultivation of pathogens from
urine specimens. Lack of salts
(electrolytes) inhibits
swarming of Proteus sp.
• With Andrades Indicator
31.
32. BIGGY
Bismuth Sulfite Glucose Glycine Yeast Agar
is a selective and differential medium
used in the isolation and presumptive
identification of Candida spp
Examples of Differential media
33.
34. 3) Classification based on functional
use or application:
Transport media
Clinical specimens must be transported to the laboratory
immediately after collection to prevent overgrowth of contaminating
organisms or commensals. This can be
achieved by using transport media.
Example of Transport mediaExample of Transport media
Cary Blair medium for campylobacter species
Alkaline peptone water medium for V. cholerae
35. Some important criteria of
Transport media
Transport media should fulfill the following criteria:
• temporary storage of specimens being transported to the laboratory
for cultivation.
• maintain the viability of all organisms in the specimen without
altering their concentration.
• contain only buffers and salt.
• lack of carbon, nitrogen, and organic growth factors so as to prevent
microbial multiplication.
• transport media used in the isolation of anaerobes must be free of
molecular oxygen.
• Transport Swab features a 5 mL Amies agar gel column with oxygen-
scavenging agents, for sampling of both aerobic and facultative anaerobic
organisms.
36. 3) Classification based on functional
use or application:
Anaerobic media
Anaerobic bacteria need special media for growth because they need
low oxygen content, reduced oxidation –reduction potential and extra
nutrients.
Media for anaerobes may have to be supplemented with nutrients like
hemin and vitamin K
Example of Anaerobic mediaExample of Anaerobic media
Thioglycollate medium
41. Mueller-Hinton agar
it is a non-selective, non-differential
medium
it contains starch. Starch is known to absorb
toxins released from bacteria, so that they
cannot interfere with the antibiotics
it is a loose agar. This allows for better
diffusion of the antibiotics than most other
plates. A better diffusion leads to a true
zone of inhibition.
42.
43. Quality tests
chemical and biological parameter
checked to ensure end products
meet product quality specification,
packaging,labelling and storage are
important